switch ready_valid::queue formal proofs to use formal_global_clock

Add support to the simulator for running hdl asserts/assumes and being
able to write to the formal global clock/reset and all any/all_const/seq that are used.
This allows you to use the exact same HDL code for running a simulation and for running a formal proof.

.forgejo/workflows/test.yml

@@ -16,6 +16,9 @@ jobs:
       - uses: https://git.libre-chip.org/mirrors/rust-cache@v2
         with:
           save-if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' }}
+      - run: rustup override set 1.93.0
+      - run: rustup component add rust-src
+      - run: make -C rocq-demo
       - run: cargo test
       - run: cargo build --tests --features=unstable-doc
       - run: cargo test --doc --features=unstable-doc

Cargo.lock

@@ -319,10 +319,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "jobslot",
  "num-bigint",
  "num-traits",
+ "once_cell",
  "ordered-float",
  "petgraph",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
+ "sha2",
  "tempfile",
  "trybuild",
  "vec_map",
@@ -521,9 +523,9 @@ dependencies = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "once_cell"
-version = "1.19.0"
+version = "1.21.3"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
-checksum = "3fdb12b2476b595f9358c5161aa467c2438859caa136dec86c26fdd2efe17b92"
+checksum = "42f5e15c9953c5e4ccceeb2e7382a716482c34515315f7b03532b8b4e8393d2d"
 
 [[package]]
 name = "ordered-float"

Cargo.toml

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ edition = "2024"
 repository = "https://git.libre-chip.org/libre-chip/fayalite"
 keywords = ["hdl", "hardware", "semiconductors", "firrtl", "fpga"]
 categories = ["simulation", "development-tools", "compilers"]
-rust-version = "1.89.0"
+rust-version = "1.93.0"
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
 fayalite-proc-macros = { version = "=0.3.0", path = "crates/fayalite-proc-macros" }
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ indexmap = { version = "2.5.0", features = ["serde"] }
 jobslot = "0.2.23"
 num-bigint = "0.4.6"
 num-traits = "0.2.16"
+once_cell = "1.21.3"
 ordered-float = { version = "5.1.0", features = ["serde"] }
 petgraph = "0.8.1"
 prettyplease = "0.2.20"

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/fold.rs

@@ -257,5 +257,6 @@ no_op_fold!(syn::Token![let]);
 no_op_fold!(syn::Token![mut]);
 no_op_fold!(syn::Token![static]);
 no_op_fold!(syn::Token![struct]);
+no_op_fold!(syn::Token![type]);
 no_op_fold!(syn::Token![where]);
 no_op_fold!(usize);

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_bundle.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 use crate::{
     Errors, HdlAttr, PairsIterExt,
     hdl_type_common::{
-        ItemOptions, MakeHdlTypeExpr, MaybeParsed, ParsedField, ParsedFieldsNamed, ParsedGenerics,
+        CustomDebugOptions, CustomDebugTrait, ItemOptions, MakeHdlTypeExpr, MaybeParsed,
-        SplitForImpl, TypesParser, WrappedInConst, common_derives, get_target,
+        ParsedField, ParsedFieldsNamed, ParsedGenerics, SplitForImpl, TypesParser, WrappedInConst,
+        common_derives, create_struct_debug_impl, get_target,
     },
     kw,
 };
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ pub(crate) struct ParsedBundle {
     pub(crate) fields: MaybeParsed<ParsedFieldsNamed, FieldsNamed>,
     pub(crate) field_flips: Vec<Option<HdlAttr<kw::flip, kw::hdl>>>,
     pub(crate) mask_type_ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) mask_type_name: String,
     pub(crate) mask_type_match_variant_ident: Ident,
     pub(crate) mask_type_sim_value_ident: Ident,
     pub(crate) match_variant_ident: Ident,
@@ -88,6 +90,8 @@ impl ParsedBundle {
             no_runtime_generics: _,
             cmp_eq: _,
             ref get,
+            custom_debug: _,
+            custom_sim_display: _,
         } = options.body;
         if let Some((get, ..)) = get {
             errors.error(get, "#[hdl(get(...))] is not allowed on structs");
@@ -131,6 +135,7 @@ impl ParsedBundle {
             fields,
             field_flips,
             mask_type_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType", ident),
+            mask_type_name: format!("MaskType<{}>", ident),
             mask_type_match_variant_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType__MatchVariant", ident),
             mask_type_sim_value_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType__SimValue", ident),
             match_variant_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MatchVariant", ident),
@@ -448,6 +453,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             fields,
             field_flips,
             mask_type_ident,
+            mask_type_name,
             mask_type_match_variant_ident,
             mask_type_sim_value_ident,
             match_variant_ident,
@@ -464,11 +470,20 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             no_runtime_generics,
             cmp_eq,
             get: _,
+            custom_debug: _,
+            custom_sim_display,
         } = &options.body;
+        let CustomDebugOptions {
+            type_: custom_debug_type,
+            sim: custom_debug_sim,
+            mask_type: custom_debug_mask_type,
+            mask_sim: custom_debug_mask_sim,
+        } = options.body.custom_debug();
         let target = get_target(target, ident);
+        let struct_name = ident.to_string();
         let mut item_attrs = attrs.clone();
-        item_attrs.push(common_derives(span));
+        item_attrs.push(common_derives(span, false));
-        ItemStruct {
+        let type_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: item_attrs,
             vis: vis.clone(),
             struct_token: *struct_token,
@@ -476,8 +491,8 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             generics: generics.into(),
             fields: Fields::Named(fields.clone().into()),
             semi_token: None,
-        }
+        };
-        .to_tokens(tokens);
+        type_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
         let (impl_generics, type_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
         if let (MaybeParsed::Parsed(generics), MaybeParsed::Parsed(fields), None) =
             (generics, fields, no_runtime_generics)
@@ -503,6 +518,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
         }
         let mut wrapped_in_const = WrappedInConst::new(tokens, span);
         let tokens = wrapped_in_const.inner();
+        if custom_debug_type.is_none() {
+            create_struct_debug_impl(&type_struct, &struct_name, None).to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
         let builder = Builder {
             vis: vis.clone(),
             struct_token: *struct_token,
@@ -530,9 +548,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
         mask_type_builder.to_tokens(tokens);
         let unfilled_mask_type_builder_ty =
             mask_type_builder.builder_struct_ty(|_| BuilderFieldState::Unfilled);
-        ItemStruct {
+        let mask_type_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: vec![
-                common_derives(span),
+                common_derives(span, false),
                 parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #[allow(non_camel_case_types, dead_code)]
                 },
@@ -543,17 +561,20 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             generics: generics.into(),
             fields: Fields::Named(mask_type_fields.clone()),
             semi_token: None,
+        };
+        mask_type_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
+        if custom_debug_mask_type.is_none() {
+            create_struct_debug_impl(&mask_type_struct, mask_type_name, None).to_tokens(tokens);
         }
-        .to_tokens(tokens);
         let mut mask_type_match_variant_fields = mask_type_fields.clone();
         for Field { ty, .. } in &mut mask_type_match_variant_fields.named {
             *ty = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                 ::fayalite::expr::Expr<#ty>
             };
         }
-        ItemStruct {
+        let mask_type_match_variant_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: vec![
-                common_derives(span),
+                common_derives(span, false),
                 parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #[allow(non_camel_case_types, dead_code)]
                 },
@@ -564,7 +585,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             generics: generics.into(),
             fields: Fields::Named(mask_type_match_variant_fields),
             semi_token: None,
-        }
+        };
+        mask_type_match_variant_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
+        create_struct_debug_impl(&mask_type_match_variant_struct, mask_type_name, None)
             .to_tokens(tokens);
         let mut match_variant_fields = FieldsNamed::from(fields.clone());
         for Field { ty, .. } in &mut match_variant_fields.named {
@@ -572,9 +595,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 ::fayalite::expr::Expr<#ty>
             };
         }
-        ItemStruct {
+        let match_variant_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: vec![
-                common_derives(span),
+                common_derives(span, false),
                 parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #[allow(non_camel_case_types, dead_code)]
                 },
@@ -585,19 +608,19 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             generics: generics.into(),
             fields: Fields::Named(match_variant_fields),
             semi_token: None,
-        }
+        };
-        .to_tokens(tokens);
+        match_variant_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
+        create_struct_debug_impl(&match_variant_struct, &struct_name, None).to_tokens(tokens);
         let mut mask_type_sim_value_fields = mask_type_fields;
         for Field { ty, .. } in &mut mask_type_sim_value_fields.named {
             *ty = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                 ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#ty>
             };
         }
-        ItemStruct {
+        let mask_type_sim_value_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: vec![
                 parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
-                        ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
                         ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone,
                     )]
                 },
@@ -611,19 +634,34 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             generics: generics.into(),
             fields: Fields::Named(mask_type_sim_value_fields),
             semi_token: None,
-        }
+        };
+        mask_type_sim_value_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
+        if custom_debug_mask_sim.is_none() {
+            create_struct_debug_impl(
+                &mask_type_struct,
+                mask_type_name,
+                Some(CustomDebugTrait {
+                    trait_path: &parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDebug
+                    },
+                    fn_name: &format_ident!("sim_value_debug", span = span),
+                    this_arg: &parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        value: &<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue
+                    },
+                }),
+            )
             .to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
         let mut sim_value_fields = FieldsNamed::from(fields.clone());
         for Field { ty, .. } in &mut sim_value_fields.named {
             *ty = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                 ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#ty>
             };
         }
-        ItemStruct {
+        let sim_value_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: vec![
                 parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
-                        ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
                         ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone,
                     )]
                 },
@@ -637,8 +675,36 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             generics: generics.into(),
             fields: Fields::Named(sim_value_fields),
             semi_token: None,
-        }
+        };
+        sim_value_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
+        if custom_debug_sim.is_none() {
+            create_struct_debug_impl(
+                &type_struct,
+                &struct_name,
+                Some(CustomDebugTrait {
+                    trait_path: &parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDebug
+                    },
+                    fn_name: &format_ident!("sim_value_debug", span = span),
+                    this_arg: &parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        value: &<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue
+                    },
+                }),
+            )
             .to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
+        if custom_sim_display.is_some() {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Display for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+                #where_clause
+                {
+                    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                        <#target #type_generics as ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDisplay>::sim_value_display(self, f)
+                    }
+                }
+            }.to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
         let this_token = Ident::new("__this", span);
         let fields_token = Ident::new("__fields", span);
         let self_token = Token![self](span);
@@ -820,6 +886,14 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug for #mask_type_sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                    <#mask_type_ident #type_generics as ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDebug>::sim_value_debug(self, f)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::expr::ValueType for #mask_type_sim_value_ident #type_generics
             #where_clause
             {
@@ -980,6 +1054,14 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                    <#target #type_generics as ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDebug>::sim_value_debug(self, f)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::expr::ValueType for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
             #where_clause
             {
@@ -1141,7 +1223,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 valueless_eq_body = quote_spanned! {span=>
                     let __lhs = ::fayalite::expr::ValueType::ty(&__lhs);
                     let __rhs = ::fayalite::expr::ValueType::ty(&__rhs);
-                    #(#fields_valueless_eq)|*
+                    #(#fields_valueless_eq)&*
                 };
                 valueless_ne_body = quote_spanned! {span=>
                     let __lhs = ::fayalite::expr::ValueType::ty(&__lhs);

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_enum.rs

@@ -3,8 +3,9 @@
 use crate::{
     Errors, HdlAttr, PairsIterExt,
     hdl_type_common::{
-        ItemOptions, MakeHdlTypeExpr, MaybeParsed, ParsedGenerics, ParsedType, SplitForImpl,
+        CustomDebugOptions, ItemOptions, MakeHdlTypeExpr, MaybeParsed, ParsedGenerics, ParsedType,
-        TypesParser, WrappedInConst, common_derives, get_target,
+        SplitForImpl, TypesParser, WrappedInConst, common_derives, create_struct_debug_impl,
+        get_target,
     },
     kw,
 };
@@ -158,15 +159,32 @@ impl ParsedEnum {
             custom_bounds,
             no_static: _,
             no_runtime_generics: _,
-            cmp_eq,
+            cmp_eq: _,
             ref get,
+            custom_debug: _,
+            custom_sim_display: _,
         } = options.body;
-        if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
-            errors.error(cmp_eq, "#[hdl(cmp_eq)] is not yet implemented for enums");
-        }
         if let Some((get, ..)) = get {
             errors.error(get, "#[hdl(get(...))] is not allowed on enums");
         }
+        let CustomDebugOptions {
+            type_: _,
+            sim: _,
+            mask_type,
+            mask_sim,
+        } = options.body.custom_debug();
+        if let Some((mask_type,)) = mask_type {
+            errors.error(
+                mask_type,
+                "#[hdl(custom_debug(mask_type)] is not allowed on enums",
+            );
+        }
+        if let Some((mask_sim,)) = mask_sim {
+            errors.error(
+                mask_sim,
+                "#[hdl(custom_debug(mask_sim)] is not allowed on enums",
+            );
+        }
         attrs.retain(|attr| {
             if attr.path().is_ident("repr") {
                 errors.error(attr, "#[repr] is not supported on #[hdl] enums");
@@ -228,12 +246,21 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
             custom_bounds: _,
             no_static,
             no_runtime_generics,
-            cmp_eq: _, // TODO: implement cmp_eq for enums
+            cmp_eq,
             get: _,
+            custom_debug: _,
+            custom_sim_display,
         } = &options.body;
+        let CustomDebugOptions {
+            type_: custom_debug_type,
+            sim: custom_debug_sim,
+            mask_type: _,
+            mask_sim: _,
+        } = options.body.custom_debug();
         let target = get_target(target, ident);
+        let enum_name = ident.to_string();
         let mut struct_attrs = attrs.clone();
-        struct_attrs.push(common_derives(span));
+        struct_attrs.push(common_derives(span, false));
         struct_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
             #[allow(non_snake_case)]
         });
@@ -273,7 +300,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                 }
             },
         ));
-        ItemStruct {
+        let type_struct = ItemStruct {
             attrs: struct_attrs,
             vis: vis.clone(),
             struct_token: Token![struct](enum_token.span),
@@ -288,8 +315,8 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                 })
             },
             semi_token: None,
-        }
+        };
-        .to_tokens(tokens);
+        type_struct.to_tokens(tokens);
         let (impl_generics, type_generics, where_clause) = generics.split_for_impl();
         if let (MaybeParsed::Parsed(generics), None) = (generics, no_runtime_generics) {
             generics.make_runtime_generics(tokens, vis, ident, &target, |context| {
@@ -373,6 +400,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
             }
             .to_tokens(tokens);
         }
+        if custom_debug_type.is_none() {
+            create_struct_debug_impl(&type_struct, &enum_name, None).to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
         let mut enum_attrs = attrs.clone();
         enum_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
             #[allow(dead_code, non_camel_case_types)]
@@ -453,7 +483,6 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
         let mut enum_attrs = attrs.clone();
         enum_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
             #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
-                ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
                 ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone,
             )]
         });
@@ -838,6 +867,240 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                     },
                 )),
         );
+        if custom_debug_sim.is_none() {
+            let debug_match_arms = Vec::from_iter(
+                variants
+                    .iter()
+                    .map(
+                        |ParsedVariant {
+                             attrs: _,
+                             options: _,
+                             ident,
+                             field,
+                         }| {
+                            let variant_name = ident.to_string();
+                            if let Some(_) = field {
+                                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                    #sim_value_ident::#ident(field, _) => {
+                                        f.debug_tuple(#variant_name).field(field).finish()
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            } else {
+                                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                    #sim_value_ident::#ident(_) => {
+                                        f.write_str(#variant_name)
+                                    }
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    )
+                    .chain(sim_value_unknown_variant_name.as_ref().map(
+                        |sim_value_unknown_variant_name| {
+                            let sim_value_unknown_variant_name_str =
+                                sim_value_unknown_variant_name.to_string();
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(_) => {
+                                    f.write_str(#sim_value_unknown_variant_name_str)
+                                }
+                            }
+                        },
+                    )),
+            );
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDebug for #target #type_generics
+                #where_clause
+                {
+                    fn sim_value_debug(
+                        value: &<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                        f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+                    ) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                        match value {
+                            #(#debug_match_arms)*
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            .to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
+        if custom_sim_display.is_some() {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Display for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+                #where_clause
+                {
+                    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                        <#target #type_generics as ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDisplay>::sim_value_display(self, f)
+                    }
+                }
+            }.to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
+        if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
+            let mut cmp_eq_where_clause =
+                Generics::from(generics)
+                    .where_clause
+                    .unwrap_or_else(|| syn::WhereClause {
+                        where_token: Token![where](span),
+                        predicates: Punctuated::new(),
+                    });
+            let mut variants_value_eq = vec![];
+            let mut variants_expr_eq = vec![];
+            let mut fields_valueless_eq = vec![];
+            for (
+                variant_index,
+                ParsedVariant {
+                    attrs: _,
+                    options: variant_options,
+                    ident: variant_ident,
+                    field,
+                },
+            ) in variants.iter().enumerate()
+            {
+                let VariantOptions {} = variant_options.body;
+                if let Some(ParsedVariantField {
+                    paren_token: _,
+                    attrs: _,
+                    options: field_options,
+                    ty: field_ty,
+                    comma_token: _,
+                }) = field
+                {
+                    let FieldOptions {} = field_options.body;
+                    cmp_eq_where_clause
+                        .predicates
+                        .push(parse_quote_spanned! {cmp_eq.span=>
+                            #field_ty: ::fayalite::expr::HdlPartialEqImpl<#field_ty>
+                        });
+                    variants_value_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        (#sim_value_ident::#variant_ident(__lhs_field, _), #sim_value_ident::#variant_ident(__rhs_field, _)) => {
+                            ::fayalite::expr::HdlPartialEqImpl::cmp_value_eq(
+                                __lhs.#variant_ident,
+                                ::fayalite::__std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(__lhs_field),
+                                __rhs.#variant_ident,
+                                ::fayalite::__std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(__rhs_field),
+                            )
+                        }
+                    });
+                    variants_expr_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        {
+                            let (#match_variant_ident::#variant_ident(__lhs), __scope) =
+                                ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
+                                    ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::next(&mut __lhs_match_variant_iter)
+                                        .expect("known to have enough variants"),
+                                )
+                            else {
+                                ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!();
+                            };
+                            let (#match_variant_ident::#variant_ident(__rhs), __scope) =
+                                ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
+                                    ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::nth(
+                                        &mut ::fayalite::module::match_(__rhs),
+                                        #variant_index,
+                                    )
+                                        .expect("known to have variant"),
+                                )
+                            else {
+                                ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!();
+                            };
+                            ::fayalite::module::connect(__retval, ::fayalite::expr::HdlPartialEqImpl::cmp_expr_eq(__lhs, __rhs));
+                        }
+                    });
+                    fields_valueless_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        ::fayalite::expr::HdlPartialEqImpl::cmp_valueless_eq(
+                            ::fayalite::expr::Valueless::new(__lhs.#variant_ident),
+                            ::fayalite::expr::Valueless::new(__rhs.#variant_ident),
+                        )
+                    });
+                } else {
+                    variants_value_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        (#sim_value_ident::#variant_ident(_), #sim_value_ident::#variant_ident(_)) => true,
+                    });
+                    variants_expr_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        {
+                            let (#match_variant_ident::#variant_ident, __scope) =
+                                ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
+                                    ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::next(&mut __lhs_match_variant_iter)
+                                        .expect("known to have enough variants"),
+                                )
+                            else {
+                                ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!();
+                            };
+                            let (#match_variant_ident::#variant_ident, __scope) =
+                                ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
+                                    ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::nth(
+                                        &mut ::fayalite::module::match_(__rhs),
+                                        #variant_index,
+                                    )
+                                        .expect("known to have variant"),
+                                )
+                            else {
+                                ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!();
+                            };
+                            ::fayalite::module::connect(__retval, true);
+                        }
+                    });
+                }
+            }
+            if let Some(sim_value_unknown_variant_name) = &sim_value_unknown_variant_name {
+                variants_value_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    (#sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(__lhs_unknown), #sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(__rhs_unknown)) => {
+                        __lhs_unknown == __rhs_unknown
+                    }
+                });
+            }
+            let valueless_eq_body = if fields_valueless_eq.is_empty() {
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    ::fayalite::expr::Valueless::new(::fayalite::int::Bool)
+                }
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    let __lhs = ::fayalite::expr::ValueType::ty(&__lhs);
+                    let __rhs = ::fayalite::expr::ValueType::ty(&__rhs);
+                    #(#fields_valueless_eq)&*
+                }
+            };
+            let cmp_expr_eq_wire_name = format!("{ident}_cmp_eq");
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::expr::HdlPartialEqImpl<Self> for #target #type_generics
+                #cmp_eq_where_clause
+                {
+                    #[track_caller]
+                    fn cmp_value_eq(
+                        __lhs: Self,
+                        __lhs_value: ::fayalite::__std::borrow::Cow<'_, <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue>,
+                        __rhs: Self,
+                        __rhs_value: ::fayalite::__std::borrow::Cow<'_, <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue>,
+                    ) -> ::fayalite::__std::primitive::bool {
+                        match (&*__lhs_value, &*__rhs_value) {
+                            #(#variants_value_eq)*
+                            _ => false,
+                        }
+                    }
+
+                    #[track_caller]
+                    fn cmp_expr_eq(
+                        __lhs: ::fayalite::expr::Expr<Self>,
+                        __rhs: ::fayalite::expr::Expr<Self>,
+                    ) -> ::fayalite::expr::Expr<::fayalite::int::Bool> {
+                        let __retval = ::fayalite::module::wire(::fayalite::module::ImplicitName(#cmp_expr_eq_wire_name), ::fayalite::int::Bool);
+                        ::fayalite::module::connect(__retval, false);
+                        let mut __lhs_match_variant_iter = ::fayalite::module::match_(__lhs);
+                        #(#variants_expr_eq)*
+                        __retval
+                    }
+
+                    #[track_caller]
+                    fn cmp_valueless_eq(
+                        __lhs: ::fayalite::expr::Valueless<Self>,
+                        __rhs: ::fayalite::expr::Valueless<Self>,
+                    ) -> ::fayalite::expr::Valueless<::fayalite::int::Bool> {
+                        #valueless_eq_body
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            .to_tokens(tokens);
+        }
         let variants_len = variants.len();
         quote_spanned! {span=>
             #[automatically_derived]
@@ -888,6 +1151,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                         #(#sim_value_from_opaque_match_arms)*
                     }
                 }
+                #[allow(irrefutable_let_patterns)]
                 fn sim_value_clone_from_opaque(
                     &self,
                     value: &mut <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
@@ -933,6 +1197,14 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                 }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                    <#target #type_generics as ::fayalite::ty::SimValueDebug>::sim_value_debug(self, f)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValueWithType<#target #type_generics>
             for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
             #where_clause

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_type_alias.rs

@@ -215,6 +215,8 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
             no_runtime_generics,
             cmp_eq,
             get: _,
+            ref custom_debug,
+            custom_sim_display,
         } = options.body;
         if let Some((no_static,)) = no_static {
             errors.error(no_static, "no_static is not valid on type aliases");
@@ -234,6 +236,15 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
         if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
             errors.error(cmp_eq, "cmp_eq is not valid on type aliases");
         }
+        if let Some((custom_debug, _, _)) = custom_debug {
+            errors.error(custom_debug, "custom_debug is not valid on type aliases");
+        }
+        if let Some((custom_sim_display,)) = custom_sim_display {
+            errors.error(
+                custom_sim_display,
+                "custom_sim_display is not valid on type aliases",
+            );
+        }
         if let Some((custom_bounds,)) = custom_bounds {
             errors.error(
                 custom_bounds,
@@ -287,6 +298,8 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
             no_runtime_generics: _,
             cmp_eq,
             ref mut get,
+            ref custom_debug,
+            custom_sim_display,
         } = options.body;
         if let Some(get) = get.take() {
             return Self::parse_phantom_const_accessor(
@@ -311,6 +324,15 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
         if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
             errors.error(cmp_eq, "cmp_eq is not valid on type aliases");
         }
+        if let Some((custom_debug, _, _)) = custom_debug {
+            errors.error(custom_debug, "custom_debug is not valid on type aliases");
+        }
+        if let Some((custom_sim_display,)) = custom_sim_display {
+            errors.error(
+                custom_sim_display,
+                "custom_sim_display is not valid on type aliases",
+            );
+        }
         let generics = if custom_bounds.is_some() {
             MaybeParsed::Unrecognized(generics)
         } else if let Some(generics) = errors.ok(ParsedGenerics::parse(&mut generics)) {
@@ -356,6 +378,8 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
                     no_runtime_generics,
                     cmp_eq: _,
                     get: _,
+                    custom_debug: _,
+                    custom_sim_display: _,
                 } = &options.body;
                 let target = get_target(target, ident);
                 let mut type_attrs = attrs.clone();
@@ -402,6 +426,8 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
                     no_runtime_generics: _,
                     cmp_eq: _,
                     get: _,
+                    custom_debug: _,
+                    custom_sim_display: _,
                 } = &options.body;
                 let span = ident.span();
                 let mut type_attrs = attrs.clone();
@@ -427,7 +453,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
                     format_ident!("__{}__GenericsAccumulation", ident);
                 ItemStruct {
                     attrs: vec![
-                        common_derives(span),
+                        common_derives(span, true),
                         parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                             #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
                         },

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_type_common.rs

@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ use std::{collections::HashMap, fmt, mem};
 use syn::{
     AngleBracketedGenericArguments, Attribute, Block, ConstParam, Expr, ExprBlock, ExprGroup,
     ExprIndex, ExprParen, ExprPath, ExprTuple, Field, FieldMutability, Fields, FieldsNamed,
-    FieldsUnnamed, GenericArgument, GenericParam, Generics, Ident, ImplGenerics, Index, ItemStruct,
+    FieldsUnnamed, FnArg, GenericArgument, GenericParam, Generics, Ident, ImplGenerics, Index,
-    Path, PathArguments, PathSegment, PredicateType, QSelf, Stmt, Token, TraitBound, Turbofish,
+    ItemStruct, Path, PathArguments, PathSegment, PredicateType, QSelf, Stmt, Token, TraitBound,
-    Type, TypeGenerics, TypeGroup, TypeParam, TypeParamBound, TypeParen, TypePath, TypeTuple,
+    Turbofish, Type, TypeGenerics, TypeGroup, TypeParam, TypeParamBound, TypeParen, TypePath,
-    Visibility, WhereClause, WherePredicate,
+    TypeTuple, Visibility, WhereClause, WherePredicate,
     parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
     parse_quote, parse_quote_spanned,
     punctuated::{Pair, Punctuated},
@@ -18,6 +18,17 @@ use syn::{
     token::{Brace, Bracket, Paren},
 };
 
+crate::options! {
+    #[options = CustomDebugOptions]
+    #[no_ident_fragment]
+    pub(crate) enum CustomDebugOption {
+        Type(type_),
+        Sim(sim),
+        MaskType(mask_type),
+        MaskSim(mask_sim),
+    }
+}
+
 crate::options! {
     #[options = ItemOptions]
     pub(crate) enum ItemOption {
@@ -28,6 +39,8 @@ crate::options! {
         NoRuntimeGenerics(no_runtime_generics),
         CmpEq(cmp_eq),
         Get(get, Expr),
+        CustomDebug(custom_debug, CustomDebugOptions),
+        CustomSimDisplay(custom_sim_display),
     }
 }
 
@@ -41,8 +54,36 @@ impl ItemOptions {
         {
             self.no_static = Some((kw::no_static(custom_bounds.span),));
         }
+        if let Some((kw, _, custom_debug)) = &mut self.custom_debug {
+            if let CustomDebugOptions {
+                type_: None,
+                sim: None,
+                mask_type: None,
+                mask_sim: None,
+            } = custom_debug
+            {
+                *custom_debug = CustomDebugOptions {
+                    type_: Some((kw::type_(kw.span),)),
+                    sim: Some((kw::sim(kw.span),)),
+                    mask_type: None,
+                    mask_sim: None,
+                };
+            }
+        }
         Ok(())
     }
+    pub(crate) fn custom_debug(&self) -> &CustomDebugOptions {
+        self.custom_debug.as_ref().map(|v| &v.2).unwrap_or(
+            const {
+                &CustomDebugOptions {
+                    type_: None,
+                    sim: None,
+                    mask_type: None,
+                    mask_sim: None,
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) struct WrappedInConst<'a> {
@@ -84,10 +125,17 @@ pub(crate) fn get_target(target: &Option<(kw::target, Paren, Path)>, item_ident:
     }
 }
 
-pub(crate) fn common_derives(span: Span) -> Attribute {
+pub(crate) fn common_derives(span: Span, include_debug: bool) -> Attribute {
+    let debug = include_debug
+        .then(|| {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug
+            }
+        })
+        .into_iter();
     parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
         #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
-            ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
+            #(#debug,)*
             ::fayalite::__std::cmp::Eq,
             ::fayalite::__std::cmp::PartialEq,
             ::fayalite::__std::hash::Hash,
@@ -2975,7 +3023,7 @@ impl ParsedGenerics {
         let span = ident.span();
         ItemStruct {
             attrs: vec![
-                common_derives(span),
+                common_derives(span, true),
                 parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
                 },
@@ -4733,3 +4781,109 @@ impl ParsedVisibility {
             .map(|ord| if ord.is_lt() { self } else { other })
     }
 }
+
+pub(crate) struct CustomDebugTrait<'a> {
+    pub(crate) trait_path: &'a Path,
+    pub(crate) fn_name: &'a Ident,
+    pub(crate) this_arg: &'a FnArg,
+}
+
+#[must_use]
+pub(crate) fn create_struct_debug_impl(
+    item_struct: &ItemStruct,
+    debug_struct_name: &str,
+    custom_debug_trait: Option<CustomDebugTrait<'_>>,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let ident = &item_struct.ident;
+    let span = ident.span();
+    let (impl_generics, type_generics, where_clause) = item_struct.generics.split_for_impl();
+    let trait_path;
+    let fn_name;
+    let this_arg;
+    let CustomDebugTrait {
+        trait_path,
+        fn_name,
+        this_arg,
+    } = match custom_debug_trait {
+        Some(v) => v,
+        None => {
+            trait_path = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug
+            };
+            fn_name = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                fmt
+            };
+            this_arg = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                &self
+            };
+            CustomDebugTrait {
+                trait_path: &trait_path,
+                fn_name: &fn_name,
+                this_arg: &this_arg,
+            }
+        }
+    };
+    let this_arg_name = match this_arg {
+        FnArg::Receiver(this_arg) => this_arg.self_token.to_token_stream(),
+        FnArg::Typed(this_arg) => match &*this_arg.pat {
+            syn::Pat::Ident(pat_ident) => pat_ident.ident.to_token_stream(),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        },
+    };
+    match &item_struct.fields {
+        Fields::Named(fields) => {
+            let field_idents = fields
+                .named
+                .iter()
+                .map(|v| v.ident.as_ref().expect("known to have field name"));
+            let field_names = field_idents.clone().map(|v| v.to_string());
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics #trait_path for #ident #type_generics
+                #where_clause
+                {
+                    fn #fn_name(#this_arg, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                        let _ = #this_arg_name;
+                        f.debug_struct(#debug_struct_name)
+                            #(.field(#field_names, &#this_arg_name.#field_idents))*
+                            .finish()
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Fields::Unnamed(fields) => {
+            let field_members = fields
+                .unnamed
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(index, _)| syn::Index {
+                    index: index as _,
+                    span,
+                });
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics #trait_path for #ident #type_generics
+                #where_clause
+                {
+                    fn #fn_name(#this_arg, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                        let _ = #this_arg_name;
+                        f.debug_tuple(#debug_struct_name)
+                            #(.field(&#this_arg_name.#field_members))*
+                            .finish()
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Fields::Unit => quote_spanned! {ident.span()=>
+            #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics #trait_path for #ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn #fn_name(#this_arg, f: &mut ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Result {
+                    let _ = #this_arg_name;
+                    f.write_str(#debug_struct_name)
+                }
+            }
+        },
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/lib.rs

@@ -42,6 +42,7 @@ pub(crate) trait CustomToken:
 
 mod kw {
     pub(crate) use syn::token::Extern as extern_;
+    pub(crate) use syn::token::Type as type_;
 
     macro_rules! custom_keyword {
         ($kw:ident) => {
@@ -75,6 +76,8 @@ mod kw {
     custom_keyword!(cmp_eq);
     custom_keyword!(connect_inexact);
     custom_keyword!(custom_bounds);
+    custom_keyword!(custom_debug);
+    custom_keyword!(custom_sim_display);
     custom_keyword!(flip);
     custom_keyword!(get);
     custom_keyword!(hdl);
@@ -83,6 +86,8 @@ mod kw {
     custom_keyword!(input);
     custom_keyword!(instance);
     custom_keyword!(m);
+    custom_keyword!(mask_sim);
+    custom_keyword!(mask_type);
     custom_keyword!(memory);
     custom_keyword!(memory_array);
     custom_keyword!(memory_with_init);

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/module/transform_body/expand_match.rs

@@ -1096,11 +1096,9 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
                 let (#(#bindings,)*) = {
                     type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue;
                     let __match_value = #expr;
-                    let __match_value = {
+                    // use method syntax to deduce what type to convert to
-                        use ::fayalite::sim::value::match_sim_value::*;
+                    let __match_value = ::fayalite::sim::value::match_sim_value::MatchSimValueHelper::new(__match_value)
-                        // use method syntax to deduce the correct trait to call
+                        .__fayalite_match_sim_value();
-                        ::fayalite::sim::value::match_sim_value::MatchSimValueHelper::new(__match_value).__fayalite_match_sim_value()
-                    };
                     #let_token #pat #eq_token __match_value #semi_token
                     (#(#bindings_idents,)*)
                 };
@@ -1172,11 +1170,9 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
                 {
                     type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue;
                     let __match_value = #expr;
-                    let __match_value = {
+                    // use method syntax to deduce what type to convert to
-                        use ::fayalite::sim::value::match_sim_value::*;
+                    let __match_value = ::fayalite::sim::value::match_sim_value::MatchSimValueHelper::new(__match_value)
-                        // use method syntax to deduce the correct trait to call
+                        .__fayalite_match_sim_value();
-                        ::fayalite::sim::value::match_sim_value::MatchSimValueHelper::new(__match_value).__fayalite_match_sim_value()
-                    };
                     #match_token __match_value {
                         #(#arms)*
                     }

crates/fayalite/Cargo.toml

@@ -26,10 +26,12 @@ hashbrown.workspace = true
 jobslot.workspace = true
 num-bigint.workspace = true
 num-traits.workspace = true
+once_cell.workspace = true
 ordered-float.workspace = true
 petgraph.workspace = true
 serde_json.workspace = true
 serde.workspace = true
+sha2.workspace = true
 tempfile.workspace = true
 vec_map.workspace = true
 which.workspace = true

crates/fayalite/src/_docs/modules/module_bodies/hdl_let_statements/destructuring.rs

@@ -95,7 +95,23 @@
 //! }
 //!
 //! #[hdl]
-//! fn destructure_to_sim_value<'a, T: Type>(v: impl ToSimValue<Type = MyStruct<T>>) {
+//! fn destructure_inner<T: Type>(v: <MyStruct<T> as Type>::SimValue) {
+//!     #[hdl(sim)]
+//!     let MyStruct::<T> {
+//!         a,
+//!         mut b,
+//!         c,
+//!     } = v;
+//!
+//!     // that gives these types:
+//!     let _: SimValue<UInt<8>> = a;
+//!     let _: SimValue<Bool> = b;
+//!     let _: SimValue<T> = c;
+//!     *b = false; // can modify b since mut was used
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[hdl]
+//! fn destructure_inner_ref<'a, T: Type>(v: &'a <MyStruct<T> as Type>::SimValue) {
 //!     #[hdl(sim)]
 //!     let MyStruct::<T> {
 //!         a,
@@ -104,8 +120,25 @@
 //!     } = v;
 //!
 //!     // that gives these types:
-//!     let _: SimValue<UInt<8>> = a;
+//!     let _: &'a SimValue<UInt<8>> = a;
-//!     let _: SimValue<Bool> = b;
+//!     let _: &'a SimValue<Bool> = b;
-//!     let _: SimValue<T> = c;
+//!     let _: &'a SimValue<T> = c;
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[hdl]
+//! fn destructure_inner_mut<'a, T: Type>(v: &'a mut <MyStruct<T> as Type>::SimValue) {
+//!     #[hdl(sim)]
+//!     let MyStruct::<T> {
+//!         a,
+//!         b,
+//!         c,
+//!     } = v;
+//!
+//!     **b = true; // you can modify v by modifying b which borrows from it
+//!
+//!     // that gives these types:
+//!     let _: &'a mut SimValue<UInt<8>> = a;
+//!     let _: &'a mut SimValue<Bool> = b;
+//!     let _: &'a mut SimValue<T> = c;
 //! }
 //! ```

crates/fayalite/src/_docs/modules/module_bodies/hdl_match_statements.rs

@@ -72,15 +72,47 @@
 //! }
 //!
 //! #[hdl]
-//! fn match_to_sim_value<'a, T: Type>(v: impl ToSimValue<Type = MyEnum<T>>) {
+//! fn match_inner_move<T: Type>(v: <MyEnum<T> as Type>::SimValue) -> String {
 //!     #[hdl(sim)]
 //!     match v {
-//!         MyEnum::<T>::A => println!("got A"),
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::A => String::from("got A"),
-//!         MyEnum::<T>::B(b) => {
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::B(mut b) => {
 //!             let _: SimValue<Bool> = b; // b has this type
-//!             println!("got B({b})");
+//!             let text = format!("got B({b})");
+//!             *b = true; // can modify b since mut was used
+//!             text
 //!         }
-//!         _ => println!("something else"),
+//!         _ => String::from("something else"),
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[hdl]
+//! fn match_inner_ref<'a, T: Type>(v: &'a <MyEnum<T> as Type>::SimValue) -> u32 {
+//!     #[hdl(sim)]
+//!     match v {
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::A => 1,
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::B(b) => {
+//!             let _: &'a SimValue<Bool> = b; // b has this type
+//!             println!("got B({b})");
+//!             5
+//!         }
+//!         _ => 42,
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! #[hdl]
+//! fn match_inner_mut<'a, T: Type>(v: &'a mut <MyEnum<T> as Type>::SimValue) -> Option<&'a mut SimValue<T>> {
+//!     #[hdl(sim)]
+//!     match v {
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::A => None,
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::B(b) => {
+//!             println!("got B({b})");
+//!             **b = true; // you can modify v by modifying b which borrows from it
+//!             let _: &'a mut SimValue<Bool> = b; // b has this type
+//!             None
+//!         }
+//!         MyEnum::<T>::C(v) => Some(v), // you can return matched values
+//!         _ => None, // HDL enums can have invalid discriminants, so we need this extra match arm
 //!     }
 //! }
 //! ```

crates/fayalite/src/annotations.rs

@@ -238,7 +238,10 @@ impl TargetedAnnotation {
     }
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn assert_valid_target(target: Interned<Target>) {
-        assert!(target.is_static(), "can't annotate non-static targets");
+        assert!(
+            target.is_valid_annotation_target(),
+            "not a valid annotation target: {target:?}",
+        );
     }
     pub fn target(&self) -> Interned<Target> {
         self.target

crates/fayalite/src/array.rs

@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, MatchVariantWithoutScope, OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter,
-        OpaqueSimValueWritten, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref,
+        OpaqueSimValueWritten, SimValueDebug, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref,
         serde_impls::SerdeCanonicalType,
     },
     util::ConstUsize,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer, de::Error};
-use std::{borrow::Cow, iter::FusedIterator, ops::Index};
+use std::{borrow::Cow, fmt, iter::FusedIterator, ops::Index};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub struct ArrayType<T: Type = CanonicalType, Len: Size = DynSize> {
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ pub struct ArrayType<T: Type = CanonicalType, Len: Size = DynSize> {
     type_properties: TypeProperties,
 }
 
-impl<T: Type, Len: Size> std::fmt::Debug for ArrayType<T, Len> {
+impl<T: Type, Len: Size> fmt::Debug for ArrayType<T, Len> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "Array<{:?}, {}>", self.element, self.len())
     }
 }
@@ -109,14 +109,42 @@ impl<T: StaticType, Len: KnownSize> Default for ArrayType<T, Len> {
     }
 }
 
+struct MakeType<T: StaticType>(Interned<T>);
+
+impl<T: StaticType> From<MakeType<T>> for Interned<T> {
+    fn from(value: MakeType<T>) -> Self {
+        value.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: StaticType> Default for MakeType<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self(T::TYPE.intern_sized())
+    }
+}
+
+struct MakeMaskType<T: StaticType>(Interned<T::MaskType>);
+
+impl<T: StaticType> From<MakeMaskType<T>> for Interned<T::MaskType> {
+    fn from(value: MakeMaskType<T>) -> Self {
+        value.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: StaticType> Default for MakeMaskType<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self(T::MASK_TYPE.intern_sized())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: StaticType, Len: KnownSize> StaticType for ArrayType<T, Len> {
     const TYPE: Self = Self {
-        element: LazyInterned::new_lazy(&|| T::TYPE.intern_sized()),
+        element: LazyInterned::new_const::<MakeType<T>>(),
         len: Len::SIZE,
         type_properties: Self::TYPE_PROPERTIES,
     };
     const MASK_TYPE: Self::MaskType = ArrayType::<T::MaskType, Len> {
-        element: LazyInterned::new_lazy(&|| T::MASK_TYPE.intern_sized()),
+        element: LazyInterned::new_const::<MakeMaskType<T>>(),
         len: Len::SIZE,
         type_properties: Self::MASK_TYPE_PROPERTIES,
     };
@@ -154,6 +182,15 @@ impl<T: Type + Visit<State>, Len: Size, State: Visitor + ?Sized> Visit<State>
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: Type, Len: Size> SimValueDebug for ArrayType<T, Len> {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Type, Len: Size> Type for ArrayType<T, Len> {
     type BaseType = Array;
     type MaskType = ArrayType<T::MaskType, Len>;

crates/fayalite/src/bundle.rs

@@ -14,8 +14,8 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, MatchVariantWithoutScope, OpaqueSimValue, OpaqueSimValueSize,
-        OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten, StaticType, Type,
+        OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten, SimValueDebug,
-        TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref, impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref, impl_match_variant_as_self,
     },
     util::HashMap,
 };
@@ -271,6 +271,15 @@ impl Type for Bundle {
     }
 }
 
+impl SimValueDebug for Bundle {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait BundleType: Type<BaseType = Bundle> {
     type Builder: Default;
     fn fields(&self) -> Interned<[BundleField]>;
@@ -471,6 +480,14 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuples {
                 #[var($var)]
             })*]
         }
+        impl<$($T: Type,)*> SimValueDebug for ($($T,)*) {
+            fn sim_value_debug(
+                value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+                f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+            }
+        }
         impl<$($T: Type,)*> Type for ($($T,)*) {
             type BaseType = Bundle;
             type MaskType = ($($T::MaskType,)*);
@@ -773,6 +790,15 @@ impl_tuples! {
     ]
 }
 
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> SimValueDebug for PhantomData<T> {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Type for PhantomData<T> {
     type BaseType = Bundle;
     type MaskType = ();

crates/fayalite/src/clock.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
 use crate::{
     expr::{Expr, ValueType},
     hdl,
@@ -9,10 +10,12 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValueSize, OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter,
-        OpaqueSimValueWritten, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        OpaqueSimValueWritten, SimValueDebug, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties,
+        impl_match_variant_as_self,
     },
 };
 use bitvec::{bits, order::Lsb0};
+use std::fmt;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Clock;
@@ -69,6 +72,15 @@ impl Type for Clock {
     }
 }
 
+impl SimValueDebug for Clock {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl Clock {
     pub fn type_properties(self) -> TypeProperties {
         Self::TYPE_PROPERTIES

crates/fayalite/src/enum_.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 
 use crate::{
-    expr::{Expr, HdlPartialEq, HdlPartialEqImpl, ToExpr, ValueType, ops::VariantAccess},
+    expr::{Expr, ToExpr, ValueType, ops::VariantAccess},
     hdl,
     int::{Bool, UIntValue},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
@@ -10,18 +10,18 @@ use crate::{
         EnumMatchVariantAndInactiveScopeImpl, EnumMatchVariantsIterImpl, Scope, connect,
         enum_match_variants_helper, incomplete_wire, wire,
     },
-    sim::value::SimValue,
+    sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, MatchVariantAndInactiveScope, OpaqueSimValue, OpaqueSimValueSize,
-        OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten, StaticType, Type,
+        OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten, SimValueDebug,
-        TypeProperties,
+        StaticType, Type, TypeProperties,
     },
     util::HashMap,
 };
 use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, slice::BitSlice, view::BitView};
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use std::{borrow::Cow, convert::Infallible, fmt, iter::FusedIterator, sync::Arc};
+use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt, iter::FusedIterator, sync::Arc};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct EnumVariant {
@@ -410,6 +410,15 @@ impl Type for Enum {
     }
 }
 
+impl SimValueDebug for Enum {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct EnumPaddingSimValue {
     bits: Option<UIntValue>,
@@ -723,95 +732,12 @@ pub fn enum_type_to_sim_builder<T: EnumType>(v: T) -> T::SimBuilder {
     v.into()
 }
 
-#[hdl]
+#[hdl(cmp_eq)]
 pub enum HdlOption<T: Type> {
     HdlNone,
     HdlSome(T),
 }
 
-impl<Lhs: Type + HdlPartialEqImpl<Rhs>, Rhs: Type> HdlPartialEqImpl<HdlOption<Rhs>>
-    for HdlOption<Lhs>
-{
-    fn cmp_value_eq(
-        lhs: Self,
-        lhs_value: Cow<'_, Self::SimValue>,
-        rhs: HdlOption<Rhs>,
-        rhs_value: Cow<'_, <HdlOption<Rhs> as Type>::SimValue>,
-    ) -> bool {
-        type SimValueMatch<T> = <T as Type>::SimValue;
-        match (&*lhs_value, &*rhs_value) {
-            (SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlNone(_), SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlNone(_)) => {
-                true
-            }
-            (SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlSome(..), SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlNone(_))
-            | (SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlNone(_), SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlSome(..)) => {
-                false
-            }
-            (
-                SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlSome(l, _),
-                SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlSome(r, _),
-            ) => HdlPartialEqImpl::cmp_value_eq(
-                lhs.HdlSome,
-                Cow::Borrowed(&**l),
-                rhs.HdlSome,
-                Cow::Borrowed(&**r),
-            ),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[hdl]
-    fn cmp_expr_eq(lhs: Expr<Self>, rhs: Expr<HdlOption<Rhs>>) -> Expr<Bool> {
-        #[hdl]
-        let cmp_eq = wire();
-        #[hdl]
-        match lhs {
-            HdlSome(lhs) =>
-            {
-                #[hdl]
-                match rhs {
-                    HdlSome(rhs) => connect(cmp_eq, lhs.cmp_eq(rhs)),
-                    HdlNone => connect(cmp_eq, false),
-                }
-            }
-            HdlNone =>
-            {
-                #[hdl]
-                match rhs {
-                    HdlSome(_) => connect(cmp_eq, false),
-                    HdlNone => connect(cmp_eq, true),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        cmp_eq
-    }
-
-    #[hdl]
-    fn cmp_expr_ne(lhs: Expr<Self>, rhs: Expr<HdlOption<Rhs>>) -> Expr<Bool> {
-        #[hdl]
-        let cmp_ne = wire();
-        #[hdl]
-        match lhs {
-            HdlSome(lhs) =>
-            {
-                #[hdl]
-                match rhs {
-                    HdlSome(rhs) => connect(cmp_ne, lhs.cmp_ne(rhs)),
-                    HdlNone => connect(cmp_ne, true),
-                }
-            }
-            HdlNone =>
-            {
-                #[hdl]
-                match rhs {
-                    HdlSome(_) => connect(cmp_ne, true),
-                    HdlNone => connect(cmp_ne, false),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        cmp_ne
-    }
-}
-
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
 pub fn HdlNone<T: StaticType>() -> Expr<HdlOption<T>> {
     HdlOption[T::TYPE].HdlNone()
@@ -823,6 +749,123 @@ pub fn HdlSome<T: Type>(value: impl ToExpr<Type = T>) -> Expr<HdlOption<T>> {
     HdlOption[value.ty()].HdlSome(value)
 }
 
+impl<T: Type> From<SimValue<HdlOption<T>>> for Option<SimValue<T>> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn from(value: SimValue<HdlOption<T>>) -> Self {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        match value {
+            HdlSome(v) => Some(v),
+            HdlNone => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: Type> From<&'a SimValue<HdlOption<T>>> for Option<&'a SimValue<T>> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn from(value: &'a SimValue<HdlOption<T>>) -> Self {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        match value {
+            HdlSome(v) => Some(v),
+            HdlNone => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: Type> From<&'a mut SimValue<HdlOption<T>>> for Option<&'a mut SimValue<T>> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn from(value: &'a mut SimValue<HdlOption<T>>) -> Self {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        match value {
+            HdlSome(v) => Some(v),
+            HdlNone => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ValueType<Type: StaticType<MaskType: StaticType>>> ValueType for Option<T> {
+    type Type = HdlOption<T::Type>;
+    type ValueCategory = T::ValueCategory;
+
+    fn ty(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        StaticType::TYPE
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type, V: ToSimValueWithType<T>> ToSimValueWithType<HdlOption<T>> for Option<V> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: HdlOption<T>) -> SimValue<HdlOption<T>> {
+        match self {
+            Some(v) =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                ty.HdlSome(v)
+            }
+            None =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                ty.HdlNone()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[hdl]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: HdlOption<T>) -> SimValue<HdlOption<T>> {
+        match self {
+            Some(v) =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                ty.HdlSome(v)
+            }
+            None =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                ty.HdlNone()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ToSimValue<Type: StaticType<MaskType: StaticType>>> ToSimValue for Option<T> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        match self {
+            Some(v) =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                HdlSome(v)
+            }
+            None =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                HdlNone()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[hdl]
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        match self {
+            Some(v) =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                HdlSome(v)
+            }
+            None =>
+            {
+                #[hdl(sim)]
+                HdlNone()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ToExpr<Type: StaticType<MaskType: StaticType>>> ToExpr for Option<T> {
+    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
+        match self {
+            Some(v) => HdlSome(v),
+            None => HdlNone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Type> HdlOption<T> {
     #[track_caller]
     pub fn try_map<R: Type, E>(

crates/fayalite/src/expr.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
     bundle::{Bundle, BundleType},
     enum_::{Enum, EnumType},
     expr::target::{GetTarget, Target},
+    formal::FormalInput,
     int::{Bool, DynSize, IntType, SIntValue, Size, SizeType, UInt, UIntType, UIntValue},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
     memory::{DynPortType, MemPort, PortType},
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ use crate::{
     reg::Reg,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, ResetType, ResetTypeDispatch, SyncReset},
     sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
-    ty::{CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValue, StaticType, Type, TypeWithDeref},
+    ty::{CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValue, StaticType, TraceAsString, Type, TypeWithDeref},
     util::{ConstBool, ConstUsize},
     wire::Wire,
 };
@@ -218,6 +219,8 @@ expr_enum! {
         SliceSInt(ops::SliceSInt),
         CastToBits(ops::CastToBits),
         CastBitsTo(ops::CastBitsTo),
+        ToTraceAsString(ops::ToTraceAsString),
+        TraceAsStringAsInner(ops::TraceAsStringAsInner),
         ModuleIO(ModuleIO<CanonicalType>),
         Instance(Instance<Bundle>),
         Wire(Wire<CanonicalType>),
@@ -225,6 +228,8 @@ expr_enum! {
         RegSync(Reg<CanonicalType, SyncReset>),
         RegAsync(Reg<CanonicalType, AsyncReset>),
         MemPort(MemPort<DynPortType>),
+        FormalInput(FormalInput),
+        SimIoForGlobal(ops::SimIoForGlobal),
     }
 }
 
@@ -389,6 +394,35 @@ impl<T: Type> Expr<T> {
             __flow: this.__flow,
         }
     }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn as_trace_as_string(this: Self, ty: TraceAsString<T>) -> Expr<TraceAsString<T>> {
+        assert_eq!(this.ty(), ty.inner_ty());
+        ops::ToTraceAsString::new(Expr::canonical(this), ty).to_expr()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Expr<CanonicalType> {
+    pub fn unwrap_transparent_types(mut this: Self) -> Expr<CanonicalType> {
+        loop {
+            match this.ty() {
+                CanonicalType::UInt(_)
+                | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Bool(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Array(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Enum(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
+                | CanonicalType::AsyncReset(_)
+                | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Clock(_)
+                | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_)
+                | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => return this,
+                CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => {
+                    this = *Expr::<TraceAsString>::from_canonical(this);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Type> ToLiteralBits for Expr<T> {
@@ -1692,3 +1726,204 @@ impl<'a, T: Type> ToSimValueInner<'a> for &'a SimValue<T> {
         Cow::Borrowed(&**this)
     }
 }
+
+pub trait ToTraceAsString: ValueType {
+    type Output: ValueType<Type = TraceAsString<Self::Type>, ValueCategory = Self::ValueCategory>;
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty(&self, ty: TraceAsString<Self::Type>) -> Self::Output;
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty(self, ty: TraceAsString<Self::Type>) -> Self::Output
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+    fn to_trace_as_string(&self) -> Self::Output;
+    fn into_trace_as_string(self) -> Self::Output
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+impl<
+    T: ?Sized
+        + ValueType
+        + ToTraceAsStringImpl<<Self as ValueType>::Type, <Self as ValueType>::ValueCategory>,
+> ToTraceAsString for T
+{
+    type Output = T::ImplOutput;
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty(&self, ty: TraceAsString<Self::Type>) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::to_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(self, ty)
+    }
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty(self, ty: TraceAsString<Self::Type>) -> Self::Output
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Self::into_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(self, ty)
+    }
+    fn to_trace_as_string(&self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self::to_trace_as_string_impl(self)
+    }
+    fn into_trace_as_string(self) -> Self::Output
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Self::into_trace_as_string_impl(self)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ToTraceAsStringImpl<Ty: Type, C: value_category::ValueCategory> {
+    type ImplOutput: ValueType<Type = TraceAsString<Ty>, ValueCategory = C>;
+    fn to_trace_as_string_impl(this: &Self) -> Self::ImplOutput;
+    fn into_trace_as_string_impl(this: Self) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(this: &Self, ty: TraceAsString<Ty>) -> Self::ImplOutput;
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(this: Self, ty: TraceAsString<Ty>) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + crate::sim::value::ToSimValue>
+    ToTraceAsStringImpl<T::Type, value_category::ValueCategoryValue> for T
+{
+    type ImplOutput = crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue<T::Type>;
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_impl(this: &Self) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new(this)
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_impl(this: Self) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new(this)
+    }
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(
+        this: &Self,
+        ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>,
+    ) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new_with_ty(this, ty)
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(this: Self, ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new_with_ty(this, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + crate::sim::value::ToSimValue>
+    ToTraceAsStringImpl<T::Type, value_category::ValueCategorySimValue> for T
+{
+    type ImplOutput = SimValue<TraceAsString<T::Type>>;
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_impl(this: &Self) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new(this).into_sim_value()
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_impl(this: Self) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new(this).into_sim_value()
+    }
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(
+        this: &Self,
+        ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>,
+    ) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new_with_ty(this, ty).into_sim_value()
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(this: Self, ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        crate::ty::TraceAsStringSimValue::new_with_ty(this, ty).into_sim_value()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + ToExpr> ToTraceAsStringImpl<T::Type, value_category::ValueCategoryExpr> for T {
+    type ImplOutput = Expr<TraceAsString<T::Type>>;
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_impl(this: &Self) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        let this = this.to_expr();
+        ops::ToTraceAsString::new(Expr::canonical(this), TraceAsString::new(this.ty())).to_expr()
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_impl(this: Self) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let this = this.to_expr();
+        ops::ToTraceAsString::new(Expr::canonical(this), TraceAsString::new(this.ty())).to_expr()
+    }
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(
+        this: &Self,
+        ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>,
+    ) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        let this = this.to_expr();
+        ops::ToTraceAsString::new(
+            Expr::canonical(this),
+            ty.with_new_inner_ty(this.ty().intern_sized()),
+        )
+        .to_expr()
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(this: Self, ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let this = this.to_expr();
+        ops::ToTraceAsString::new(
+            Expr::canonical(this),
+            ty.with_new_inner_ty(this.ty().intern_sized()),
+        )
+        .to_expr()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + ValueType> ToTraceAsStringImpl<T::Type, value_category::ValueCategoryValueless>
+    for T
+{
+    type ImplOutput = Valueless<TraceAsString<T::Type>>;
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_impl(this: &Self) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        Valueless::new(TraceAsString::new(this.ty()))
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_impl(this: Self) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Valueless::new(TraceAsString::new(this.ty()))
+    }
+
+    fn to_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(
+        this: &Self,
+        ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>,
+    ) -> Self::ImplOutput {
+        Valueless::new(ty.with_new_inner_ty(this.ty().intern_sized()))
+    }
+
+    fn into_trace_as_string_with_ty_impl(this: Self, ty: TraceAsString<T::Type>) -> Self::ImplOutput
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        Valueless::new(ty.with_new_inner_ty(this.ty().intern_sized()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToLiteralBits for FormalInput {
+    fn to_literal_bits(&self) -> Result<Interned<BitSlice>, NotALiteralExpr> {
+        Err(NotALiteralExpr)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToExpr for FormalInput {
+    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
+        Expr {
+            __enum: ExprEnum::FormalInput(*self).intern_sized(),
+            __ty: self.ty(),
+            __flow: self.flow(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/expr/ops.rs

@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ use crate::{
         ToExpr, ToLiteralBits, ToSimValueInner, ToValueless, ValueType, Valueless,
         target::{
             GetTarget, Target, TargetPathArrayElement, TargetPathBundleField,
-            TargetPathDynArrayElement, TargetPathElement,
+            TargetPathDynArrayElement, TargetPathElement, TargetPathToTraceAsString,
+            TargetPathTraceAsStringInner,
         },
         value_category::ValueCategoryExpr,
     },
+    formal::FormalInput,
     int::{
         Bool, BoolOrIntType, DynSize, IntType, KnownSize, SInt, SIntType, SIntValue, Size, UInt,
         UIntType, UIntValue,
@@ -27,7 +29,7 @@ use crate::{
         ToSyncReset,
     },
     sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValue},
-    ty::{CanonicalType, StaticType, Type},
+    ty::{CanonicalType, StaticType, TraceAsString, Type},
     util::ConstUsize,
 };
 use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec, view::BitView};
@@ -44,6 +46,9 @@ use std::{
     },
 };
 
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod test_ops_impls;
+
 macro_rules! make_impls {
     (
         $([$($args:tt)*])?
@@ -579,10 +584,9 @@ macro_rules! make_impls {
     (#[kind(i64)] $($rest:tt)*) => {make_impls! { #[type([][] (i64))] $($rest)* }};
     (#[kind(i128)] $($rest:tt)*) => {make_impls! { #[type([][] (i128))] $($rest)* }};
 }
-pub(crate) use make_impls;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod test_ops_impls;
+pub(crate) use make_impls;
 
 macro_rules! impl_simple_binary_op_trait {
     (
@@ -4692,3 +4696,255 @@ impl<This: ExprFromIterator<A>, A> FromIterator<A> for Expr<This> {
         This::expr_from_iter(iter)
     }
 }
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct ToTraceAsString<T: Type = CanonicalType> {
+    inner: Expr<CanonicalType>,
+    ty: TraceAsString<T>,
+    literal_bits: Result<Interned<BitSlice>, NotALiteralExpr>,
+    target: Option<Interned<Target>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> fmt::Debug for ToTraceAsString<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self {
+            inner,
+            ty: _,
+            literal_bits: _,
+            target: _,
+        } = self;
+        f.debug_struct("ToTraceAsString")
+            .field("inner", inner)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToTraceAsString<T> {
+    pub fn new(inner: Expr<CanonicalType>, ty: TraceAsString<T>) -> Self {
+        assert_eq!(inner.ty(), ty.inner_ty().canonical());
+        let literal_bits = inner.to_literal_bits();
+        let target = inner.target().map(|base| {
+            Intern::intern_sized(
+                base.join(TargetPathElement::intern_sized(
+                    TargetPathToTraceAsString {
+                        ty: ty.canonical_trace_as_string(),
+                    }
+                    .into(),
+                ))
+                .canonicalized(),
+            )
+        });
+        Self {
+            inner,
+            ty,
+            literal_bits,
+            target,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn inner(self) -> Expr<CanonicalType> {
+        self.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> GetTarget for ToTraceAsString<T> {
+    fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        self.target
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToLiteralBits for ToTraceAsString<T> {
+    fn to_literal_bits(&self) -> Result<Interned<BitSlice>, NotALiteralExpr> {
+        self.literal_bits
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ValueType for ToTraceAsString<T> {
+    type Type = TraceAsString<T>;
+    type ValueCategory = ValueCategoryExpr;
+
+    fn ty(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToExpr for ToTraceAsString<T> {
+    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
+        Expr {
+            __enum: ExprEnum::ToTraceAsString(ToTraceAsString {
+                inner: self.inner,
+                ty: self.ty.canonical_trace_as_string(),
+                literal_bits: self.literal_bits,
+                target: self.target,
+            })
+            .intern(),
+            __ty: self.ty,
+            __flow: Expr::flow(self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TraceAsStringAsInner<T: Type = CanonicalType> {
+    arg: Expr<TraceAsString<CanonicalType>>,
+    ty: T,
+    literal_bits: Result<Interned<BitSlice>, NotALiteralExpr>,
+    target: Option<Interned<Target>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> fmt::Debug for TraceAsStringAsInner<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self {
+            arg,
+            ty: _,
+            literal_bits: _,
+            target: _,
+        } = self;
+        f.debug_struct("TraceAsStringAsInner")
+            .field("arg", arg)
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> TraceAsStringAsInner<T> {
+    pub fn from_arg_and_ty(arg: Expr<TraceAsString<CanonicalType>>, ty: T) -> Self {
+        assert_eq!(arg.ty().inner_ty(), ty.canonical());
+        let literal_bits = arg.to_literal_bits();
+        let target = arg.target().map(|base| {
+            Intern::intern_sized(
+                base.join(TargetPathElement::intern_sized(
+                    TargetPathTraceAsStringInner {}.into(),
+                ))
+                .canonicalized(),
+            )
+        });
+        Self {
+            arg,
+            ty,
+            literal_bits,
+            target,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn new(arg: Expr<TraceAsString<T>>) -> Self {
+        Self::from_arg_and_ty(
+            Expr {
+                __enum: arg.__enum,
+                __ty: arg.__ty.canonical_trace_as_string(),
+                __flow: arg.__flow,
+            },
+            arg.ty().inner_ty(),
+        )
+    }
+    pub fn arg(self) -> Expr<TraceAsString<CanonicalType>> {
+        self.arg
+    }
+    pub fn arg_typed(self) -> Expr<TraceAsString<T>> {
+        Expr {
+            __enum: self.arg.__enum,
+            __ty: TraceAsString::from_canonical_trace_as_string(self.arg.__ty),
+            __flow: self.arg.__flow,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> GetTarget for TraceAsStringAsInner<T> {
+    fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        self.target
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToLiteralBits for TraceAsStringAsInner<T> {
+    fn to_literal_bits(&self) -> Result<Interned<BitSlice>, NotALiteralExpr> {
+        self.literal_bits
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ValueType for TraceAsStringAsInner<T> {
+    type Type = T;
+    type ValueCategory = ValueCategoryExpr;
+
+    fn ty(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        self.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToExpr for TraceAsStringAsInner<T> {
+    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
+        Expr {
+            __enum: ExprEnum::TraceAsStringAsInner(TraceAsStringAsInner {
+                arg: self.arg,
+                ty: self.ty.canonical(),
+                literal_bits: self.literal_bits,
+                target: self.target,
+            })
+            .intern(),
+            __ty: self.ty,
+            __flow: Expr::flow(self.arg),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+/// The [`Simulation::io()`] equivalent for a global signal, this is a flipped version of a global signal
+/// that allows you to e.g. use [`Simulation::write()`] to write to [`formal_global_clock()`].
+///
+/// [`Simulation::io()`]: crate::sim::Simulation::io
+/// [`Simulation::write()`]: crate::sim::Simulation::write
+/// [`formal_global_clock()`]: crate::formal::formal_global_clock
+pub struct SimIoForGlobal {
+    global: FormalInput,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for SimIoForGlobal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("SimIoForGlobal").field(&self.global).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl SimIoForGlobal {
+    pub fn new(global: FormalInput) -> Self {
+        Self { global }
+    }
+    pub fn global(self) -> FormalInput {
+        self.global
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn must_connect_to(self) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    pub fn flow(self) -> Flow {
+        self.global.flow().flip()
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn source_location(self) -> crate::source_location::SourceLocation {
+        self.global.source_location()
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetTarget for SimIoForGlobal {
+    fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        Some(Target::from(*self).intern_sized())
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToLiteralBits for SimIoForGlobal {
+    fn to_literal_bits(&self) -> Result<Interned<BitSlice>, NotALiteralExpr> {
+        Err(NotALiteralExpr)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValueType for SimIoForGlobal {
+    type Type = CanonicalType;
+    type ValueCategory = ValueCategoryExpr;
+
+    fn ty(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        self.global.ty()
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToExpr for SimIoForGlobal {
+    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
+        Expr {
+            __enum: ExprEnum::SimIoForGlobal(*self).intern(),
+            __ty: self.ty(),
+            __flow: self.flow(),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/expr/target.rs

@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ use crate::{
     array::Array,
     bundle::{Bundle, BundleField},
     expr::{Expr, Flow, ToExpr, ValueType, value_category::ValueCategoryExpr},
+    formal::FormalInput,
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
     memory::{DynPortType, MemPort},
     module::{Instance, ModuleIO, TargetName},
     reg::Reg,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, ResetType, ResetTypeDispatch, SyncReset},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    ty::{CanonicalType, Type},
+    ty::{CanonicalType, TraceAsString, Type},
     wire::Wire,
 };
 use std::fmt;
@@ -46,11 +47,33 @@ impl fmt::Display for TargetPathDynArrayElement {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TargetPathTraceAsStringInner {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for TargetPathTraceAsStringInner {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, ".<inner>")
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct TargetPathToTraceAsString {
+    pub ty: TraceAsString<CanonicalType>,
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for TargetPathToTraceAsString {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, ".to_trace_as_string(...)")
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum TargetPathElement {
     BundleField(TargetPathBundleField),
     ArrayElement(TargetPathArrayElement),
     DynArrayElement(TargetPathDynArrayElement),
+    TraceAsStringInner(TargetPathTraceAsStringInner),
+    ToTraceAsString(TargetPathToTraceAsString),
 }
 
 impl From<TargetPathBundleField> for TargetPathElement {
@@ -71,12 +94,26 @@ impl From<TargetPathDynArrayElement> for TargetPathElement {
     }
 }
 
+impl From<TargetPathTraceAsStringInner> for TargetPathElement {
+    fn from(value: TargetPathTraceAsStringInner) -> Self {
+        Self::TraceAsStringInner(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TargetPathToTraceAsString> for TargetPathElement {
+    fn from(value: TargetPathToTraceAsString) -> Self {
+        Self::ToTraceAsString(value)
+    }
+}
+
 impl fmt::Display for TargetPathElement {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         match self {
             Self::BundleField(v) => v.fmt(f),
             Self::ArrayElement(v) => v.fmt(f),
             Self::DynArrayElement(v) => v.fmt(f),
+            Self::TraceAsStringInner(v) => v.fmt(f),
+            Self::ToTraceAsString(v) => v.fmt(f),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -100,6 +137,15 @@ impl TargetPathElement {
                 let parent_ty = Array::<CanonicalType>::from_canonical(parent.canonical_ty());
                 parent_ty.element()
             }
+            Self::TraceAsStringInner(_) => {
+                let parent_ty =
+                    TraceAsString::<CanonicalType>::from_canonical(parent.canonical_ty());
+                parent_ty.inner_ty()
+            }
+            &Self::ToTraceAsString(TargetPathToTraceAsString { ty }) => {
+                assert_eq!(parent.canonical_ty(), ty.inner_ty());
+                ty.canonical()
+            }
         }
     }
     pub fn flow(&self, parent: Interned<Target>) -> Flow {
@@ -111,13 +157,18 @@ impl TargetPathElement {
                     .expect("field name is known to be a valid field of parent type");
                 parent.flow().flip_if(field.flipped)
             }
-            Self::ArrayElement(_) => parent.flow(),
+            Self::ArrayElement(_)
-            Self::DynArrayElement(_) => parent.flow(),
+            | Self::DynArrayElement(_)
+            | Self::TraceAsStringInner(_)
+            | Self::ToTraceAsString(_) => parent.flow(),
         }
     }
     pub fn is_static(&self) -> bool {
         match self {
-            Self::BundleField(_) | Self::ArrayElement(_) => true,
+            Self::BundleField(_)
+            | Self::ArrayElement(_)
+            | Self::TraceAsStringInner(_)
+            | Self::ToTraceAsString(_) => true,
             Self::DynArrayElement(_) => false,
         }
     }
@@ -245,6 +296,14 @@ impl_target_base! {
         #[is = is_instance]
         #[to = instance]
         Instance(Instance<Bundle>),
+        #[from = from]
+        #[is = is_formal_input]
+        #[to = formal_input]
+        FormalInput(FormalInput),
+        #[from = from]
+        #[is = is_sim_io_for_global]
+        #[to = sim_io_for_global]
+        SimIoForGlobal(crate::expr::ops::SimIoForGlobal),
     }
 }
 
@@ -293,6 +352,8 @@ impl TargetBase {
             TargetBase::RegAsync(v) => TargetName(v.scoped_name(), None),
             TargetBase::Wire(v) => TargetName(v.scoped_name(), None),
             TargetBase::Instance(v) => TargetName(v.scoped_name(), None),
+            TargetBase::FormalInput(v) => TargetName(v.scoped_name(), None),
+            TargetBase::SimIoForGlobal(v) => TargetName(v.global().scoped_name(), None),
         }
     }
     pub fn canonical_ty(&self) -> CanonicalType {
@@ -304,6 +365,21 @@ impl TargetBase {
             TargetBase::RegAsync(v) => v.ty(),
             TargetBase::Wire(v) => v.ty(),
             TargetBase::Instance(v) => v.ty().canonical(),
+            TargetBase::FormalInput(v) => v.ty(),
+            TargetBase::SimIoForGlobal(v) => v.ty(),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn is_valid_annotation_target(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::ModuleIO(_) => true,
+            Self::MemPort(_) => true,
+            Self::Reg(_) => true,
+            Self::RegSync(_) => true,
+            Self::RegAsync(_) => true,
+            Self::Wire(_) => true,
+            Self::Instance(_) => true,
+            Self::FormalInput(_) => false,
+            Self::SimIoForGlobal(_) => false,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -314,6 +390,7 @@ pub struct TargetChild {
     path_element: Interned<TargetPathElement>,
     canonical_ty: CanonicalType,
     flow: Flow,
+    canonicalized_if_different: Option<Interned<Target>>,
 }
 
 impl fmt::Debug for TargetChild {
@@ -323,6 +400,7 @@ impl fmt::Debug for TargetChild {
             path_element,
             canonical_ty: _,
             flow: _,
+            canonicalized_if_different: _,
         } = self;
         parent.fmt(f)?;
         fmt::Display::fmt(path_element, f)
@@ -336,6 +414,7 @@ impl fmt::Display for TargetChild {
             path_element,
             canonical_ty: _,
             flow: _,
+            canonicalized_if_different: _,
         } = self;
         parent.fmt(f)?;
         path_element.fmt(f)
@@ -343,14 +422,69 @@ impl fmt::Display for TargetChild {
 }
 
 impl TargetChild {
-    pub fn new(parent: Interned<Target>, path_element: Interned<TargetPathElement>) -> Self {
+    fn new_helper(
+        parent: Interned<Target>,
+        path_element: Interned<TargetPathElement>,
+        canonicalized_if_different: Option<Interned<Target>>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
             parent,
             path_element,
             canonical_ty: path_element.canonical_ty(parent),
             flow: path_element.flow(parent),
+            canonicalized_if_different,
         }
     }
+    fn make_canonicalized_if_different(
+        parent: Interned<Target>,
+        path_element: Interned<TargetPathElement>,
+    ) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        use TargetPathElement::*;
+        match *path_element {
+            BundleField(_) => {}
+            ArrayElement(_) => {}
+            DynArrayElement(_) => {}
+            TraceAsStringInner(_) => {
+                if let Some(child) = parent.canonicalized().child() {
+                    match *child.path_element() {
+                        BundleField(_)
+                        | ArrayElement(_)
+                        | DynArrayElement(_)
+                        | TraceAsStringInner(_) => {}
+                        ToTraceAsString(_) => return Some(child.parent()),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            ToTraceAsString(TargetPathToTraceAsString { ty }) => {
+                if let Some(child) = parent.canonicalized().child() {
+                    match *child.path_element() {
+                        BundleField(_) | ArrayElement(_) | DynArrayElement(_)
+                        | ToTraceAsString(_) => {}
+                        TraceAsStringInner(_) => {
+                            if ty.canonical() == child.parent().canonical_ty() {
+                                return Some(child.parent());
+                            }
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Some(
+            Target::Child(Self::new_helper(
+                parent.canonicalized_if_different()?,
+                path_element,
+                None,
+            ))
+            .intern_sized(),
+        )
+    }
+    pub fn new(parent: Interned<Target>, path_element: Interned<TargetPathElement>) -> Self {
+        Self::new_helper(
+            parent,
+            path_element,
+            Self::make_canonicalized_if_different(parent, path_element),
+        )
+    }
     pub fn parent(self) -> Interned<Target> {
         self.parent
     }
@@ -363,6 +497,19 @@ impl TargetChild {
     pub fn flow(self) -> Flow {
         self.flow
     }
+    pub fn is_canonicalized(self) -> bool {
+        self.canonicalized_if_different.is_none()
+    }
+    pub fn canonicalized_if_different(self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        self.canonicalized_if_different
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn canonicalized(self) -> Target {
+        match self.canonicalized_if_different {
+            Some(v) => *v,
+            None => Target::Child(self),
+        }
+    }
     pub fn bundle_field(self) -> Option<BundleField> {
         if let TargetPathElement::BundleField(TargetPathBundleField { name }) = *self.path_element {
             let parent_ty = Bundle::from_canonical(self.parent.canonical_ty());
@@ -427,6 +574,16 @@ impl Target {
             }
         }
     }
+    pub fn is_valid_annotation_target(&self) -> bool {
+        let mut target = self;
+        loop {
+            match target {
+                Self::Base(target_base) => return target_base.is_valid_annotation_target(),
+                Self::Child(v) if !v.path_element().is_static() => return false,
+                Self::Child(v) => target = &v.parent,
+            }
+        }
+    }
     #[must_use]
     pub fn join(&self, path_element: Interned<TargetPathElement>) -> Self {
         TargetChild::new(self.intern(), path_element).into()
@@ -443,6 +600,82 @@ impl Target {
             Target::Child(v) => v.canonical_ty(),
         }
     }
+    pub fn is_canonicalized(self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(_) => true,
+            Self::Child(child) => child.is_canonicalized(),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn canonicalized_if_different(self) -> Option<Interned<Self>> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Base(_) => None,
+            Self::Child(child) => child.canonicalized_if_different(),
+        }
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn canonicalized(self) -> Target {
+        match self.canonicalized_if_different() {
+            Some(v) => *v,
+            None => self,
+        }
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn canonicalized_interned(this: Interned<Target>) -> Interned<Target> {
+        this.canonicalized_if_different().unwrap_or(this)
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn unwrap_transparent_types(mut self) -> Target {
+        loop {
+            self = self.canonicalized();
+            match self.canonical_ty() {
+                CanonicalType::UInt(_)
+                | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Bool(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Array(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Enum(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
+                | CanonicalType::AsyncReset(_)
+                | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
+                | CanonicalType::Clock(_)
+                | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_)
+                | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => return self,
+                CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => {
+                    if let Self::Child(child) = self
+                        && let TargetPathElement::ToTraceAsString(_) = *child.path_element()
+                    {
+                        self = *child.parent();
+                    } else {
+                        self = self.join(TargetPathElement::intern_sized(
+                            TargetPathTraceAsStringInner {}.into(),
+                        ));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn unwrap_transparent_types_interned(this: Interned<Target>) -> Interned<Target> {
+        let retval = this.unwrap_transparent_types();
+        if retval != *this {
+            retval.intern_sized()
+        } else {
+            this
+        }
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn without_trailing_transparent_path_elements(mut self) -> Target {
+        use TargetPathElement::*;
+        loop {
+            match self {
+                Self::Base(_) => return self,
+                Self::Child(child) => match *child.path_element() {
+                    BundleField(_) | ArrayElement(_) | DynArrayElement(_) => return self,
+                    TraceAsStringInner(_) | ToTraceAsString(_) => self = *child.parent(),
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl fmt::Display for Target {
@@ -467,6 +700,18 @@ pub trait GetTarget {
     fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>>;
 }
 
+impl GetTarget for Target {
+    fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        Some(self.intern())
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetTarget for TargetBase {
+    fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        Some(Target::Base(self.intern()).intern_sized())
+    }
+}
+
 impl GetTarget for bool {
     fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
         None

crates/fayalite/src/formal.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,189 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 use crate::{
+    expr::target::{GetTarget, Target},
     int::BoolOrIntType,
-    intern::{Intern, Interned, Memoize},
+    intern::{Intern, Interned},
+    module::{NameId, NameIdOrGlobal, ScopedNameId},
     prelude::*,
 };
-use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use std::{fmt, sync::OnceLock};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum FormalInputKind {
+    FormalGlobalClock,
+    FormalReset,
+    AnyConst,
+    AnySeq,
+    AllConst,
+    AllSeq,
+}
+
+impl FormalInputKind {
+    pub fn fixed_ty(self) -> Option<CanonicalType> {
+        match self {
+            Self::FormalGlobalClock => Some(Clock.into()),
+            Self::FormalReset => Some(SyncReset.into()),
+            Self::AnyConst => None,
+            Self::AnySeq => None,
+            Self::AllConst => None,
+            Self::AllSeq => None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn fixed_id(self) -> Option<crate::module::Id> {
+        struct Cache {
+            formal_global_clock: crate::module::Id,
+            formal_reset: crate::module::Id,
+        }
+        static CACHE: OnceLock<Cache> = OnceLock::new();
+        let cache = || {
+            CACHE.get_or_init(
+                #[cold]
+                || Cache {
+                    formal_global_clock: crate::module::Id::new(),
+                    formal_reset: crate::module::Id::new(),
+                },
+            )
+        };
+        match self {
+            Self::FormalGlobalClock => Some(cache().formal_global_clock),
+            Self::FormalReset => Some(cache().formal_reset),
+            Self::AnyConst => None,
+            Self::AnySeq => None,
+            Self::AllConst => None,
+            Self::AllSeq => None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn fixed_source_location(self) -> Option<SourceLocation> {
+        match self {
+            Self::FormalGlobalClock | Self::FormalReset => Some(SourceLocation::builtin()),
+            Self::AnyConst | Self::AnySeq | Self::AllConst | Self::AllSeq => None,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn name(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::FormalGlobalClock => "formal_global_clock",
+            Self::FormalReset => "formal_reset",
+            Self::AnyConst => "any_const",
+            Self::AnySeq => "any_seq",
+            Self::AllConst => "all_const",
+            Self::AllSeq => "all_seq",
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn interned_name(self) -> Interned<str> {
+        macro_rules! impl_interned_name {
+            ($($variant:ident,)*) => {
+                match self {
+                    $(Self::$variant => {
+                        static CACHE: OnceLock<Interned<str>> = OnceLock::new();
+                        *CACHE.get_or_init(|| Self::$variant.name().intern())
+                    })*
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        impl_interned_name! {
+            FormalGlobalClock,
+            FormalReset,
+            AnyConst,
+            AnySeq,
+            AllConst,
+            AllSeq,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+struct FormalInputData {
+    kind: FormalInputKind,
+    name_id: NameId,
+    ty: CanonicalType,
+    source_location: SourceLocation,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct FormalInput(Interned<FormalInputData>);
+
+impl fmt::Debug for FormalInput {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.kind().fixed_ty().is_some() {
+            f.write_str(&self.name())
+        } else {
+            f.debug_tuple(&self.name()).field(&self.0.ty).finish()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FormalInput {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new(
+        kind: FormalInputKind,
+        name_id: NameId,
+        ty: CanonicalType,
+        source_location: SourceLocation,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let NameId(name, id) = name_id;
+        assert_eq!(kind.interned_name(), name);
+        if let Some(fixed_ty) = kind.fixed_ty() {
+            assert_eq!(ty, fixed_ty);
+        } else {
+            assert!(
+                ty.is_castable_from_bits(),
+                "{name} type must be castable from bits. got:\n{ty:#?}",
+            );
+        }
+        if let Some(fixed_source_location) = kind.fixed_source_location() {
+            assert_eq!(source_location, fixed_source_location);
+        }
+        if let Some(fixed_id) = kind.fixed_id() {
+            assert_eq!(id, fixed_id);
+        }
+        Self(
+            FormalInputData {
+                kind,
+                name_id,
+                ty,
+                source_location,
+            }
+            .intern_sized(),
+        )
+    }
+    pub fn kind(self) -> FormalInputKind {
+        self.0.kind
+    }
+    pub fn name(self) -> Interned<str> {
+        self.0.name_id.0
+    }
+    pub fn name_id(self) -> NameId {
+        self.0.name_id
+    }
+    pub fn scoped_name(self) -> ScopedNameId {
+        ScopedNameId(NameIdOrGlobal::Global, self.name_id())
+    }
+    pub fn source_location(self) -> SourceLocation {
+        self.0.source_location
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn must_connect_to(self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn flow(self) -> crate::expr::Flow {
+        crate::expr::Flow::Source
+    }
+}
+
+impl ValueType for FormalInput {
+    type Type = CanonicalType;
+    type ValueCategory = crate::expr::value_category::ValueCategoryExpr;
+
+    fn ty(&self) -> Self::Type {
+        self.0.ty
+    }
+}
+
+impl GetTarget for FormalInput {
+    fn target(&self) -> Option<Interned<Target>> {
+        Some(Target::from(*self).intern_sized())
+    }
+}
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
 pub enum FormalKind {
@@ -138,110 +316,76 @@ make_formal!(
     hdl_cover
 );
 
-pub trait MakeFormalExpr: Type {}
-
-impl<T: Type> MakeFormalExpr for T {}
-
 #[hdl]
 pub fn formal_global_clock() -> Expr<Clock> {
-    #[hdl_module(extern)]
+    static CACHE: OnceLock<Expr<Clock>> = OnceLock::new();
-    fn formal_global_clock() {
+    *CACHE.get_or_init(|| {
-        #[hdl]
+        let kind = FormalInputKind::FormalGlobalClock;
-        let clk: Clock = m.output();
+        Expr::from_canonical(
-        m.annotate_module(BlackBoxInlineAnnotation {
+            FormalInput::new(
-            path: "fayalite_formal_global_clock.v".intern(),
+                kind,
-            text: r"module __fayalite_formal_global_clock(output clk);
+                NameId(
-    (* gclk *)
+                    kind.interned_name(),
-    reg clk;
+                    kind.fixed_id().expect("known to have a fixed Id"),
-endmodule
+                ),
-"
+                Clock.into(),
-            .intern(),
+                kind.fixed_source_location()
-        });
+                    .expect("known to have a fixed SourceLocation"),
-        m.verilog_name("__fayalite_formal_global_clock");
+            )
-    }
+            .to_expr(),
-    #[hdl]
+        )
-    let formal_global_clock = instance(formal_global_clock());
+    })
-    formal_global_clock.clk
 }
 
 #[hdl]
 pub fn formal_reset() -> Expr<SyncReset> {
-    #[hdl_module(extern)]
+    static CACHE: OnceLock<Expr<SyncReset>> = OnceLock::new();
-    fn formal_reset() {
+    *CACHE.get_or_init(|| {
-        #[hdl]
+        let kind = FormalInputKind::FormalReset;
-        let rst: SyncReset = m.output();
+        Expr::from_canonical(
-        m.annotate_module(BlackBoxInlineAnnotation {
+            FormalInput::new(
-            path: "fayalite_formal_reset.v".intern(),
+                kind,
-            text: r"module __fayalite_formal_reset(output rst);
+                NameId(
-    assign rst = $initstate;
+                    kind.interned_name(),
-endmodule
+                    kind.fixed_id().expect("known to have a fixed Id"),
-"
+                ),
-            .intern(),
+                SyncReset.into(),
-        });
+                kind.fixed_source_location()
-        m.verilog_name("__fayalite_formal_reset");
+                    .expect("known to have a fixed SourceLocation"),
-    }
+            )
-    static MOD: OnceLock<Interned<Module<formal_reset>>> = OnceLock::new();
+            .to_expr(),
-    #[hdl]
+        )
-    let formal_reset = instance(*MOD.get_or_init(formal_reset));
+    })
-    formal_reset.rst
 }
 
 macro_rules! make_any_const_fn {
-    ($ident:ident, $verilog_attribute:literal) => {
+    ($ident:ident, $ident_with_loc:ident, $verilog_attribute:literal, $kind:ident) => {
+        #[track_caller]
         #[hdl]
         pub fn $ident<T: BoolOrIntType>(ty: T) -> Expr<T> {
-            #[hdl_module(extern)]
+            $ident_with_loc(ty, SourceLocation::caller())
-            pub(super) fn $ident<T: BoolOrIntType>(ty: T) {
+        }
+        #[track_caller]
         #[hdl]
-                let out: T = m.output(ty);
+        pub fn $ident_with_loc<T: BoolOrIntType>(
-                let width = ty.width();
+            ty: T,
-                let verilog_bitslice = if width == 1 {
+            source_location: SourceLocation,
-                    String::new()
+        ) -> Expr<T> {
-                } else {
+            let kind = FormalInputKind::$kind;
-                    format!(" [{}:0]", width - 1)
+            Expr::from_canonical(
-                };
+                FormalInput::new(
-                m.annotate_module(BlackBoxInlineAnnotation {
+                    kind,
-                    path: Intern::intern_owned(format!(
+                    NameId(kind.interned_name(), crate::module::Id::new()),
-                        "fayalite_{}_{width}.v",
+                    ty.canonical(),
-                        stringify!($ident),
+                    source_location,
-                    )),
+                )
-                    text: Intern::intern_owned(format!(
+                .to_expr(),
-                        r"module __fayalite_{}_{width}(output{verilog_bitslice} out);
+            )
-    (* {} *)
-    reg{verilog_bitslice} out;
-endmodule
-",
-                        stringify!($ident),
-                        $verilog_attribute,
-                    )),
-                });
-                m.verilog_name(format!("__fayalite_{}_{width}", stringify!($ident)));
-            }
-            #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-            struct TheMemoize<T>(T);
-            impl<T: BoolOrIntType> Memoize for TheMemoize<T> {
-                type Input = ();
-                type InputOwned = ();
-                type Output = Option<Interned<Module<$ident<T>>>>;
-                fn inner(self, _input: &Self::Input) -> Self::Output {
-                    if self.0.width() == 0 {
-                        None
-                    } else {
-                        Some($ident(self.0))
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            let Some(module) = TheMemoize(ty).get_owned(()) else {
-                return 0_hdl_u0.cast_bits_to(ty);
-            };
-            #[hdl]
-            let $ident = instance(module);
-            $ident.out
         }
     };
 }
 
-make_any_const_fn!(any_const, "anyconst");
+make_any_const_fn!(any_const, any_const_with_loc, "anyconst", AnyConst);
-make_any_const_fn!(any_seq, "anyseq");
+make_any_const_fn!(any_seq, any_seq_with_loc, "anyseq", AnySeq);
-make_any_const_fn!(all_const, "allconst");
+make_any_const_fn!(all_const, all_const_with_loc, "allconst", AllConst);
-make_any_const_fn!(all_seq, "allseq");
+make_any_const_fn!(all_seq, all_seq_with_loc, "allseq", AllSeq);

crates/fayalite/src/int.rs

@@ -10,13 +10,13 @@ use crate::{
         value_category::ValueCategoryValue,
     },
     hdl,
-    intern::{Intern, Interned, Memoize},
+    intern::{Intern, Interned, Memoize, OnceInterned},
     sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, FillInDefaultedGenerics, OpaqueSimValueSize, OpaqueSimValueSlice,
-        OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties,
+        OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten, SimValueDebug, SimValueDisplay, StaticType,
-        impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
     },
     util::{ConstBool, ConstUsize, GenericConstBool, GenericConstUsize, interned_bit, slice_range},
 };
@@ -65,14 +65,21 @@ pub type DynSize = ConstUsize<DYN_SIZE>;
 
 trait KnownSizeBaseSealed {}
 
-impl<const N: usize> KnownSizeBaseSealed for [(); N] {}
+impl<const N: usize> KnownSizeBaseSealed for ConstUsize<N> {}
 
 #[expect(private_bounds)]
-pub trait KnownSizeBase: KnownSizeBaseSealed {}
+pub trait KnownSizeBase: KnownSizeBaseSealed + GetInternedIntCaches {}
 
 macro_rules! impl_known_size_base {
     ($($size:literal),* $(,)?) => {
-        $(impl KnownSizeBase for [(); $size] {})*
+        $(impl KnownSizeBase for ConstUsize<$size> {})*
+        $(impl GetInternedIntCaches for ConstUsize<$size> {
+            #[inline(always)]
+            fn get_interned_int_caches() -> &'static InternedIntCaches<Self> {
+                static CACHES: InternedIntCaches<ConstUsize<$size>> = InternedIntCaches::new();
+                &CACHES
+            }
+        })*
     };
 }
 
@@ -113,12 +120,34 @@ impl_known_size_base! {
     0x200,
 }
 
+trait GetInternedIntCaches {
+    fn get_interned_int_caches() -> &'static InternedIntCaches<Self>
+    where
+        Self: KnownSize;
+}
+
+struct InternedIntCaches<Width: KnownSize> {
+    uint: OnceInterned<UIntType<Width>>,
+    sint: OnceInterned<SIntType<Width>>,
+}
+
+impl<Width: KnownSize> InternedIntCaches<Width> {
+    const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            uint: OnceInterned::new(),
+            sint: OnceInterned::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[expect(private_bounds)]
 pub trait KnownSize:
     GenericConstUsize
     + sealed::SizeTypeSealed
     + sealed::SizeSealed
     + Default
     + FillInDefaultedGenerics<Type = Self>
+    + GetInternedIntCaches
 {
     const SIZE: Self;
     type ArrayMatch<Element: Type>: AsRef<[Expr<Element>]>
@@ -148,7 +177,7 @@ pub trait KnownSize:
 
 impl<const N: usize> KnownSize for ConstUsize<N>
 where
-    [(); N]: KnownSizeBase,
+    ConstUsize<N>: KnownSizeBase,
 {
     const SIZE: Self = Self;
     type ArrayMatch<Element: Type> = [Expr<Element>; N];
@@ -221,6 +250,10 @@ pub trait Size:
     fn from_usize(v: usize) -> Self::SizeType {
         Self::try_from_usize(v).expect("wrong size")
     }
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn interned_uint(size_type: Self::SizeType) -> Interned<UIntType<Self>>;
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn interned_sint(size_type: Self::SizeType) -> Interned<SIntType<Self>>;
 }
 
 impl sealed::SizeTypeSealed for usize {}
@@ -229,6 +262,8 @@ impl SizeType for usize {
     type Size = DynSize;
 }
 
+const MAX_CACHED_INT_WIDTH: usize = 1 << 10;
+
 impl Size for DynSize {
     type ArrayMatch<Element: Type> = Box<[Expr<Element>]>;
     type ArraySimValue<Element: Type> = Box<[SimValue<Element>]>;
@@ -242,6 +277,36 @@ impl Size for DynSize {
     fn try_from_usize(v: usize) -> Option<Self::SizeType> {
         Some(v)
     }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn interned_uint(size_type: Self::SizeType) -> Interned<UIntType<Self>> {
+        static CACHED: [OnceInterned<UInt>; MAX_CACHED_INT_WIDTH] =
+            [const { OnceInterned::new() }; _];
+        #[cold]
+        fn intern_cold(width: usize) -> Interned<UInt> {
+            Intern::intern_sized(UInt::new(width))
+        }
+        if let Some(cached) = CACHED.get(size_type) {
+            cached.get_or_init(|| intern_cold(size_type))
+        } else {
+            intern_cold(size_type)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn interned_sint(size_type: Self::SizeType) -> Interned<SIntType<Self>> {
+        static CACHED: [OnceInterned<SInt>; MAX_CACHED_INT_WIDTH] =
+            [const { OnceInterned::new() }; _];
+        #[cold]
+        fn intern_cold(width: usize) -> Interned<SInt> {
+            Intern::intern_sized(SInt::new(width))
+        }
+        if let Some(cached) = CACHED.get(size_type) {
+            cached.get_or_init(|| intern_cold(size_type))
+        } else {
+            intern_cold(size_type)
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<const VALUE: usize> sealed::SizeSealed for ConstUsize<VALUE> {}
@@ -267,6 +332,20 @@ impl<T: KnownSize> Size for T {
     fn try_from_usize(v: usize) -> Option<Self::SizeType> {
         if v == T::VALUE { Some(T::SIZE) } else { None }
     }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn interned_uint(_size_type: Self::SizeType) -> Interned<UIntType<Self>> {
+        T::get_interned_int_caches()
+            .uint
+            .get_or_init(|| UIntType::new_static().intern_sized())
+    }
+
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn interned_sint(_size_type: Self::SizeType) -> Interned<SIntType<Self>> {
+        T::get_interned_int_caches()
+            .sint
+            .get_or_init(|| SIntType::new_static().intern_sized())
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
@@ -586,7 +665,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_valueless_op_forward {
 }
 
 macro_rules! impl_int {
-    ($pretty_name:ident, $name:ident, $generic_name:ident, $value:ident, $SIGNED:literal) => {
+    ($pretty_name:ident, $name:ident, $generic_name:ident, $value:ident, $SIGNED:literal, $interned_int:ident) => {
         #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
         #[repr(transparent)]
         pub struct $name<Width: Size = DynSize> {
@@ -940,6 +1019,24 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             }
         }
 
+        impl<Width: Size> SimValueDebug for $name<Width> {
+            fn sim_value_debug(
+                value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+                f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: Size> SimValueDisplay for $name<Width> {
+            fn sim_value_display(
+                value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+                f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Display::fmt(value, f)
+            }
+        }
+
         impl<Width: KnownSize> Default for $name<Width> {
             fn default() -> Self {
                 Self::TYPE
@@ -1003,7 +1100,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             type Output = $name<Width::Size>;
 
             fn index(&self, width: Width) -> &Self::Output {
-                Interned::into_inner(Intern::intern_sized($name::new(width)))
+                Interned::into_inner(Width::Size::$interned_int(width))
             }
         }
 
@@ -1180,12 +1277,29 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             pub fn bitvec_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BitVec {
                 Arc::make_mut(&mut self.bits)
             }
+            pub fn arc_bitvec_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Arc<BitVec> {
+                &mut self.bits
+            }
         }
     };
 }
 
-impl_int!(UInt, UIntType, UIntWithoutGenerics, UIntValue, false);
+impl_int!(
-impl_int!(SInt, SIntType, SIntWithoutGenerics, SIntValue, true);
+    UInt,
+    UIntType,
+    UIntWithoutGenerics,
+    UIntValue,
+    false,
+    interned_uint
+);
+impl_int!(
+    SInt,
+    SIntType,
+    SIntWithoutGenerics,
+    SIntValue,
+    true,
+    interned_sint
+);
 
 impl UInt {
     /// gets the smallest `UInt` that fits `v` losslessly
@@ -1806,6 +1920,15 @@ impl Type for Bool {
     }
 }
 
+impl SimValueDebug for Bool {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl StaticType for Bool {
     const TYPE: Self = Bool;
     const MASK_TYPE: Self::MaskType = Bool;

crates/fayalite/src/int/uint_in_range.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten,
-        StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        SimValueDebug, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
     },
 };
 use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, view::BitView};
@@ -94,6 +94,15 @@ impl Type for UIntInRangeMaskType {
     }
 }
 
+impl SimValueDebug for UIntInRangeMaskType {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl BundleType for UIntInRangeMaskType {
     type Builder = NoBuilder;
 
@@ -339,6 +348,15 @@ macro_rules! define_uint_in_range_type {
             }
         }
 
+        impl<Start: Size, End: Size> SimValueDebug for $UIntInRangeType<Start, End> {
+            fn sim_value_debug(
+                value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+                f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+            }
+        }
+
         impl<Start: Size, End: Size> fmt::Debug for $UIntInRangeType<Start, End> {
             fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
                 let Self { value, range } = self;

crates/fayalite/src/intern.rs

@@ -4,68 +4,191 @@
 use crate::{intern::type_map::TypeIdMap, util::DefaultBuildHasher};
 use bitvec::{ptr::BitPtr, slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};
 use hashbrown::HashTable;
+use once_cell::race::OnceRef;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
     any::{Any, TypeId},
     borrow::{Borrow, Cow},
+    cell::RefCell,
     cmp::Ordering,
     ffi::{OsStr, OsString},
     fmt,
     hash::{BuildHasher, Hash, Hasher},
     iter::FusedIterator,
-    marker::PhantomData,
     ops::Deref,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
-    sync::{Mutex, RwLock},
+    sync::RwLock,
 };
 
+mod interner;
 mod type_map;
 
-pub trait LazyInternedTrait<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>: Send + Sync + Any {
+/// invariant: T must be zero-sized, `type_id` is unique for every possible T value.
-    fn get(&self) -> Interned<T>;
+struct LazyInternedLazyInner<T: ?Sized + 'static> {
+    type_id: TypeId,
+    value: T,
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static, F: ?Sized + Fn() -> Interned<T> + Send + Sync + Any>
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static> Hash for LazyInternedLazyInner<T> {
-    LazyInternedTrait<T> for F
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        let Self { type_id, value: _ } = self;
+        type_id.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static> PartialEq for LazyInternedLazyInner<T> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
+        let Self { type_id, value: _ } = self;
+        *type_id == other.type_id
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static> Eq for LazyInternedLazyInner<T> {}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static> fmt::Debug for LazyInternedLazyInner<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("LazyInternedLazyInner")
+            .finish_non_exhaustive()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static> LazyInternedLazyInner<T> {
+    const fn new(value: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Sized,
     {
-    fn get(&self) -> Interned<T> {
+        const { assert!(size_of::<T>() == 0) };
-        self()
+        Self {
+            type_id: TypeId::of::<T>(),
+            value,
+        }
     }
 }
 
-#[repr(transparent)]
+pub struct LazyInternedLazy<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>(
-pub struct LazyInternedFn<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>(pub &'static dyn LazyInternedTrait<T>);
+    &'static LazyInternedLazyInner<dyn Fn() -> Interned<T> + Send + Sync>,
+);
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Copy for LazyInternedFn<T> {}
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> LazyInternedLazy<T> {
+    pub const fn new_const<V: Default + Into<Interned<T>>>() -> Self {
+        Self(&const { LazyInternedLazyInner::new(|| V::default().into()) })
+    }
+    pub const fn new_const_default() -> Self
+    where
+        Interned<T>: Default,
+    {
+        Self::new_const::<Interned<T>>()
+    }
+    pub fn interned(self) -> Interned<T> {
+        struct Map(hashbrown::HashTable<(TypeId, &'static (dyn Any + Send + Sync))>);
+        impl Map {
+            const EMPTY: Self = Self(hashbrown::HashTable::new());
+            fn get<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+                &self,
+                lazy_interned_lazy: LazyInternedLazy<T>,
+                hash: u64,
+            ) -> Option<&'static Interned<T>> {
+                let &(_, v) = self.0.find(hash, |v| v.0 == lazy_interned_lazy.0.type_id)?;
+                let Some(retval) = v.downcast_ref::<Interned<T>>() else {
+                    unreachable!();
+                };
+                Some(retval)
+            }
+            fn get_or_insert<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+                &mut self,
+                lazy_interned_lazy: LazyInternedLazy<T>,
+                hash: u64,
+                v: &'static Interned<T>,
+            ) -> &'static Interned<T> {
+                let entry = self
+                    .0
+                    .entry(
+                        hash,
+                        |&(k, _)| k == lazy_interned_lazy.0.type_id,
+                        |&(k, _)| type_map::TypeIdBuildHasher.hash_one(k),
+                    )
+                    .or_insert_with(|| (lazy_interned_lazy.0.type_id, v));
+                let &(_, v) = entry.get();
+                let Some(retval) = v.downcast_ref::<Interned<T>>() else {
+                    unreachable!();
+                };
+                retval
+            }
+        }
+        static GLOBAL_CACHE: RwLock<Map> = RwLock::new(Map::EMPTY);
+        #[cold]
+        fn insert_in_thread_local_cache<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>(
+            cache: &RefCell<Map>,
+            this: LazyInternedLazy<T>,
+            hash: u64,
+        ) -> Interned<T> {
+            let read_lock = GLOBAL_CACHE.read().unwrap();
+            let v = read_lock.get(this, hash);
+            drop(read_lock);
+            let v = v.unwrap_or_else(|| {
+                let v = Box::leak(Box::new((this.0.value)()));
+                GLOBAL_CACHE.write().unwrap().get_or_insert(this, hash, v)
+            });
+            *cache.borrow_mut().get_or_insert(this, hash, v)
+        }
+        thread_local! {
+            static THREAD_LOCAL_CACHE: RefCell<Map> = const { RefCell::new(Map::EMPTY) };
+        }
+        let hash = type_map::TypeIdBuildHasher.hash_one(self.0.type_id);
+        THREAD_LOCAL_CACHE.with(|cache| {
+            let borrow = cache.borrow();
+            if let Some(v) = borrow.get(self, hash) {
+                *v
+            } else {
+                drop(borrow);
+                insert_in_thread_local_cache(cache, self, hash)
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Clone for LazyInternedFn<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Copy for LazyInternedLazy<T> {}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Clone for LazyInternedLazy<T> {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         *self
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Hash for LazyInternedFn<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Hash for LazyInternedLazy<T> {
     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-        self.0.get_ptr_eq_with_type_id().hash(state);
+        self.0.hash(state);
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Eq for LazyInternedFn<T> {}
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Eq for LazyInternedLazy<T> {}
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> PartialEq for LazyInternedFn<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> PartialEq for LazyInternedLazy<T> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        self.0.get_ptr_eq_with_type_id() == other.0.get_ptr_eq_with_type_id()
+        self.0 == other.0
     }
 }
 
 pub enum LazyInterned<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> {
     Interned(Interned<T>),
-    Lazy(LazyInternedFn<T>),
+    Lazy(LazyInternedLazy<T>),
 }
 
 impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> LazyInterned<T> {
-    pub const fn new_lazy(v: &'static dyn LazyInternedTrait<T>) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new_const<V: Default + Into<Interned<T>>>() -> Self {
-        Self::Lazy(LazyInternedFn(v))
+        Self::Lazy(LazyInternedLazy::new_const::<V>())
+    }
+    pub const fn new_const_default() -> Self
+    where
+        Interned<T>: Default,
+    {
+        Self::new_const::<Interned<T>>()
+    }
+    pub fn interned(self) -> Interned<T> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Interned(retval) => retval,
+            Self::Lazy(retval) => retval.interned(),
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -77,7 +200,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> Clone for LazyInterned<T> {
 
 impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> Copy for LazyInterned<T> {}
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> Deref for LazyInterned<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> Deref for LazyInterned<T> {
     type Target = T;
 
     fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
@@ -85,9 +208,9 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> Deref for LazyInterned<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> Eq for LazyInterned<T> where Interned<T>: Eq {}
+impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> Eq for LazyInterned<T> where Interned<T>: Eq {}
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> PartialEq for LazyInterned<T>
+impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> PartialEq for LazyInterned<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: PartialEq,
 {
@@ -96,7 +219,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> Ord for LazyInterned<T>
+impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> Ord for LazyInterned<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: Ord,
 {
@@ -105,7 +228,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> PartialOrd for LazyInterned<T>
+impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> PartialOrd for LazyInterned<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: PartialOrd,
 {
@@ -114,7 +237,7 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static + Intern> Hash for LazyInterned<T>
+impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> Hash for LazyInterned<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: Hash,
 {
@@ -123,77 +246,6 @@ where
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Sync + Send + 'static> LazyInterned<T> {
-    pub fn interned(self) -> Interned<T>
-    where
-        T: Intern,
-    {
-        struct MemoizeInterned<T: ?Sized + Intern>(PhantomData<T>);
-
-        impl<T: ?Sized + Intern> Hash for MemoizeInterned<T> {
-            fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, _state: &mut H) {}
-        }
-
-        impl<T: ?Sized + Intern> PartialEq for MemoizeInterned<T> {
-            fn eq(&self, _other: &Self) -> bool {
-                true
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<T: ?Sized + Intern> Eq for MemoizeInterned<T> {}
-
-        impl<T: ?Sized + Intern> Clone for MemoizeInterned<T> {
-            fn clone(&self) -> Self {
-                *self
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<T: ?Sized + Intern> Copy for MemoizeInterned<T> {}
-
-        impl<T: ?Sized + Intern> MemoizeGeneric for MemoizeInterned<T> {
-            type InputRef<'a> = LazyInternedFn<T>;
-
-            type InputOwned = LazyInternedFn<T>;
-
-            type InputCow<'a> = LazyInternedFn<T>;
-
-            type Output = Interned<T>;
-
-            fn input_eq(a: Self::InputRef<'_>, b: Self::InputRef<'_>) -> bool {
-                a == b
-            }
-
-            fn input_borrow(input: &Self::InputOwned) -> Self::InputRef<'_> {
-                *input
-            }
-
-            fn input_cow_into_owned(input: Self::InputCow<'_>) -> Self::InputOwned {
-                input
-            }
-
-            fn input_cow_borrow<'a>(input: &'a Self::InputCow<'_>) -> Self::InputRef<'a> {
-                *input
-            }
-
-            fn input_cow_from_owned<'a>(input: Self::InputOwned) -> Self::InputCow<'a> {
-                input
-            }
-
-            fn input_cow_from_ref(input: Self::InputRef<'_>) -> Self::InputCow<'_> {
-                input
-            }
-
-            fn inner(self, input: Self::InputRef<'_>) -> Self::Output {
-                input.0.get()
-            }
-        }
-        match self {
-            Self::Interned(retval) => retval,
-            Self::Lazy(retval) => MemoizeInterned(PhantomData).get(retval),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 pub trait InternedCompare {
     type InternedCompareKey: Ord + Hash;
     fn interned_compare_key_ref(this: &Self) -> Self::InternedCompareKey;
@@ -593,71 +645,6 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync + ToOwned> From<Interned<T>> for Cow<'_,
     }
 }
 
-struct InternerState<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> {
-    table: HashTable<&'static T>,
-    hasher: DefaultBuildHasher,
-}
-
-pub struct Interner<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> {
-    state: Mutex<InternerState<T>>,
-}
-
-impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> Interner<T> {
-    fn get() -> &'static Interner<T> {
-        static TYPE_ID_MAP: TypeIdMap = TypeIdMap::new();
-        TYPE_ID_MAP.get_or_insert_default()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> Default for Interner<T> {
-    fn default() -> Self {
-        Self {
-            state: Mutex::new(InternerState {
-                table: HashTable::new(),
-                hasher: Default::default(),
-            }),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq + ToOwned> Interner<T> {
-    fn intern<F: FnOnce(Cow<'_, T>) -> &'static T>(
-        &self,
-        alloc: F,
-        value: Cow<'_, T>,
-    ) -> Interned<T> {
-        let mut state = self.state.lock().unwrap();
-        let InternerState { table, hasher } = &mut *state;
-        let inner = *table
-            .entry(
-                hasher.hash_one(&*value),
-                |k| **k == *value,
-                |k| hasher.hash_one(&**k),
-            )
-            .or_insert_with(|| alloc(value))
-            .get();
-        Interned { inner }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq> Interner<T> {
-    fn intern_sized(&self, value: Cow<'_, T>) -> Interned<T> {
-        self.intern(|value| Box::leak(Box::new(value.into_owned())), value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq> Interner<[T]> {
-    fn intern_slice(&self, value: Cow<'_, [T]>) -> Interned<[T]> {
-        self.intern(|value| value.into_owned().leak(), value)
-    }
-}
-
-impl Interner<BitSlice> {
-    fn intern_bit_slice(&self, value: Cow<'_, BitSlice>) -> Interned<BitSlice> {
-        self.intern(|value| value.into_owned().leak(), value)
-    }
-}
-
 pub struct Interned<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> {
     inner: &'static T,
 }
@@ -695,27 +682,62 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync + AsRef<U>, U: ?Sized> AsRef<U> for Inter
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
 pub struct InternedSliceIter<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync> {
-    slice: Interned<[T]>,
+    iter: std::iter::Cloned<std::slice::Iter<'static, T>>,
-    index: std::ops::Range<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync> Default for InternedSliceIter<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            iter: [].iter().cloned(),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync> Iterator for InternedSliceIter<T> {
     type Item = T;
 
     fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.index.next().map(|index| self.slice[index].clone())
+        self.iter.next()
     }
 
     fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
-        self.index.size_hint()
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        self.iter.count()
+    }
+
+    fn last(mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.next_back()
+    }
+
+    fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.nth(n)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B
+    where
+        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,
+    {
+        self.iter.fold(init, f)
     }
 }
 
 impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync> DoubleEndedIterator for InternedSliceIter<T> {
     fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
-        self.index
+        self.iter.next_back()
-            .next_back()
+    }
-            .map(|index| self.slice[index].clone())
+
+    fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.nth_back(n)
+    }
+
+    fn rfold<B, F>(self, init: B, f: F) -> B
+    where
+        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,
+    {
+        self.iter.rfold(init, f)
     }
 }
 
@@ -729,8 +751,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync> IntoIterator for Interned<[T]> {
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         InternedSliceIter {
-            index: 0..self.len(),
+            iter: Interned::into_inner(self).iter().cloned(),
-            slice: self,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -977,7 +998,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static + Hash + Eq> Intern for T {
     where
         Self: ToOwned,
     {
-        Interner::get().intern_sized(this)
+        interner::Interner::get().intern_sized(this)
     }
 }
 
@@ -997,7 +1018,7 @@ impl<T: Clone + Send + Sync + 'static + Hash + Eq> Intern for [T] {
     where
         Self: ToOwned,
     {
-        Interner::get().intern_slice(this)
+        interner::Interner::get().intern_slice(this)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1017,7 +1038,7 @@ impl Intern for BitSlice {
     where
         Self: ToOwned,
     {
-        Interner::get().intern_bit_slice(this)
+        interner::Interner::get().intern_bit_slice(this)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1035,10 +1056,17 @@ pub trait MemoizeGeneric: 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq + Copy {
     fn inner(self, input: Self::InputRef<'_>) -> Self::Output;
     fn get_cow(self, input: Self::InputCow<'_>) -> Self::Output {
         static TYPE_ID_MAP: TypeIdMap = TypeIdMap::new();
+        thread_local! {
+            static TYPE_ID_MAP_CACHE: TypeIdMap = const { TypeIdMap::new() };
+        }
         let map: &RwLock<(
             DefaultBuildHasher,
             HashTable<(Self, Self::InputOwned, Self::Output)>,
-        )> = TYPE_ID_MAP.get_or_insert_default();
+        )> = TYPE_ID_MAP_CACHE.with(|cache| {
+            cache.get_or_insert_with(|| {
+                TYPE_ID_MAP.get_or_insert_with(|| Box::leak(Default::default()))
+            })
+        });
         fn hash_eq_key<'a, 'b, T: MemoizeGeneric>(
             this: &'a T,
             input: T::InputRef<'b>,
@@ -1140,3 +1168,35 @@ pub trait Memoize: 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq + Copy {
         self.get_cow(Cow::Borrowed(input))
     }
 }
+
+/// like `once_cell::race::OnceBox` but for `Interned<T>` instead of `Box<T>`
+pub struct OnceInterned<T: 'static + Send + Sync>(OnceRef<'static, T>);
+
+impl<T: 'static + Send + Sync + fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug for OnceInterned<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("OnceInterned").field(&self.get()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Send + Sync> Default for OnceInterned<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: 'static + Send + Sync> OnceInterned<T> {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(OnceRef::new())
+    }
+    pub fn set(&self, v: Interned<T>) -> Result<(), ()> {
+        self.0.set(v.inner)
+    }
+    pub fn get(&self) -> Option<Interned<T>> {
+        self.0.get().map(|inner| Interned { inner })
+    }
+    pub fn get_or_init<F: FnOnce() -> Interned<T>>(&self, f: F) -> Interned<T> {
+        Interned {
+            inner: self.0.get_or_init(|| f().inner),
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/intern/interner.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
+use crate::{
+    intern::{Interned, type_map::TypeIdMap},
+    util::DefaultBuildHasher,
+};
+use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
+use hashbrown::HashTable;
+use std::{
+    borrow::Cow,
+    hash::{BuildHasher, Hash},
+    sync::RwLock,
+};
+
+struct InternerShard<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> {
+    table: HashTable<&'static T>,
+}
+
+const LOG2_SHARD_COUNT: u32 = 6;
+
+fn shard_index_from_hash(hash: u64) -> usize {
+    // number of bits used for hashbrown's Tag
+    const HASH_BROWN_TAG_BITS: u32 = 7;
+    // try to extract bits of the hash that hashbrown isn't using,
+    // while accounting for some hash functions only returning `usize` bits.
+    const SHARD_INDEX_START: u32 = usize::BITS
+        .saturating_sub(HASH_BROWN_TAG_BITS)
+        .saturating_sub(LOG2_SHARD_COUNT);
+    let mut shard_index = hash >> SHARD_INDEX_START;
+    shard_index %= 1 << LOG2_SHARD_COUNT;
+    shard_index as usize
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Interner<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> {
+    shards: [RwLock<InternerShard<T>>; 1 << LOG2_SHARD_COUNT],
+    hasher: DefaultBuildHasher,
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> Interner<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn get() -> &'static Interner<T> {
+        static TYPE_ID_MAP: TypeIdMap = TypeIdMap::new();
+        thread_local! {
+            static TYPE_ID_MAP_CACHE: TypeIdMap = const { TypeIdMap::new() };
+        }
+        TYPE_ID_MAP_CACHE.with(|cache| {
+            cache.get_or_insert_with(|| {
+                TYPE_ID_MAP.get_or_insert_with(|| Box::leak(Default::default()))
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync> Default for Interner<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            shards: [const {
+                RwLock::new(InternerShard {
+                    table: HashTable::new(),
+                })
+            }; _],
+            hasher: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq + ToOwned> Interner<T> {
+    fn intern<F: FnOnce(Cow<'_, T>) -> &'static T>(
+        &self,
+        alloc: F,
+        value: Cow<'_, T>,
+    ) -> Interned<T> {
+        let hash = self.hasher.hash_one(&*value);
+        let shard_index = shard_index_from_hash(hash);
+        let shard = &self.shards[shard_index];
+        let shard_read = shard.read().unwrap();
+        let Some(&inner) = shard_read.table.find(hash, |k| **k == *value) else {
+            drop(shard_read);
+            return self.intern_cold(alloc, value, hash, shard);
+        };
+        Interned { inner }
+    }
+    #[cold]
+    fn intern_cold<F: FnOnce(Cow<'_, T>) -> &'static T>(
+        &self,
+        alloc: F,
+        value: Cow<'_, T>,
+        hash: u64,
+        shard: &RwLock<InternerShard<T>>,
+    ) -> Interned<T> {
+        let mut shard = shard.write().unwrap();
+        let inner = *shard
+            .table
+            .entry(hash, |k| **k == *value, |k| self.hasher.hash_one(&**k))
+            .or_insert_with(|| alloc(value))
+            .get();
+        Interned { inner }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq> Interner<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn intern_sized(&self, value: Cow<'_, T>) -> Interned<T> {
+        self.intern(|value| Box::leak(Box::new(value.into_owned())), value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + 'static + Send + Sync + Hash + Eq> Interner<[T]> {
+    pub(crate) fn intern_slice(&self, value: Cow<'_, [T]>) -> Interned<[T]> {
+        self.intern(|value| value.into_owned().leak(), value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Interner<BitSlice> {
+    pub(crate) fn intern_bit_slice(&self, value: Cow<'_, BitSlice>) -> Interned<BitSlice> {
+        self.intern(|value| value.into_owned().leak(), value)
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/intern/type_map.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use std::{
     sync::RwLock,
 };
 
-struct TypeIdHasher(u64);
+pub(crate) struct TypeIdHasher(u64);
 
 // assumes TypeId has at least 64 bits that is a good hash
 impl Hasher for TypeIdHasher {
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl Hasher for TypeIdHasher {
     }
 }
 
-struct TypeIdBuildHasher;
+pub(crate) struct TypeIdBuildHasher;
 
 impl BuildHasher for TypeIdBuildHasher {
     type Hasher = TypeIdHasher;
@@ -87,20 +87,23 @@ impl TypeIdMap {
     fn insert_slow(
         &self,
         type_id: TypeId,
-        make: fn() -> Box<dyn Any + Sync + Send>,
+        make: impl FnOnce() -> &'static (dyn Any + Sync + Send),
     ) -> &'static (dyn Any + Sync + Send) {
-        let value = Box::leak(make());
+        let value = make();
         let mut write_guard = self.0.write().unwrap();
         *write_guard.entry(type_id).or_insert(value)
     }
-    pub(crate) fn get_or_insert_default<T: Sized + Any + Send + Sync + Default>(&self) -> &T {
+    pub(crate) fn get_or_insert_with<T: Sized + Any + Send + Sync>(
+        &self,
+        make: impl FnOnce() -> &'static T,
+    ) -> &'static T {
         let type_id = TypeId::of::<T>();
         let read_guard = self.0.read().unwrap();
         let retval = read_guard.get(&type_id).map(|v| *v);
         drop(read_guard);
         let retval = match retval {
             Some(retval) => retval,
-            None => self.insert_slow(type_id, move || Box::new(T::default())),
+            None => self.insert_slow(type_id, move || make()),
         };
         retval.downcast_ref().expect("known to have correct TypeId")
     }

crates/fayalite/src/memory.rs

@@ -1093,6 +1093,7 @@ pub fn splat_mask<T: Type>(ty: T, value: Expr<Bool>) -> Expr<AsMask<T>> {
             .to_expr(),
         )),
         CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_) => Expr::from_canonical(Expr::canonical(().to_expr())),
+        CanonicalType::TraceAsString(ty) => Expr::from_canonical(splat_mask(ty.inner_ty(), value)),
     }
 }
 

crates/fayalite/src/module.rs

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     clock::{Clock, ClockDomain},
     enum_::{Enum, EnumMatchVariantsIter, EnumType},
     expr::{
-        Expr, Flow, ToExpr, ValueType,
+        Expr, ExprEnum, Flow, ToExpr, ValueType,
         ops::VariantAccess,
         target::{
             GetTarget, Target, TargetBase, TargetPathArrayElement, TargetPathBundleField,
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ use crate::{
     int::{Bool, DynSize, Size},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
     memory::{Mem, MemBuilder, MemBuilderTarget, PortName},
+    module::transform::visit::{Visit, Visitor},
     platform::PlatformIOBuilder,
     reg::Reg,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, ResetType, ResetTypeDispatch, SyncReset},
@@ -726,7 +727,57 @@ impl fmt::Display for NameId {
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
-pub struct ScopedNameId(pub NameId, pub NameId);
+pub enum NameIdOrGlobal {
+    Global,
+    NameId(NameId),
+}
+
+impl NameIdOrGlobal {
+    pub fn name_id(self) -> Option<NameId> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => None,
+            Self::NameId(v) => Some(v),
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn assert_is_name_id(self) {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => panic!("expected a NameId, got NameIdOrGlobal::Global"),
+            Self::NameId(_) => {}
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn unwrap_name_id(self) -> NameId {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => panic!("expected a NameId, got NameIdOrGlobal::Global"),
+            Self::NameId(v) => v,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for NameIdOrGlobal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for NameIdOrGlobal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => f.write_str("<<Global>>"),
+            Self::NameId(name_id) => fmt::Display::fmt(name_id, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<NameId> for NameIdOrGlobal {
+    fn from(value: NameId) -> Self {
+        Self::NameId(value)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash)]
+pub struct ScopedNameId(pub NameIdOrGlobal, pub NameId);
 
 impl fmt::Debug for ScopedNameId {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
@@ -804,7 +855,7 @@ impl<T: BundleType> Instance<T> {
         self.containing_module_name_id().0
     }
     pub fn containing_module_name_id(self) -> NameId {
-        self.scoped_name.0
+        self.scoped_name.0.unwrap_name_id()
     }
     pub fn name(self) -> Interned<str> {
         self.name_id().0
@@ -821,11 +872,13 @@ impl<T: BundleType> Instance<T> {
     pub fn source_location(self) -> SourceLocation {
         self.source_location
     }
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn new_unchecked(
         scoped_name: ScopedNameId,
         instantiated: Interned<Module<T>>,
         source_location: SourceLocation,
     ) -> Self {
+        scoped_name.0.assert_is_name_id();
         Self {
             scoped_name,
             instantiated,
@@ -1111,7 +1164,10 @@ fn validate_clock_for_past<S: ModuleBuildingStatus>(
             let mut target = clock_for_past;
             while let Target::Child(child) = target {
                 match *child.path_element() {
-                    TargetPathElement::BundleField(_) | TargetPathElement::ArrayElement(_) => {}
+                    TargetPathElement::BundleField(_)
+                    | TargetPathElement::ArrayElement(_)
+                    | TargetPathElement::ToTraceAsString(_)
+                    | TargetPathElement::TraceAsStringInner(_) => {}
                     TargetPathElement::DynArrayElement(_) => {
                         panic!(
                             "clock_for_past: clock must be a static target (you can't use `Expr<UInt>` array indexes):\n{clock_for_past:?}"
@@ -1535,6 +1591,7 @@ impl TargetState {
         }
     }
     fn new(target: Interned<Target>, declared_in_block: usize) -> Self {
+        let target = Target::unwrap_transparent_types_interned(target);
         Self {
             target,
             inner: match target.canonical_ty() {
@@ -1586,17 +1643,71 @@ impl TargetState {
                     declared_in_block,
                     written_in_blocks: RefCell::default(),
                 },
+                CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => {
+                    unreachable!("handled by Target::unwrap_transparent_types_interned")
+                }
             },
         }
     }
 }
 
+struct VisibleExprsStack {
+    buf: Vec<HashSet<ExprEnum>>,
+    len: usize,
+}
+
+impl VisibleExprsStack {
+    fn top(&mut self) -> &mut HashSet<ExprEnum> {
+        &mut self.buf[self.len - 1]
+    }
+    fn slice(&self) -> &[HashSet<ExprEnum>] {
+        &self.buf[..self.len]
+    }
+    fn contains(&self, v: &ExprEnum) -> bool {
+        self.slice().iter().any(|i| i.contains(v))
+    }
+    fn push_empty(&mut self) {
+        #[cold]
+        fn push_empty_cold(stack: &mut VisibleExprsStack) {
+            stack.buf.push(HashSet::default());
+            assert_eq!(stack.buf.len(), stack.len)
+        }
+        self.len += 1;
+        if self.len > self.buf.len() {
+            push_empty_cold(self)
+        }
+    }
+    fn pop(&mut self) {
+        let Some(new_len) = self.len.checked_sub(1) else {
+            unreachable!("visible exprs stack underflow");
+        };
+        self.buf[new_len].clear();
+        self.len = new_len;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for VisibleExprsStack {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            buf: Vec::new(),
+            len: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 struct AssertValidityState {
     module: Module<Bundle>,
     blocks: Vec<Block>,
+    visible_exprs: VisibleExprsStack,
     target_states: HashMap<Interned<TargetBase>, TargetState>,
 }
 
+enum GetTargetStatesError {
+    NotFound,
+    IsGlobal,
+    FoundSimIoForGlobal(crate::expr::ops::SimIoForGlobal),
+}
+
 impl AssertValidityState {
     fn make_block_index(&mut self, block: Block) -> usize {
         let retval = self.blocks.len();
@@ -1605,19 +1716,25 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
     }
     fn get_target_states<'a>(
         &'a self,
-        target: &Target,
+        target: Target,
         process_target_state: &dyn Fn(&'a TargetState, bool),
-    ) -> Result<(), ()> {
+    ) -> Result<(), GetTargetStatesError> {
-        match target {
+        let mut target = target.unwrap_transparent_types();
+        loop {
+            break match target {
                 Target::Base(target_base) => {
-                let target_state = self.get_base_state(*target_base)?;
+                    let target_state = self.get_base_state(target_base)?;
                     process_target_state(target_state, false);
                     Ok(())
                 }
-            Target::Child(target_child) => self.get_target_states(
+                Target::Child(target_child) => match *target_child.path_element() {
-                &target_child.parent(),
+                    TargetPathElement::BundleField(_)
+                    | TargetPathElement::ArrayElement(_)
+                    | TargetPathElement::DynArrayElement(_) => self.get_target_states(
+                        *target_child.parent(),
                         &|target_state, exact_target_unknown| {
-                    let TargetStateInner::Decomposed { subtargets } = &target_state.inner else {
+                            let TargetStateInner::Decomposed { subtargets } = &target_state.inner
+                            else {
                                 unreachable!(
                                     "TargetState::new makes TargetState tree match the Target type"
                                 );
@@ -1640,13 +1757,38 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
                                         process_target_state(target_state, true);
                                     }
                                 }
+                                TargetPathElement::TraceAsStringInner(_)
+                                | TargetPathElement::ToTraceAsString(_) => unreachable!(),
                             }
                         },
                     ),
+                    TargetPathElement::TraceAsStringInner(_)
+                    | TargetPathElement::ToTraceAsString(_) => {
+                        target = *target_child.parent();
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                },
+            };
         }
     }
-    fn get_base_state(&self, target_base: Interned<TargetBase>) -> Result<&TargetState, ()> {
+    fn get_base_state(
-        self.target_states.get(&target_base).ok_or(())
+        &self,
+        target_base: Interned<TargetBase>,
+    ) -> Result<&TargetState, GetTargetStatesError> {
+        match *target_base {
+            TargetBase::ModuleIO(_)
+            | TargetBase::MemPort(_)
+            | TargetBase::Reg(_)
+            | TargetBase::RegSync(_)
+            | TargetBase::RegAsync(_)
+            | TargetBase::Wire(_)
+            | TargetBase::Instance(_) => self
+                .target_states
+                .get(&target_base)
+                .ok_or(GetTargetStatesError::NotFound),
+            TargetBase::FormalInput(_) => Err(GetTargetStatesError::IsGlobal),
+            TargetBase::SimIoForGlobal(v) => Err(GetTargetStatesError::FoundSimIoForGlobal(v)),
+        }
     }
     #[track_caller]
     fn insert_new_base(&mut self, target_base: Interned<TargetBase>, declared_in_block: usize) {
@@ -1693,6 +1835,7 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
                         &TargetPathElement::BundleField(_) => {
                             let field = sub_target_state
                                 .target
+                                .without_trailing_transparent_path_elements()
                                 .child()
                                 .expect("known to be a child")
                                 .bundle_field()
@@ -1716,6 +1859,8 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
                         TargetPathElement::DynArrayElement { .. } => {
                             Self::set_connect_target_written(sub_target_state, is_lhs, block, true);
                         }
+                        TargetPathElement::TraceAsStringInner(_)
+                        | TargetPathElement::ToTraceAsString(_) => unreachable!("never added"),
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1733,19 +1878,33 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
             debug_assert!(!is_lhs, "the ModuleBuilder asserts lhs.target().is_some()");
             return;
         };
-        let result = self.get_target_states(&target, &|target_state, exact_target_unknown| {
+        let result = self.get_target_states(*target, &|target_state, exact_target_unknown| {
             Self::set_connect_target_written(target_state, is_lhs, block, exact_target_unknown);
         });
-        if result.is_err() {
+        match result {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(GetTargetStatesError::NotFound) => {
                 if is_lhs {
-                panic!("at {source_location}: tried to connect to not-yet-defined item: {target}");
+                    panic!(
+                        "at {source_location}: tried to connect to not-yet-defined item: {target}"
+                    );
                 } else {
                     panic!(
                         "at {source_location}: tried to connect from not-yet-defined item: {target}"
                     );
                 }
             }
+            Err(GetTargetStatesError::IsGlobal) => {
+                // no error
             }
+            Err(GetTargetStatesError::FoundSimIoForGlobal(v)) => {
+                panic!(
+                    "at {source_location}: fayalite::expr::ops::SimIoForGlobal is not allowed in Modules: {v:?}"
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
     fn process_conditional_sub_blocks(
         &mut self,
         parent_block: usize,
@@ -1759,17 +1918,40 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
         }
     }
     #[track_caller]
+    fn assert_expr_validity<T: Type>(&mut self, expr: Expr<T>, source_location: SourceLocation) {
+        let mut visitor = AssertExprValidity { state: self };
+        match visitor.visit_expr(&expr) {
+            Ok(()) => {}
+            Err(e) => match e {
+                InvalidExpr::ExprIsNotVisible(expr) => {
+                    if let Some(target) = expr.target() {
+                        panic!(
+                            "at {source_location}: expression isn't visible here, it's defined:\n\
+                            at {}: {expr:?}",
+                            target.base().source_location(),
+                        );
+                    } else {
+                        panic!("at {source_location}: expression isn't visible here: {expr:?}");
+                    }
+                }
+            },
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
     fn assert_subtree_validity(&mut self, block: usize) {
+        self.visible_exprs.push_empty();
         let module = self.module;
         if block == 0 {
             for module_io in &*module.module_io {
                 self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(module_io.module_io.into()), block);
+                self.visible_exprs.top().insert(module_io.module_io.into());
             }
         }
         let Block { memories, stmts } = self.blocks[block];
         for m in memories {
             for port in m.ports() {
                 self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(port.into()), block);
+                self.visible_exprs.top().insert(port.into());
             }
         }
         for stmt in stmts {
@@ -1783,45 +1965,105 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
                     } = connect;
                     self.set_connect_side_written(lhs, source_location, true, block);
                     self.set_connect_side_written(rhs, source_location, false, block);
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(lhs, source_location);
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(rhs, source_location);
+                }
+                Stmt::Formal(formal) => {
+                    let StmtFormal {
+                        kind: _,
+                        clk,
+                        pred,
+                        en,
+                        text: _,
+                        source_location,
+                    } = formal;
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(clk, source_location);
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(pred, source_location);
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(en, source_location);
                 }
-                Stmt::Formal(_) => {}
                 Stmt::If(if_stmt) => {
-                    let sub_blocks = if_stmt.blocks.map(|block| self.make_block_index(block));
+                    let StmtIf {
+                        cond,
+                        source_location,
+                        blocks: sub_blocks,
+                    } = if_stmt;
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(cond, source_location);
+                    let sub_blocks = sub_blocks.map(|block| self.make_block_index(block));
                     self.process_conditional_sub_blocks(block, sub_blocks)
                 }
                 Stmt::Match(match_stmt) => {
                     match_stmt.assert_validity();
+                    let StmtMatch {
+                        expr,
+                        source_location,
+                        blocks: sub_blocks,
+                    } = match_stmt;
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(expr, source_location);
                     let sub_blocks = Vec::from_iter(
-                        match_stmt
+                        sub_blocks
-                            .blocks
                             .into_iter()
                             .map(|block| self.make_block_index(block)),
                     );
-                    self.process_conditional_sub_blocks(block, sub_blocks.iter().copied())
+                    self.visible_exprs.push_empty();
+                    let visible_exprs_top = self.visible_exprs.top();
+                    for variant_index in 0..expr.ty().variants().len() {
+                        visible_exprs_top
+                            .insert(<VariantAccess>::new_by_index(expr, variant_index).into());
+                    }
+                    self.process_conditional_sub_blocks(block, sub_blocks.iter().copied());
+                    self.visible_exprs.pop();
                 }
                 Stmt::Declaration(StmtDeclaration::Wire(StmtWire {
                     annotations: _,
                     wire,
-                })) => self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(wire.into()), block),
+                })) => {
+                    self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(wire.into()), block);
+                    self.visible_exprs.top().insert(wire.into());
+                }
                 Stmt::Declaration(StmtDeclaration::Reg(StmtReg {
                     annotations: _,
                     reg,
-                })) => self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(reg.into()), block),
+                })) => {
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(reg.clock_domain(), reg.source_location());
+                    if let Some(init) = reg.init() {
+                        self.assert_expr_validity(init, reg.source_location());
+                    }
+                    self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(reg.into()), block);
+                    self.visible_exprs.top().insert(reg.into());
+                }
                 Stmt::Declaration(StmtDeclaration::RegSync(StmtReg {
                     annotations: _,
                     reg,
-                })) => self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(reg.into()), block),
+                })) => {
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(reg.clock_domain(), reg.source_location());
+                    if let Some(init) = reg.init() {
+                        self.assert_expr_validity(init, reg.source_location());
+                    }
+                    self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(reg.into()), block);
+                    self.visible_exprs.top().insert(reg.into());
+                }
                 Stmt::Declaration(StmtDeclaration::RegAsync(StmtReg {
                     annotations: _,
                     reg,
-                })) => self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(reg.into()), block),
+                })) => {
+                    self.assert_expr_validity(reg.clock_domain(), reg.source_location());
+                    if let Some(init) = reg.init() {
+                        self.assert_expr_validity(init, reg.source_location());
+                    }
+                    self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(reg.into()), block);
+                    self.visible_exprs.top().insert(reg.into());
+                }
                 Stmt::Declaration(StmtDeclaration::Instance(StmtInstance {
                     annotations: _,
                     instance,
-                })) => self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(instance.into()), block),
+                })) => {
+                    self.insert_new_base(TargetBase::intern_sized(instance.into()), block);
+                    self.visible_exprs.top().insert(instance.into());
                 }
             }
         }
+        self.visible_exprs.pop();
+    }
     #[track_caller]
     fn assert_validity(&mut self) {
         match self.module.body {
@@ -1849,6 +2091,142 @@ impl AssertValidityState {
     }
 }
 
+struct AssertExprValidity<'a> {
+    state: &'a mut AssertValidityState,
+}
+
+enum InvalidExpr {
+    ExprIsNotVisible(Expr<CanonicalType>),
+}
+
+impl transform::visit::Visitor for AssertExprValidity<'_> {
+    type Error = InvalidExpr;
+    fn visit_expr_enum(&mut self, v: &ExprEnum) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        match v {
+            ExprEnum::UIntLiteral(_)
+            | ExprEnum::SIntLiteral(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BoolLiteral(_)
+            | ExprEnum::PhantomConst(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BundleLiteral(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ArrayLiteral(_)
+            | ExprEnum::EnumLiteral(_)
+            | ExprEnum::Uninit(_)
+            | ExprEnum::NotU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::NotS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::NotB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::Neg(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitAndU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitAndS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitAndB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitOrU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitOrS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitOrB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitXorU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitXorS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::BitXorB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::AddU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::AddS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::SubU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::SubS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::MulU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::MulS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DivU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DivS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::RemU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::RemS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DynShlU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DynShlS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DynShrU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DynShrS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::FixedShlU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::FixedShlS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::FixedShrU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::FixedShrS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpLtB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpLeB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpGtB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpGeB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpEqB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpNeB(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpLtU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpLeU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpGtU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpGeU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpEqU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpNeU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpLtS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpLeS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpGtS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpGeS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpEqS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CmpNeS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastUIntToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastUIntToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSIntToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSIntToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastBoolToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastBoolToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastUIntToBool(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSIntToBool(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastBoolToSyncReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastUIntToSyncReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSIntToSyncReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastBoolToAsyncReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastUIntToAsyncReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSIntToAsyncReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSyncResetToBool(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSyncResetToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSyncResetToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSyncResetToReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastAsyncResetToBool(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastAsyncResetToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastAsyncResetToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastAsyncResetToReset(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastResetToBool(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastResetToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastResetToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastBoolToClock(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastUIntToClock(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastSIntToClock(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastClockToBool(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastClockToUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastClockToSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::FieldAccess(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ArrayIndex(_)
+            | ExprEnum::DynArrayIndex(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ReduceBitAndU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ReduceBitAndS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ReduceBitOrU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ReduceBitOrS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ReduceBitXorU(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ReduceBitXorS(_)
+            | ExprEnum::SliceUInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::SliceSInt(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastToBits(_)
+            | ExprEnum::CastBitsTo(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ToTraceAsString(_)
+            | ExprEnum::TraceAsStringAsInner(_)
+            | ExprEnum::FormalInput(_) => v.default_visit(self),
+            ExprEnum::VariantAccess(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ModuleIO(_)
+            | ExprEnum::Instance(_)
+            | ExprEnum::Wire(_)
+            | ExprEnum::Reg(_)
+            | ExprEnum::RegSync(_)
+            | ExprEnum::RegAsync(_)
+            | ExprEnum::MemPort(_) => {
+                if self.state.visible_exprs.contains(v) {
+                    // no need to visit inner expressions, we already checked them before adding them to visible_exprs
+                    Ok(())
+                } else {
+                    Err(InvalidExpr::ExprIsNotVisible(v.to_expr()))
+                }
+            }
+            ExprEnum::SimIoForGlobal(_) => Err(InvalidExpr::ExprIsNotVisible(v.to_expr())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: BundleType> Module<T> {
     /// you generally should use the [`#[hdl_module]`][`crate::hdl_module`] proc-macro and [`ModuleBuilder`] instead
     #[track_caller]
@@ -1974,6 +2352,7 @@ impl<T: BundleType> Module<T> {
         AssertValidityState {
             module: self.canonical(),
             blocks: vec![],
+            visible_exprs: VisibleExprsStack::default(),
             target_states: HashMap::with_capacity_and_hasher(64, Default::default()),
         }
         .assert_validity();
@@ -2079,7 +2458,7 @@ impl<T: Type, R: ResetType> RegBuilder<Expr<ClockDomain<R>>, Option<Expr<T>>, T>
             ty,
         } = self;
         ModuleBuilder::with(|module_builder| {
-            let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(module_builder.name, NameId(name, Id::new()));
+            let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(module_builder.name.into(), NameId(name, Id::new()));
             let reg = Reg::new_unchecked(scoped_name, source_location, ty, clock_domain, init);
             let retval = reg.to_expr();
             // convert before borrow_mut since ModuleBuilder could be reentered by T::canonical()
@@ -2475,6 +2854,9 @@ pub fn annotate<T: Type>(target: Expr<T>, annotations: impl IntoAnnotations) {
             instance,
         }
         .into(),
+        TargetBase::FormalInput(_) | TargetBase::SimIoForGlobal(_) => {
+            unreachable!("not a valid annotation target")
+        }
     };
     ModuleBuilder::with(|m| {
         unwrap!(m.impl_.borrow_mut().body.builder_normal_body_opt())
@@ -2489,7 +2871,7 @@ pub fn annotate<T: Type>(target: Expr<T>, annotations: impl IntoAnnotations) {
 #[track_caller]
 pub fn wire_with_loc<T: Type>(name: &str, source_location: SourceLocation, ty: T) -> Expr<T> {
     ModuleBuilder::with(|m| {
-        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name, NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
+        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name.into(), NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
         let wire = Wire::<T>::new_unchecked(scoped_name, source_location, ty);
         let retval = wire.to_expr();
         let canonical_wire = wire.canonical();
@@ -2521,7 +2903,7 @@ fn incomplete_declaration(
     source_location: SourceLocation,
 ) -> Rc<RefCell<IncompleteDeclaration>> {
     ModuleBuilder::with(|m| {
-        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name, NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
+        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name.into(), NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
         let retval = Rc::new(RefCell::new(IncompleteDeclaration::Incomplete {
             name: scoped_name,
             source_location,
@@ -2697,7 +3079,7 @@ pub fn instance_with_loc<T: BundleType>(
     source_location: SourceLocation,
 ) -> Expr<T> {
     ModuleBuilder::with(|m| {
-        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name, NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
+        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name.into(), NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
         let instance = Instance::<T> {
             scoped_name,
             instantiated,
@@ -2736,7 +3118,7 @@ fn memory_impl<Element: Type, Len: Size>(
     source_location: SourceLocation,
 ) -> MemBuilder<Element, Len> {
     ModuleBuilder::with(|m| {
-        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name, NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
+        let scoped_name = ScopedNameId(m.name.into(), NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()));
         let (retval, target_mem) = MemBuilder::new(scoped_name, source_location, mem_element_type);
         let mut impl_ = m.impl_.borrow_mut();
         let body = impl_.body.builder_normal_body();
@@ -2891,7 +3273,7 @@ impl<T: Type> ModuleIO<T> {
         NameId(self.bundle_field.name, self.id)
     }
     pub fn scoped_name(&self) -> ScopedNameId {
-        ScopedNameId(self.containing_module_name, self.name_id())
+        ScopedNameId(self.containing_module_name.into(), self.name_id())
     }
     pub fn source_location(&self) -> SourceLocation {
         self.source_location
@@ -2964,10 +3346,102 @@ impl fmt::Debug for InstantiatedModule {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
+pub enum InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
+    Global,
+    InstantiatedModule(InstantiatedModule),
+}
+
+impl InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
+    pub fn leaf_module_source_location(self) -> SourceLocation {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => SourceLocation::builtin(),
+            Self::InstantiatedModule(v) => v.leaf_module().source_location(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<InstantiatedModule> for InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
+    fn from(value: InstantiatedModule) -> Self {
+        Self::InstantiatedModule(value)
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Debug for InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => f.write_str("Global"),
+            Self::InstantiatedModule(v) => v.fmt(f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
-pub struct TargetInInstantiatedModule {
+pub struct TargetInInstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
-    pub instantiated_module: InstantiatedModule,
+    instantiated_module_or_global: InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal,
-    pub target: Target,
+    target: Target,
+}
+
+impl TargetInInstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new(instantiated_module_or_global: InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal, target: Target) -> Self {
+        match (
+            instantiated_module_or_global,
+            target.base().target_name().0.0,
+        ) {
+            (InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::Global, NameIdOrGlobal::Global)
+            | (InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::InstantiatedModule(_), NameIdOrGlobal::NameId(_)) => {
+                Self {
+                    instantiated_module_or_global,
+                    target,
+                }
+            }
+            (InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::Global, NameIdOrGlobal::NameId(_))
+            | (InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::InstantiatedModule(_), NameIdOrGlobal::Global) => {
+                panic!(
+                    "instantiated_module_or_global doesn't match target.base().target_name().0.0:\n\
+                    instantiated_module_or_global: {instantiated_module_or_global:?}\n\
+                    target: {target:?}"
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_target(
+        instantiated_module: impl Into<InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal>,
+        target: Target,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let instantiated_module = instantiated_module.into();
+        Self {
+            instantiated_module_or_global: match target.base().target_name().0.0 {
+                NameIdOrGlobal::Global => InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::Global,
+                NameIdOrGlobal::NameId(name_id) => {
+                    let InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::InstantiatedModule(instantiated_module) =
+                        instantiated_module
+                    else {
+                        panic!(
+                            "target is in a module, but no InstantiatedModule was provided: {target:#?}"
+                        );
+                    };
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        name_id,
+                        instantiated_module.leaf_module().name_id(),
+                        "target isn't contained in module:\n\
+                        target: {target:#?}\n\
+                        instantiated_module: {instantiated_module:?}",
+                    );
+                    InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal::InstantiatedModule(instantiated_module)
+                }
+            },
+            target,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn instantiated_module_or_global(self) -> InstantiatedModuleOrGlobal {
+        self.instantiated_module_or_global
+    }
+    pub fn target(self) -> Target {
+        self.target
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]

crates/fayalite/src/module/transform/deduce_resets.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@ use crate::{
         ops::{self, ArrayLiteral},
         target::{
             Target, TargetBase, TargetChild, TargetPathArrayElement, TargetPathBundleField,
-            TargetPathDynArrayElement, TargetPathElement,
+            TargetPathDynArrayElement, TargetPathElement, TargetPathToTraceAsString,
+            TargetPathTraceAsStringInner,
         },
     },
     formal::FormalKind,
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::*,
     reset::{ResetType, ResetTypeDispatch},
     sim::ExternModuleSimulation,
+    ty::TraceAsString,
     util::{HashMap, HashSet},
 };
 use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
@@ -103,6 +105,10 @@ enum ResetsLayout {
         element: Interned<ResetsLayout>,
         reset_count: usize,
     },
+    Transparent {
+        inner: Interned<ResetsLayout>,
+        reset_count: usize,
+    },
 }
 
 impl ResetsLayout {
@@ -112,7 +118,8 @@ impl ResetsLayout {
             ResetsLayout::Reset | ResetsLayout::SyncReset | ResetsLayout::AsyncReset => 1,
             ResetsLayout::Bundle { reset_count, .. }
             | ResetsLayout::Enum { reset_count, .. }
-            | ResetsLayout::Array { reset_count, .. } => reset_count,
+            | ResetsLayout::Array { reset_count, .. }
+            | ResetsLayout::Transparent { reset_count, .. } => reset_count,
         }
     }
     fn new(ty: CanonicalType) -> Self {
@@ -166,6 +173,13 @@ impl ResetsLayout {
                     CanonicalType::Clock(_) => ResetsLayout::NoResets,
                     CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_) => ResetsLayout::NoResets,
                     CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => ResetsLayout::NoResets,
+                    CanonicalType::TraceAsString(ty) => {
+                        let inner = ResetsLayout::new(ty.inner_ty()).intern_sized();
+                        ResetsLayout::Transparent {
+                            inner,
+                            reset_count: inner.reset_count(),
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
@@ -315,6 +329,12 @@ impl ResetGraph {
             } => {
                 self.append_new_nodes_for_layout(*element, node_indexes, source_location);
             }
+            ResetsLayout::Transparent {
+                inner,
+                reset_count: _,
+            } => {
+                self.append_new_nodes_for_layout(*inner, node_indexes, source_location);
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -357,6 +377,21 @@ impl Resets {
             node_indexes: self.node_indexes,
         }
     }
+    fn trace_as_string_inner(self) -> Self {
+        let trace_as_string = TraceAsString::from_canonical(self.ty);
+        let ResetsLayout::Transparent {
+            inner,
+            reset_count: _,
+        } = self.layout
+        else {
+            unreachable!();
+        };
+        Self {
+            ty: trace_as_string.inner_ty(),
+            layout: *inner,
+            node_indexes: self.node_indexes,
+        }
+    }
     fn bundle_fields(self) -> impl Iterator<Item = Self> {
         let bundle = Bundle::from_canonical(self.ty);
         let ResetsLayout::Bundle {
@@ -480,6 +515,17 @@ impl Resets {
                     CanonicalType::SyncReset(SyncReset)
                 },
             ),
+            CanonicalType::TraceAsString(ty) => Ok(CanonicalType::TraceAsString(
+                ty.with_new_inner_ty(
+                    self.array_elements()
+                        .substituted_type(
+                            reset_graph,
+                            fallback_to_sync_reset,
+                            fallback_error_source_location,
+                        )?
+                        .intern_sized(),
+                ),
+            )),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1013,7 +1059,8 @@ fn cast_bit_op<P: Pass, T: Type, A: Type>(
                             | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
                             | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
                             | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_)
-                            | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => unreachable!(),
+                            | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_)
+                            | CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => unreachable!(),
                             $(CanonicalType::$Variant(ty) => Expr::expr_enum($arg.cast_to(ty)),)*
                         }
                     };
@@ -1024,7 +1071,8 @@ fn cast_bit_op<P: Pass, T: Type, A: Type>(
                             CanonicalType::Array(_)
                             | CanonicalType::Enum(_)
                             | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
-                            | CanonicalType::Reset(_) => unreachable!(),
+                            | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
+                            | CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => unreachable!(),
                             CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_) |
                             CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => Expr::expr_enum(arg),
                             $(CanonicalType::$Variant(_) => {
@@ -1156,6 +1204,10 @@ impl<P: Pass> RunPass<P> for ExprEnum {
             ExprEnum::SliceSInt(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
             ExprEnum::CastToBits(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
             ExprEnum::CastBitsTo(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
+            ExprEnum::TraceAsStringAsInner(expr) => {
+                Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from))
+            }
+            ExprEnum::ToTraceAsString(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
             ExprEnum::ModuleIO(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
             ExprEnum::Instance(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
             ExprEnum::Wire(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
@@ -1163,6 +1215,10 @@ impl<P: Pass> RunPass<P> for ExprEnum {
             ExprEnum::RegSync(expr) => reg_expr_run_pass(expr, pass_args),
             ExprEnum::RegAsync(expr) => reg_expr_run_pass(expr, pass_args),
             ExprEnum::MemPort(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
+            ExprEnum::FormalInput(expr) => Ok(expr.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(ExprEnum::from)),
+            ExprEnum::SimIoForGlobal(_) => {
+                unreachable!("Module is known to not contain SimIoForGlobal from validation")
+            }
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1536,6 +1592,67 @@ impl RunPassExpr for ops::CastBitsTo {
     }
 }
 
+impl RunPassExpr for ops::TraceAsStringAsInner {
+    type Args<'a> = [Expr<CanonicalType>; 1];
+
+    fn args<'a>(&'a self) -> Self::Args<'a> {
+        [Expr::canonical(self.arg())]
+    }
+
+    fn source_location(&self) -> Option<SourceLocation> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn union_parts(
+        &self,
+        resets: Resets,
+        args_resets: Vec<Resets>,
+        mut pass_args: PassArgs<'_, BuildResetGraph>,
+    ) -> Result<(), DeduceResetsError> {
+        pass_args.union(resets, args_resets[0].trace_as_string_inner(), None)
+    }
+
+    fn new(
+        &self,
+        _ty: CanonicalType,
+        new_args: Vec<Expr<CanonicalType>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, DeduceResetsError> {
+        Ok(Self::new(Expr::from_canonical(new_args[0])))
+    }
+}
+
+impl RunPassExpr for ops::ToTraceAsString {
+    type Args<'a> = [Expr<CanonicalType>; 1];
+
+    fn args<'a>(&'a self) -> Self::Args<'a> {
+        [Expr::canonical(self.inner())]
+    }
+
+    fn source_location(&self) -> Option<SourceLocation> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn union_parts(
+        &self,
+        resets: Resets,
+        args_resets: Vec<Resets>,
+        mut pass_args: PassArgs<'_, BuildResetGraph>,
+    ) -> Result<(), DeduceResetsError> {
+        pass_args.union(resets.trace_as_string_inner(), args_resets[0], None)
+    }
+
+    fn new(
+        &self,
+        _ty: CanonicalType,
+        new_args: Vec<Expr<CanonicalType>>,
+    ) -> Result<Self, DeduceResetsError> {
+        Ok(Self::new(
+            new_args[0],
+            self.ty().with_new_inner_ty(new_args[0].ty().intern_sized()),
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
 impl RunPassExpr for ModuleIO<CanonicalType> {
     type Args<'a> = [Expr<CanonicalType>; 0];
 
@@ -1691,7 +1808,8 @@ impl RunPassDispatch for AnyReg {
                 | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
                 | CanonicalType::Clock(_)
                 | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_)
-                | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => unreachable!(),
+                | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_)
+                | CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => unreachable!(),
             }
         })
     }
@@ -1818,6 +1936,7 @@ impl_run_pass_copy!([] SVAttributeAnnotation);
 impl_run_pass_copy!([] UInt);
 impl_run_pass_copy!([] usize);
 impl_run_pass_copy!([] FormalKind);
+impl_run_pass_copy!([] crate::formal::FormalInput);
 impl_run_pass_copy!([] PhantomConst);
 
 macro_rules! impl_run_pass_for_struct {
@@ -2134,6 +2253,12 @@ impl<P: Pass> RunPass<P> for TargetBase {
             &TargetBase::RegAsync(v) => v.into(),
             TargetBase::Wire(v) => return Ok(v.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(TargetBase::Wire)),
             TargetBase::Instance(v) => return Ok(v.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(TargetBase::Instance)),
+            TargetBase::FormalInput(v) => {
+                return Ok(v.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(TargetBase::FormalInput));
+            }
+            TargetBase::SimIoForGlobal(_) => {
+                unreachable!("Module is known to not contain SimIoForGlobal from validation")
+            }
         };
         Ok(reg.run_pass(pass_args)?.map(|reg| match reg {
             AnyReg::Reg(reg) => TargetBase::Reg(reg),
@@ -2173,30 +2298,6 @@ impl<P: Pass> RunPass<P> for StmtDeclaration {
     }
 }
 
-impl_run_pass_for_struct! {
-    impl[] RunPass for TargetPathBundleField {
-        name: _,
-    }
-}
-
-impl_run_pass_for_struct! {
-    impl[] RunPass for TargetPathArrayElement {
-        index: _,
-    }
-}
-
-impl_run_pass_for_struct! {
-    impl[] RunPass for TargetPathDynArrayElement {}
-}
-
-impl_run_pass_for_enum! {
-    impl[] RunPass for TargetPathElement {
-        BundleField(v),
-        ArrayElement(v),
-        DynArrayElement(v),
-    }
-}
-
 impl_run_pass_for_enum! {
     impl[] RunPass for Target {
         Base(v),
@@ -2204,11 +2305,28 @@ impl_run_pass_for_enum! {
     }
 }
 
-impl_run_pass_for_struct! {
+impl<P: Pass> RunPass<P> for TargetChild {
-    #[constructor = TargetChild::new(parent, path_element)]
+    fn run_pass(
-    impl[] RunPass for TargetChild {
+        &self,
-        parent(): _,
+        mut pass_args: PassArgs<'_, P>,
-        path_element(): _,
+    ) -> Result<PassOutput<Self, P>, DeduceResetsError> {
+        Ok(self.parent().run_pass(pass_args.as_mut())?.map(|parent| {
+            let path_element = match *self.path_element() {
+                TargetPathElement::BundleField(TargetPathBundleField { name: _ })
+                | TargetPathElement::ArrayElement(TargetPathArrayElement { index: _ })
+                | TargetPathElement::DynArrayElement(TargetPathDynArrayElement {})
+                | TargetPathElement::TraceAsStringInner(TargetPathTraceAsStringInner {}) => {
+                    self.path_element()
+                }
+                TargetPathElement::ToTraceAsString(TargetPathToTraceAsString { ty }) => {
+                    TargetPathElement::from(TargetPathToTraceAsString {
+                        ty: ty.with_new_inner_ty(parent.canonical_ty().intern_sized()),
+                    })
+                    .intern_sized()
+                }
+            };
+            TargetChild::new(parent, path_element)
+        }))
     }
 }
 

crates/fayalite/src/module/transform/simplify_enums.rs

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ use crate::{
         transform::visit::{Fold, Folder},
     },
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    ty::{CanonicalType, Type},
+    ty::{CanonicalType, TraceAsString, Type},
     util::HashMap,
     wire::Wire,
 };
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ fn contains_any_enum_types(ty: CanonicalType) -> bool {
                     .fields()
                     .iter()
                     .any(|field| contains_any_enum_types(field.ty)),
+                CanonicalType::TraceAsString(ty) => contains_any_enum_types(ty.inner_ty()),
                 CanonicalType::UInt(_)
                 | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
                 | CanonicalType::Bool(_)
@@ -95,11 +96,12 @@ enum EnumTypeState {
 
 struct ModuleState {
     module_name: NameId,
+    expr_cache: HashMap<ExprEnum, ExprEnum>,
 }
 
 impl ModuleState {
     fn gen_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> ScopedNameId {
-        ScopedNameId(self.module_name, NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()))
+        ScopedNameId(self.module_name.into(), NameId(name.intern(), Id::new()))
     }
 }
 
@@ -313,6 +315,24 @@ impl State {
         }
         Ok(())
     }
+    fn handle_stmt_connect_trace_as_string(
+        &mut self,
+        unfolded_lhs_ty: TraceAsString,
+        unfolded_rhs_ty: TraceAsString,
+        folded_lhs: Expr<TraceAsString>,
+        folded_rhs: Expr<TraceAsString>,
+        source_location: SourceLocation,
+        output_stmts: &mut Vec<Stmt>,
+    ) -> Result<(), SimplifyEnumsError> {
+        self.handle_stmt_connect(
+            unfolded_lhs_ty.inner_ty(),
+            unfolded_rhs_ty.inner_ty(),
+            ops::TraceAsStringAsInner::new(folded_lhs).to_expr(),
+            ops::TraceAsStringAsInner::new(folded_rhs).to_expr(),
+            source_location,
+            output_stmts,
+        )
+    }
     fn handle_stmt_connect_bundle(
         &mut self,
         unfolded_lhs_ty: Bundle,
@@ -509,6 +529,15 @@ impl State {
                 source_location,
                 output_stmts,
             ),
+            CanonicalType::TraceAsString(unfolded_lhs_ty) => self
+                .handle_stmt_connect_trace_as_string(
+                    unfolded_lhs_ty,
+                    TraceAsString::from_canonical(unfolded_rhs_ty),
+                    Expr::from_canonical(folded_lhs),
+                    Expr::from_canonical(folded_rhs),
+                    source_location,
+                    output_stmts,
+                ),
             CanonicalType::UInt(_)
             | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
             | CanonicalType::Bool(_)
@@ -528,6 +557,8 @@ fn connect_port(
     rhs: Expr<CanonicalType>,
     source_location: SourceLocation,
 ) {
+    let lhs = Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(lhs);
+    let rhs = Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(rhs);
     if lhs.ty() == rhs.ty() {
         stmts.push(
             StmtConnect {
@@ -573,6 +604,9 @@ fn connect_port(
                 connect_port(stmts, lhs[index], rhs[index], source_location);
             }
         }
+        (CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_), CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_)) => {
+            unreachable!("handled by unwrap_transparent_types")
+        }
         (CanonicalType::Bundle(_), _)
         | (CanonicalType::Enum(_), _)
         | (CanonicalType::Array(_), _)
@@ -584,7 +618,8 @@ fn connect_port(
         | (CanonicalType::SyncReset(_), _)
         | (CanonicalType::Reset(_), _)
         | (CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_), _)
-        | (CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_), _) => unreachable!(
+        | (CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_), _)
+        | (CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_), _) => unreachable!(
             "trying to connect memory ports:\n{:?}\n{:?}",
             lhs.ty(),
             rhs.ty(),
@@ -641,6 +676,7 @@ impl Folder for State {
     fn fold_module<T: BundleType>(&mut self, v: Module<T>) -> Result<Module<T>, Self::Error> {
         self.module_state_stack.push(ModuleState {
             module_name: v.name_id(),
+            expr_cache: HashMap::default(),
         });
         let retval = Fold::default_fold(v, self);
         self.module_state_stack.pop();
@@ -648,30 +684,39 @@ impl Folder for State {
     }
 
     fn fold_expr_enum(&mut self, op: ExprEnum) -> Result<ExprEnum, Self::Error> {
-        match op {
+        if let Some(folded_op) = self
+            .module_state_stack
+            .last()
+            .expect("known to be in module")
+            .expr_cache
+            .get(&op)
+        {
+            return Ok(*folded_op);
+        }
+        let folded_op = match op {
             ExprEnum::EnumLiteral(op) => {
                 let folded_variant_value = op.variant_value().map(|v| v.fold(self)).transpose()?;
-                Ok(*Expr::expr_enum(self.handle_enum_literal(
+                *Expr::expr_enum(self.handle_enum_literal(
                     op.ty(),
                     op.variant_index(),
                     folded_variant_value,
-                )?))
+                )?)
             }
             ExprEnum::VariantAccess(op) => {
                 let folded_base_expr = Expr::canonical(op.base()).fold(self)?;
-                Ok(*Expr::expr_enum(self.handle_variant_access(
+                *Expr::expr_enum(self.handle_variant_access(
                     op.base().ty(),
                     folded_base_expr,
                     op.variant_index(),
-                )?))
+                )?)
             }
-            ExprEnum::MemPort(mem_port) => Ok(
+            ExprEnum::MemPort(mem_port) => {
                 if let Some(&wire) = self.replacement_mem_ports.get(&mem_port) {
                     ExprEnum::Wire(wire)
                 } else {
                     ExprEnum::MemPort(mem_port.fold(self)?)
-                },
+                }
-            ),
+            }
             ExprEnum::UIntLiteral(_)
             | ExprEnum::SIntLiteral(_)
             | ExprEnum::BoolLiteral(_)
@@ -772,13 +817,23 @@ impl Folder for State {
             | ExprEnum::SliceSInt(_)
             | ExprEnum::CastToBits(_)
             | ExprEnum::CastBitsTo(_)
+            | ExprEnum::TraceAsStringAsInner(_)
+            | ExprEnum::ToTraceAsString(_)
             | ExprEnum::ModuleIO(_)
             | ExprEnum::Instance(_)
             | ExprEnum::Wire(_)
             | ExprEnum::Reg(_)
             | ExprEnum::RegSync(_)
-            | ExprEnum::RegAsync(_) => op.default_fold(self),
+            | ExprEnum::RegAsync(_)
-        }
+            | ExprEnum::FormalInput(_)
+            | ExprEnum::SimIoForGlobal(_) => op.default_fold(self)?,
+        };
+        self.module_state_stack
+            .last_mut()
+            .expect("known to be in module")
+            .expr_cache
+            .insert(op, folded_op);
+        Ok(folded_op)
     }
 
     fn fold_block(&mut self, block: Block) -> Result<Block, Self::Error> {
@@ -936,7 +991,8 @@ impl Folder for State {
             | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
             | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
             | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_)
-            | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => canonical_type.default_fold(self),
+            | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_)
+            | CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => canonical_type.default_fold(self),
         }
     }
 

crates/fayalite/src/module/transform/simplify_memories.rs

@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ impl MemSplit {
         }
     }
     fn new(element_type: CanonicalType) -> Self {
-        match element_type {
+        match element_type.unwrap_transparent_types() {
             CanonicalType::Bundle(bundle_ty) => MemSplit::Bundle {
                 fields: bundle_ty
                     .fields()
@@ -195,6 +195,7 @@ impl MemSplit {
             | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
             | CanonicalType::Reset(_) => unreachable!("memory element type is a storable type"),
             CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => todo!("memory containing sim-only values"),
+            CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => unreachable!("handled by unwrap_transparent_types"),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -306,7 +307,9 @@ impl SplitMemState<'_, '_> {
         let outer_mem_name_path_len = self.mem_name_path.len();
         match self.split {
             MemSplit::Bundle { fields } => {
-                let CanonicalType::Bundle(bundle_type) = self.element_type else {
+                let CanonicalType::Bundle(bundle_type) =
+                    self.element_type.unwrap_transparent_types()
+                else {
                     unreachable!();
                 };
                 for ((field, field_offset), split) in bundle_type
@@ -321,7 +324,10 @@ impl SplitMemState<'_, '_> {
                     let field_ty_bit_width = field.ty.bit_width();
                     self.split_state_stack.push_map(
                         |e: Expr<CanonicalType>| {
-                            Expr::field(Expr::<Bundle>::from_canonical(e), &field.name)
+                            Expr::field(
+                                Expr::<Bundle>::from_canonical(Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(e)),
+                                &field.name,
+                            )
                         },
                         |initial_value_element| {
                             let Some(field_offset) = field_offset.only_bit_width() else {
@@ -377,8 +383,8 @@ impl SplitMemState<'_, '_> {
                         };
                         self.output_stmts.push(
                             StmtConnect {
-                                lhs: Expr::field(port_expr, name),
+                                lhs: Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(Expr::field(port_expr, name)),
-                                rhs: Expr::field(wire_expr, name),
+                                rhs: Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(Expr::field(wire_expr, name)),
                                 source_location: port.source_location(),
                             }
                             .into(),
@@ -389,7 +395,8 @@ impl SplitMemState<'_, '_> {
                 self.output_mems.push(new_mem);
             }
             MemSplit::Array { elements } => {
-                let CanonicalType::Array(array_type) = self.element_type else {
+                let CanonicalType::Array(array_type) = self.element_type.unwrap_transparent_types()
+                else {
                     unreachable!();
                 };
                 let element_type = array_type.element();
@@ -398,7 +405,7 @@ impl SplitMemState<'_, '_> {
                     self.mem_name_path.truncate(outer_mem_name_path_len);
                     write!(self.mem_name_path, "_{index}").unwrap();
                     self.split_state_stack.push_map(
-                        |e| Expr::<Array>::from_canonical(e)[index],
+                        |e| Expr::<Array>::from_canonical(Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(e))[index],
                         |initial_value_element| {
                             &initial_value_element[index * element_bit_width..][..element_bit_width]
                         },
@@ -464,7 +471,7 @@ impl ModuleState {
         assert_eq!(memory_element_array_range_len % input_array_type.len(), 0);
         let chunk_size = memory_element_array_range_len / input_array_type.len();
         for index in 0..input_array_type.len() {
-            let map = |e| Expr::<Array>::from_canonical(e)[index];
+            let map = |e| Expr::<Array>::from_canonical(Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(e))[index];
             let wire_rdata = wire_rdata.map(map);
             let wire_wdata = wire_wdata.map(map);
             let wire_wmask = wire_wmask.map(map);
@@ -505,8 +512,8 @@ impl ModuleState {
                             port_read: Expr<CanonicalType>| {
             output_stmts.push(
                 StmtConnect {
-                    lhs: wire_read,
+                    lhs: Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(wire_read),
-                    rhs: port_read,
+                    rhs: Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(port_read),
                     source_location,
                 }
                 .into(),
@@ -517,8 +524,8 @@ impl ModuleState {
                              port_write: Expr<CanonicalType>| {
             output_stmts.push(
                 StmtConnect {
-                    lhs: port_write,
+                    lhs: Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(port_write),
-                    rhs: wire_write,
+                    rhs: Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(wire_write),
                     source_location,
                 }
                 .into(),
@@ -530,7 +537,8 @@ impl ModuleState {
             connect_read(
                 output_stmts,
                 wire_read,
-                Expr::<UInt>::from_canonical(port_read).cast_bits_to(wire_read.ty()),
+                Expr::<UInt>::from_canonical(Expr::unwrap_transparent_types(port_read))
+                    .cast_bits_to(wire_read.ty()),
             );
         };
         let connect_write_enum =
@@ -544,7 +552,7 @@ impl ModuleState {
                 );
             };
         loop {
-            match input_element_type {
+            match input_element_type.unwrap_transparent_types() {
                 CanonicalType::Bundle(_) => {
                     unreachable!("bundle types are always split")
                 }
@@ -625,6 +633,9 @@ impl ModuleState {
                 | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
                 | CanonicalType::Reset(_) => unreachable!("memory element type is a storable type"),
                 CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => todo!("memory containing sim-only values"),
+                CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => {
+                    unreachable!("handled by unwrap_transparent_types")
+                }
             }
             break;
         }

crates/fayalite/src/module/transform/visit.rs

@@ -14,16 +14,17 @@ use crate::{
         Expr, ExprEnum, ValueType, ops,
         target::{
             Target, TargetBase, TargetChild, TargetPathArrayElement, TargetPathBundleField,
-            TargetPathDynArrayElement, TargetPathElement,
+            TargetPathDynArrayElement, TargetPathElement, TargetPathToTraceAsString,
+            TargetPathTraceAsStringInner,
         },
     },
-    formal::FormalKind,
+    formal::{FormalInput, FormalInputKind, FormalKind},
     int::{Bool, SIntType, SIntValue, Size, UIntType, UIntValue},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
     memory::{Mem, MemPort, PortKind, PortName, PortType, ReadUnderWrite},
     module::{
         AnnotatedModuleIO, Block, BlockId, ExternModuleBody, ExternModuleParameter,
-        ExternModuleParameterValue, Instance, Module, ModuleBody, ModuleIO, NameId,
+        ExternModuleParameterValue, Instance, Module, ModuleBody, ModuleIO, NameId, NameIdOrGlobal,
         NormalModuleBody, ScopedNameId, Stmt, StmtConnect, StmtDeclaration, StmtFormal, StmtIf,
         StmtInstance, StmtMatch, StmtReg, StmtWire,
     },
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ use crate::{
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, ResetType, SyncReset},
     sim::{ExternModuleSimulation, value::DynSimOnly},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    ty::{CanonicalType, Type},
+    ty::{CanonicalType, TraceAsString, Type},
     vendor::xilinx::{
         XdcCreateClockAnnotation, XdcIOStandardAnnotation, XdcLocationAnnotation, XilinxAnnotation,
     },
@@ -481,4 +482,30 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + Visit<State>, State: ?Sized + Visitor> Visit<State> for &'_ mut
     }
 }
 
+impl<State: ?Sized + Visitor> Visit<State> for NameIdOrGlobal {
+    fn visit(&self, state: &mut State) -> Result<(), <State>::Error> {
+        state.visit_name_id_or_global(self)
+    }
+
+    fn default_visit(&self, state: &mut State) -> Result<(), <State>::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => Ok(()),
+            Self::NameId(name_id) => name_id.visit(state),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<State: ?Sized + Folder> Fold<State> for NameIdOrGlobal {
+    fn fold(self, state: &mut State) -> Result<Self, <State>::Error> {
+        state.fold_name_id_or_global(self)
+    }
+
+    fn default_fold(self, state: &mut State) -> Result<Self, <State>::Error> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Global => Ok(Self::Global),
+            Self::NameId(name_id) => Ok(Self::NameId(name_id.fold(state)?)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/visit.rs"));

crates/fayalite/src/phantom_const.rs

@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 use crate::{
     expr::{Expr, HdlPartialEqImpl, HdlPartialOrdImpl, ToExpr, ValueType},
     int::Bool,
-    intern::{Intern, Interned, InternedCompare, LazyInterned, LazyInternedTrait, Memoize},
+    intern::{Intern, Interned, InternedCompare, LazyInterned, Memoize},
     sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter, OpaqueSimValueWritten,
-        StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        SimValueDebug, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
         serde_impls::{SerdeCanonicalType, SerdePhantomConst},
     },
 };
@@ -240,11 +240,17 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> PhantomConst<T> {
     {
         Self::new_interned(value.intern_deref())
     }
-    pub const fn new_lazy(v: &'static dyn LazyInternedTrait<T>) -> Self {
+    pub const fn new_const<V: Default + Into<Interned<T>>>() -> Self {
         Self {
-            value: LazyInterned::new_lazy(v),
+            value: LazyInterned::new_const::<V>(),
         }
     }
+    pub const fn new_const_default() -> Self
+    where
+        Interned<T>: Default,
+    {
+        Self::new_const::<Interned<T>>()
+    }
     pub fn get(self) -> Interned<T> {
         self.value.interned()
     }
@@ -321,6 +327,15 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Type for PhantomConst<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> SimValueDebug for PhantomConst<T> {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Default for PhantomConst<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: Default,
@@ -334,9 +349,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> StaticType for PhantomConst<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: Default,
 {
-    const TYPE: Self = PhantomConst {
+    const TYPE: Self = Self::new_const_default();
-        value: LazyInterned::new_lazy(&Interned::<T>::default),
-    };
     const MASK_TYPE: Self::MaskType = ();
     const TYPE_PROPERTIES: TypeProperties = <()>::TYPE_PROPERTIES;
     const MASK_TYPE_PROPERTIES: TypeProperties = <()>::TYPE_PROPERTIES;

crates/fayalite/src/prelude.rs

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ pub use crate::{
     enum_::{Enum, HdlNone, HdlOption, HdlSome},
     expr::{
         CastBitsTo, CastTo, CastToBits, Expr, HdlPartialEq, HdlPartialOrd, MakeUninitExpr,
-        ReduceBits, ToExpr, ValueType, repeat,
+        ReduceBits, ToExpr, ToTraceAsString, ValueType, repeat,
     },
     formal::{
-        MakeFormalExpr, all_const, all_seq, any_const, any_seq, formal_global_clock, formal_reset,
+        all_const, all_seq, any_const, any_seq, formal_global_clock, formal_reset, hdl_assert,
-        hdl_assert, hdl_assert_with_enable, hdl_assume, hdl_assume_with_enable, hdl_cover,
+        hdl_assert_with_enable, hdl_assume, hdl_assume_with_enable, hdl_cover,
         hdl_cover_with_enable,
     },
     hdl, hdl_module,
@@ -37,8 +37,8 @@ pub use crate::{
         value::{SimOnly, SimOnlyValue, SimValue, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     },
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    testing::{FormalMode, assert_formal},
+    testing::{FormalMode, assert_formal, checked_vcd_output},
-    ty::{AsMask, CanonicalType, Type},
+    ty::{AsMask, CanonicalType, TraceAsString, Type},
     util::{ConstUsize, GenericConstUsize},
     wire::Wire,
 };

crates/fayalite/src/reg.rs

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ impl<T: Type, R: ResetType> Reg<T, R> {
         if let Some(init) = init {
             assert_eq!(ty, init.ty(), "register's type must match init type");
         }
+        scoped_name.0.assert_is_name_id();
         Self {
             name: scoped_name,
             source_location,
@@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ impl<T: Type, R: ResetType> Reg<T, R> {
         self.containing_module_name_id().0
     }
     pub fn containing_module_name_id(&self) -> NameId {
-        self.name.0
+        self.name.0.unwrap_name_id()
     }
     pub fn name(&self) -> Interned<str> {
         self.name_id().0

crates/fayalite/src/reset.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
 use crate::{
     clock::Clock,
     expr::{CastToImpl, Expr, ValueType},
@@ -8,11 +9,13 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValueSize, OpaqueSimValueSlice, OpaqueSimValueWriter,
-        OpaqueSimValueWritten, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        OpaqueSimValueWritten, SimValueDebug, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties,
+        impl_match_variant_as_self,
     },
     util::ConstUsize,
 };
 use bitvec::{bits, order::Lsb0};
+use std::fmt;
 
 mod sealed {
     pub trait ResetTypeSealed {}
@@ -100,6 +103,15 @@ macro_rules! reset_type {
             }
         }
 
+        impl SimValueDebug for $name {
+            fn sim_value_debug(
+                value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+                f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+            ) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+            }
+        }
+
         impl $name {
             pub fn type_properties(self) -> TypeProperties {
                 Self::TYPE_PROPERTIES

crates/fayalite/src/sim/interpreter.rs

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ use crate::{
     int::{BoolOrIntType, SInt, UInt},
     intern::{Intern, Interned, Memoize},
     sim::interpreter::parts::{
-        StateLayout, StatePartIndex, StatePartKind, StatePartKindBigSlots, StatePartKindMemories,
+        StateLayout, StatePartIndex, StatePartIndexRange, StatePartKind, StatePartKindBigSlots,
-        StatePartKindSimOnlySlots, StatePartKindSmallSlots, StatePartLen, TypeIndexRange,
+        StatePartKindMemories, StatePartKindSimOnlySlots, StatePartKindSmallSlots, StatePartLen,
-        TypeLayout, get_state_part_kinds,
+        TypeIndexRange, TypeLayout, get_state_part_kinds,
     },
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     util::{HashMap, HashSet},
@@ -17,12 +17,11 @@ use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
 use num_bigint::BigInt;
 use num_traits::{One, Signed, ToPrimitive, Zero};
 use std::{
-    borrow::BorrowMut,
     convert::Infallible,
     fmt::{self, Write},
     hash::Hash,
     marker::PhantomData,
-    ops::{ControlFlow, Deref, DerefMut, Index, IndexMut},
+    ops::{ControlFlow, Deref, Index, IndexMut},
 };
 use vec_map::VecMap;
 
@@ -915,6 +914,21 @@ impl<K: StatePartKind> StatePart<K> {
             value: K::borrow_state(&mut self.value),
         }
     }
+    pub(crate) fn state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(
+        &self,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<K>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        K::state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(&self.value, part_index)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+        &self,
+        part_index_range: StatePartIndexRange<K>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        K::state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(&self.value, part_index_range)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(&mut self) {
+        K::clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(&mut self.value)
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
@@ -922,56 +936,38 @@ pub(crate) struct BorrowedStatePart<'a, K: StatePartKind> {
     pub(crate) value: K::BorrowedState<'a>,
 }
 
-impl<
+impl<K: StatePartKind> BorrowedStatePart<'_, K> {
-    'a,
-    K: StatePartKind<
-        BorrowedState<'a>: DerefMut<Target: IndexMut<usize, Output = T> + BorrowMut<[T]>>,
-    >,
-    T,
-> BorrowedStatePart<'a, K>
-{
     pub(crate) fn get_disjoint_mut<const N: usize>(
         &mut self,
         indexes: [StatePartIndex<K>; N],
-    ) -> [&mut T; N] {
+    ) -> [&mut K::StateElement; N] {
-        (*self.value)
+        K::borrowed_state_get_disjoint_mut(&mut self.value, indexes)
-            .borrow_mut()
-            .get_disjoint_mut(indexes.map(|v| v.value as usize))
-            .expect("indexes are disjoint")
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: StatePartKind<State: Deref<Target: Index<usize, Output = T>>>, T> Index<StatePartIndex<K>>
+impl<K: StatePartKind> Index<StatePartIndex<K>> for StatePart<K> {
-    for StatePart<K>
+    type Output = K::StateElement;
-{
-    type Output = T;
     fn index(&self, index: StatePartIndex<K>) -> &Self::Output {
-        &self.value[index.value as usize]
+        K::state_index(&self.value, index)
     }
 }
 
-impl<K: StatePartKind<State: DerefMut<Target: IndexMut<usize, Output = T>>>, T>
+impl<K: StatePartKind> IndexMut<StatePartIndex<K>> for StatePart<K> {
-    IndexMut<StatePartIndex<K>> for StatePart<K>
-{
     fn index_mut(&mut self, index: StatePartIndex<K>) -> &mut Self::Output {
-        &mut self.value[index.value as usize]
+        K::state_index_mut(&mut self.value, index)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, K: StatePartKind<BorrowedState<'a>: Deref<Target: Index<usize, Output = T>>>, T>
+impl<K: StatePartKind> Index<StatePartIndex<K>> for BorrowedStatePart<'_, K> {
-    Index<StatePartIndex<K>> for BorrowedStatePart<'a, K>
+    type Output = K::StateElement;
-{
-    type Output = T;
     fn index(&self, index: StatePartIndex<K>) -> &Self::Output {
-        &self.value[index.value as usize]
+        K::borrowed_state_index(&self.value, index)
     }
 }
 
-impl<'a, K: StatePartKind<BorrowedState<'a>: DerefMut<Target: IndexMut<usize, Output = T>>>, T>
+impl<K: StatePartKind> IndexMut<StatePartIndex<K>> for BorrowedStatePart<'_, K> {
-    IndexMut<StatePartIndex<K>> for BorrowedStatePart<'a, K>
-{
     fn index_mut(&mut self, index: StatePartIndex<K>) -> &mut Self::Output {
-        &mut self.value[index.value as usize]
+        K::borrowed_state_index_mut(&mut self.value, index)
     }
 }
 
@@ -984,6 +980,7 @@ macro_rules! make_state {
             pub(crate) insns: Interned<Insns<InsnsBuildingDone>>,
             pub(crate) pc: usize,
             pub(crate) memory_write_log: Vec<(StatePartIndex<StatePartKindMemories>, usize)>,
+            pub(crate) assert_failed_log: Vec<usize>,
             $(pub(crate) $state_plural_field: StatePart<$state_kind>,)*
             $(pub(crate) $type_plural_field: StatePart<$type_kind>,)*
         }
@@ -994,6 +991,7 @@ macro_rules! make_state {
                     insns: _,
                     pc,
                     memory_write_log,
+                    assert_failed_log,
                     $($state_plural_field,)*
                     $($type_plural_field,)*
                 } = self;
@@ -1001,6 +999,7 @@ macro_rules! make_state {
                     .field("insns", &InsnsOfState(self))
                     .field("pc", pc)
                     .field("memory_write_log", memory_write_log)
+                    .field("assert_failed_log", assert_failed_log)
                     $(.field(stringify!($state_plural_field), $state_plural_field))*
                     $(.field(stringify!($type_plural_field), $type_plural_field))*
                     .finish()
@@ -1013,6 +1012,7 @@ macro_rules! make_state {
                     insns,
                     pc: 0,
                     memory_write_log: Vec::with_capacity(32),
+                    assert_failed_log: Vec::new(),
                     $($state_plural_field: StatePart::new(&insns.state_layout.$state_plural_field.layout_data),)*
                     $($type_plural_field: StatePart::new(&insns.state_layout.ty.$type_plural_field.layout_data),)*
                 }
@@ -1024,10 +1024,20 @@ macro_rules! make_state {
                     pc: self.pc,
                     orig_pc: &mut self.pc,
                     memory_write_log: &mut self.memory_write_log,
+                    assert_failed_log: &mut self.assert_failed_log,
                     $($state_plural_field: self.$state_plural_field.borrow(),)*
                     $($type_plural_field: self.$type_plural_field.borrow(),)*
                 }
             }
+            pub(crate) fn type_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(&self, range: TypeIndexRange) -> bool {
+                $(self.$type_plural_field.state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+                    range.$type_plural_field,
+                ))||*
+            }
+            pub(crate) fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(&mut self) {
+                $(self.$state_plural_field.clear_all_maybe_modified_flags();)*
+                $(self.$type_plural_field.clear_all_maybe_modified_flags();)*
+            }
         }
 
         #[derive(Debug)]
@@ -1037,6 +1047,7 @@ macro_rules! make_state {
             pub(crate) orig_pc: &'a mut usize,
             pub(crate) pc: usize,
             pub(crate) memory_write_log: &'a mut Vec<(StatePartIndex<StatePartKindMemories>, usize)>,
+            pub(crate) assert_failed_log: &'a mut Vec<usize>,
             $(pub(crate) $state_plural_field: BorrowedStatePart<'a, $state_kind>,)*
             $(pub(crate) $type_plural_field: BorrowedStatePart<'a, $type_kind>,)*
         }
@@ -1294,6 +1305,7 @@ impl State {
             insns: _,
             pc,
             memory_write_log: _,
+            assert_failed_log: _,
             memories: _,
             small_slots: _,
             big_slots: _,
@@ -1333,6 +1345,10 @@ impl BorrowedState<'_> {
             self.memory_write_log.push(log_entry);
         }
     }
+    #[cold]
+    fn assert_failed(&mut self, assert_index: usize) {
+        self.assert_failed_log.push(assert_index);
+    }
 }
 
 fn bigint_pow2(width: usize) -> Interned<BigInt> {
@@ -2100,6 +2116,19 @@ impl_insns! {
         state.log_memory_write(memory, addr);
         next!();
     }
+    Assert {
+        #[kind = Input]
+        clk_triggered: StatePartIndex<StatePartKindSmallSlots>,
+        #[kind = Input]
+        pred: StatePartIndex<StatePartKindSmallSlots>,
+        #[kind = Immediate]
+        assert_index: usize,
+    } => {
+        if state.small_slots[clk_triggered] != 0 && state.small_slots[pred] == 0 {
+            state.assert_failed(assert_index);
+        }
+        next!();
+    }
     Return => {
         break RunResult::Return(());
     }

crates/fayalite/src/sim/interpreter/parts.rs

@@ -236,6 +236,7 @@ pub(crate) trait StatePartKind:
     type LayoutData: Send + Sync + Eq + Hash + fmt::Debug + 'static + Copy;
     type State: fmt::Debug + 'static + Clone;
     type BorrowedState<'a>: 'a;
+    type StateElement;
     fn new_state(layout_data: &[Self::LayoutData]) -> Self::State;
     fn borrow_state<'a>(state: &'a mut Self::State) -> Self::BorrowedState<'a>;
     fn part_debug_data<BK: InsnsBuildingKind>(
@@ -247,6 +248,35 @@ pub(crate) trait StatePartKind:
         index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
         f: &mut impl fmt::Write,
     ) -> fmt::Result;
+    fn state_index<'a>(
+        state: &'a Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement;
+    fn state_index_mut<'a>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement;
+    fn state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> bool;
+    fn state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index_range: StatePartIndexRange<Self>,
+    ) -> bool;
+    fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(state: &mut Self::State);
+    fn borrowed_state_index<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement;
+    fn borrowed_state_index_mut<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement;
+    fn borrowed_state_get_disjoint_mut<'a, 'b, const N: usize>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_indexes: [StatePartIndex<Self>; N],
+    ) -> [&'a mut Self::StateElement; N];
 }
 
 macro_rules! make_state_part_kinds {
@@ -272,6 +302,7 @@ impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindMemories {
     type LayoutData = MemoryData<Interned<BitSlice>>;
     type State = Box<[MemoryData<BitBox>]>;
     type BorrowedState<'a> = &'a mut [MemoryData<BitBox>];
+    type StateElement = MemoryData<BitBox>;
     fn new_state(layout_data: &[Self::LayoutData]) -> Self::State {
         layout_data
             .iter()
@@ -297,19 +328,95 @@ impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindMemories {
     ) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{:#?}", &state.memories[index])
     }
+    fn state_index<'a>(
+        state: &'a Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_mut<'a>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        &mut state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(
+        _state: &Self::State,
+        _part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        true
+    }
+    fn state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+        _state: &Self::State,
+        part_index_range: StatePartIndexRange<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        part_index_range.len.value > 0
+    }
+    fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(_state: &mut Self::State) {}
+    fn borrowed_state_index<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index_mut<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        &mut state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_get_disjoint_mut<'a, 'b, const N: usize>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_indexes: [StatePartIndex<Self>; N],
+    ) -> [&'a mut Self::StateElement; N] {
+        state
+            .get_disjoint_mut(part_indexes.map(StatePartIndex::as_usize))
+            .expect("indexes are disjoint")
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Default)]
+pub(crate) struct StateAndModified<T, M> {
+    pub(crate) state: T,
+    pub(crate) modified: M,
+}
+
+impl<T: Deref<Target = [E]>, M: Deref<Target = [bool]>, E: fmt::Debug> fmt::Debug
+    for StateAndModified<T, M>
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_list()
+            .entries(self.state.iter().zip(self.modified.iter().copied()).map(
+                |(state, modified)| {
+                    fmt::from_fn(move |f| {
+                        state.fmt(f)?;
+                        if modified {
+                            f.write_str(" (modified)")?;
+                        }
+                        Ok(())
+                    })
+                },
+            ))
+            .finish()
+    }
 }
 
 impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindSmallSlots {
     const NAME: &'static str = "SmallSlots";
     type DebugData = SlotDebugData;
     type LayoutData = ();
-    type State = Box<[SmallUInt]>;
+    type State = StateAndModified<Box<[Self::StateElement]>, Box<[bool]>>;
-    type BorrowedState<'a> = &'a mut [SmallUInt];
+    type BorrowedState<'a> = StateAndModified<&'a mut [Self::StateElement], &'a mut [bool]>;
+    type StateElement = SmallUInt;
     fn new_state(layout_data: &[Self::LayoutData]) -> Self::State {
-        vec![0; layout_data.len()].into_boxed_slice()
+        StateAndModified {
+            state: vec![0; layout_data.len()].into_boxed_slice(),
+            modified: vec![false; layout_data.len()].into_boxed_slice(),
+        }
     }
     fn borrow_state<'a>(state: &'a mut Self::State) -> Self::BorrowedState<'a> {
-        state
+        let StateAndModified { state, modified } = state;
+        StateAndModified { state, modified }
     }
     fn part_debug_data<BK: InsnsBuildingKind>(
         state_layout: &StateLayout<BK>,
@@ -330,19 +437,80 @@ impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindSmallSlots {
         write!(f, "{value:#x} {}", value as SmallSInt)?;
         Ok(())
     }
+    fn state_index<'a>(
+        state: &'a Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_mut<'a>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        &mut state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index_range: StatePartIndexRange<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        state.modified[part_index_range.start.as_usize()..]
+            [..part_index_range.len.as_index().as_usize()]
+            .contains(&true)
+    }
+    fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(state: &mut Self::State) {
+        state.modified.fill(false);
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index_mut<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        &mut state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_get_disjoint_mut<'a, 'b, const N: usize>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_indexes: [StatePartIndex<Self>; N],
+    ) -> [&'a mut Self::StateElement; N] {
+        for part_index in part_indexes {
+            state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        }
+        state
+            .state
+            .get_disjoint_mut(part_indexes.map(StatePartIndex::as_usize))
+            .expect("indexes are disjoint")
+    }
 }
 
 impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindBigSlots {
     const NAME: &'static str = "BigSlots";
     type DebugData = SlotDebugData;
     type LayoutData = ();
-    type State = Box<[BigInt]>;
+    type State = StateAndModified<Box<[Self::StateElement]>, Box<[bool]>>;
-    type BorrowedState<'a> = &'a mut [BigInt];
+    type BorrowedState<'a> = StateAndModified<&'a mut [Self::StateElement], &'a mut [bool]>;
+    type StateElement = BigInt;
     fn new_state(layout_data: &[Self::LayoutData]) -> Self::State {
-        layout_data.iter().map(|_| BigInt::default()).collect()
+        let state: Box<[_]> = layout_data.iter().map(|_| BigInt::default()).collect();
+        StateAndModified {
+            modified: vec![false; state.len()].into_boxed_slice(),
+            state,
+        }
     }
     fn borrow_state<'a>(state: &'a mut Self::State) -> Self::BorrowedState<'a> {
-        state
+        let StateAndModified { state, modified } = state;
+        StateAndModified { state, modified }
     }
     fn part_debug_data<BK: InsnsBuildingKind>(
         state_layout: &StateLayout<BK>,
@@ -361,19 +529,80 @@ impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindBigSlots {
     ) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{:#x}", state.big_slots[index])
     }
+    fn state_index<'a>(
+        state: &'a Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_mut<'a>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        &mut state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index_range: StatePartIndexRange<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        state.modified[part_index_range.start.as_usize()..]
+            [..part_index_range.len.as_index().as_usize()]
+            .contains(&true)
+    }
+    fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(state: &mut Self::State) {
+        state.modified.fill(false);
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index_mut<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        &mut state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_get_disjoint_mut<'a, 'b, const N: usize>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_indexes: [StatePartIndex<Self>; N],
+    ) -> [&'a mut Self::StateElement; N] {
+        for part_index in part_indexes {
+            state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        }
+        state
+            .state
+            .get_disjoint_mut(part_indexes.map(StatePartIndex::as_usize))
+            .expect("indexes are disjoint")
+    }
 }
 
 impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindSimOnlySlots {
     const NAME: &'static str = "SimOnlySlots";
     type DebugData = SlotDebugData;
     type LayoutData = DynSimOnly;
-    type State = Box<[DynSimOnlyValue]>;
+    type State = StateAndModified<Box<[Self::StateElement]>, Box<[bool]>>;
-    type BorrowedState<'a> = &'a mut [DynSimOnlyValue];
+    type BorrowedState<'a> = StateAndModified<&'a mut [Self::StateElement], &'a mut [bool]>;
+    type StateElement = DynSimOnlyValue;
     fn new_state(layout_data: &[Self::LayoutData]) -> Self::State {
-        layout_data.iter().map(|ty| ty.default_value()).collect()
+        let state: Box<[_]> = layout_data.iter().map(|ty| ty.default_value()).collect();
+        StateAndModified {
+            modified: vec![false; state.len()].into_boxed_slice(),
+            state,
+        }
     }
     fn borrow_state<'a>(state: &'a mut Self::State) -> Self::BorrowedState<'a> {
-        state
+        let StateAndModified { state, modified } = state;
+        StateAndModified { state, modified }
     }
     fn part_debug_data<BK: InsnsBuildingKind>(
         state_layout: &StateLayout<BK>,
@@ -392,6 +621,61 @@ impl StatePartKind for StatePartKindSimOnlySlots {
     ) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(f, "{:?}", state.sim_only_slots[index])
     }
+    fn state_index<'a>(
+        state: &'a Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_mut<'a>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        &mut state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_fetch_maybe_modified_flag(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn state_index_range_fetch_maybe_modified_flags(
+        state: &Self::State,
+        part_index_range: StatePartIndexRange<Self>,
+    ) -> bool {
+        state.modified[part_index_range.start.as_usize()..]
+            [..part_index_range.len.as_index().as_usize()]
+            .contains(&true)
+    }
+    fn clear_all_maybe_modified_flags(state: &mut Self::State) {
+        state.modified.fill(false);
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a Self::StateElement {
+        &state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_index_mut<'a, 'b>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_index: StatePartIndex<Self>,
+    ) -> &'a mut Self::StateElement {
+        state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        &mut state.state[part_index.as_usize()]
+    }
+    fn borrowed_state_get_disjoint_mut<'a, 'b, const N: usize>(
+        state: &'a mut Self::BorrowedState<'b>,
+        part_indexes: [StatePartIndex<Self>; N],
+    ) -> [&'a mut Self::StateElement; N] {
+        for part_index in part_indexes {
+            state.modified[part_index.as_usize()] = true;
+        }
+        state
+            .state
+            .get_disjoint_mut(part_indexes.map(StatePartIndex::as_usize))
+            .expect("indexes are disjoint")
+    }
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash)]

crates/fayalite/src/sim/value.rs

@@ -15,23 +15,23 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
         CanonicalType, OpaqueSimValue, OpaqueSimValueSize, OpaqueSimValueSlice,
-        OpaqueSimValueWriter, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        OpaqueSimValueWriter, SimValueDebug, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties,
+        impl_match_variant_as_self,
     },
     util::{
-        ConstUsize, HashMap,
+        ConstUsize,
         alternating_cell::{AlternatingCell, AlternatingCellMethods},
+        serde_by_id::{SerdeById, SerdeByIdProperties, SerdeByIdTable, SerdeByIdTrait},
     },
 };
 use bitvec::{slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};
-use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer, de::Error as _, ser::Error as _};
 use std::{
     borrow::{Borrow, BorrowMut, Cow},
-    fmt::{self, Write},
+    fmt,
-    hash::{BuildHasher, Hash, Hasher, RandomState},
     num::NonZero,
     ops::{Deref, DerefMut, Index, IndexMut},
-    sync::{Arc, Mutex},
+    sync::Arc,
 };
 
 pub(crate) mod sim_only_value_unsafe;
@@ -551,113 +551,119 @@ impl_sim_value_cmp_as_bool!(AsyncReset);
 
 #[doc(hidden)]
 pub mod match_sim_value {
-    use crate::{
+    use crate::{sim::value::SimValue, ty::Type};
-        sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValue},
+    use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-        ty::Type,
+
+    macro_rules! wrapper {
+        (
+            $(pub struct $wrapper:ident<$T:ident>($inner:ty);)*
+        ) => {
+            $(#[doc(hidden)]
+            pub struct $wrapper<$T>($inner);
+
+            impl<$T> $wrapper<$T> {
+                #[inline(always)]
+                pub fn new(value: $T) -> Self {
+                    Self(<$inner>::new(value))
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl<$T> Deref for $wrapper<$T> {
+                type Target = $inner;
+
+                #[inline(always)]
+                fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+                    &self.0
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl<$T> DerefMut for $wrapper<$T> {
+                #[inline(always)]
+                fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+                    &mut self.0
+                }
+            })*
         };
+    }
+
+    wrapper! {
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutSimValue<T>);
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefSimValue<T>);
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefRefSimValue<T>);
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefRefSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefMutSimValue<T>);
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefMutSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutRefSimValue<T>);
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutRefSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutMutSimValue<T>);
+        pub struct MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutMutSimValue<T>(MatchSimValueHelperIdentity<T>);
+    }
+
+    impl<T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckSimValue<SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> T::SimValue {
+            SimValue::into_value(self.take())
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<'a, T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutSimValue<&'a mut SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> &'a mut T::SimValue {
+            self.take()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<'a, T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefSimValue<&'a SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> &'a T::SimValue {
+            self.take()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<'a, 'b, T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefRefSimValue<&'a &'b SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> &'b T::SimValue {
+            self.take()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<'a, 'b, T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckRefMutSimValue<&'a &'b mut SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> &'a T::SimValue {
+            self.take()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<'a, 'b, T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutRefSimValue<&'a mut &'b SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> &'b T::SimValue {
+            self.take()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<'a, 'b, T: Type> MatchSimValueHelperCheckMutMutSimValue<&'a mut &'b mut SimValue<T>> {
+        #[inline(always)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> &'a mut T::SimValue {
+            self.take()
+        }
+    }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub struct MatchSimValueHelper<T>(Option<T>);
+    pub struct MatchSimValueHelperIdentity<T>(Option<T>);
 
-    impl<T> MatchSimValueHelper<T> {
+    impl<T> MatchSimValueHelperIdentity<T> {
-        pub fn new(v: T) -> Self {
+        fn new(v: T) -> Self {
             Self(Some(v))
         }
+        #[inline(always)]
+        fn take(&mut self) -> T {
+            self.0.take().expect("known to be Some")
         }
-
+        #[inline(always)]
-    #[doc(hidden)]
+        pub fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> T {
-    pub trait MatchSimValue {
+            self.take()
-        type MatchValue;
-
-        /// use `self` so it comes first in the method resolution order
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue
-        where
-            Self: Sized;
-    }
-
-    impl<T: Type> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<SimValue<T>> {
-        type MatchValue = T::SimValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            SimValue::into_value(self.0.expect("should be Some"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T: Type> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<&'a SimValue<T>> {
-        type MatchValue = &'a T::SimValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            SimValue::value(self.0.expect("should be Some"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T: Type> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<&'a mut SimValue<T>> {
-        type MatchValue = &'a mut T::SimValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            SimValue::value_mut(self.0.expect("should be Some"))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<&'_ &'a T>
-    where
-        MatchSimValueHelper<&'a T>: MatchSimValue,
-    {
-        type MatchValue = <MatchSimValueHelper<&'a T> as MatchSimValue>::MatchValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            MatchSimValue::__fayalite_match_sim_value(MatchSimValueHelper(self.0.map(|v| *v)))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<&'_ mut &'a T>
-    where
-        MatchSimValueHelper<&'a T>: MatchSimValue,
-    {
-        type MatchValue = <MatchSimValueHelper<&'a T> as MatchSimValue>::MatchValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            MatchSimValue::__fayalite_match_sim_value(MatchSimValueHelper(self.0.map(|v| *v)))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<&'a &'_ mut T>
-    where
-        MatchSimValueHelper<&'a T>: MatchSimValue,
-    {
-        type MatchValue = <MatchSimValueHelper<&'a T> as MatchSimValue>::MatchValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            MatchSimValue::__fayalite_match_sim_value(MatchSimValueHelper(self.0.map(|v| &**v)))
-        }
-    }
-
-    impl<'a, T> MatchSimValue for MatchSimValueHelper<&'a mut &'_ mut T>
-    where
-        MatchSimValueHelper<&'a mut T>: MatchSimValue,
-    {
-        type MatchValue = <MatchSimValueHelper<&'a mut T> as MatchSimValue>::MatchValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            MatchSimValue::__fayalite_match_sim_value(MatchSimValueHelper(self.0.map(|v| &mut **v)))
         }
     }
 
     #[doc(hidden)]
-    pub trait MatchSimValueFallback {
+    pub type MatchSimValueHelper<T> = MatchSimValueHelperCheckSimValue<T>;
-        type MatchValue;
-
-        /// use `&mut self` so it comes later in the method resolution order than MatchSimValue
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> Self::MatchValue;
-    }
-
-    impl<T: ToSimValue> MatchSimValueFallback for MatchSimValueHelper<T> {
-        type MatchValue = <T::Type as Type>::SimValue;
-
-        fn __fayalite_match_sim_value(&mut self) -> Self::MatchValue {
-            SimValue::into_value(self.0.take().expect("should be Some").into_sim_value())
-        }
-    }
 }
 
 pub trait ToSimValue: ToSimValueWithType<<Self as ValueType>::Type> + ValueType {
@@ -1091,7 +1097,8 @@ impl ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for bool {
             | CanonicalType::Enum(_)
             | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
             | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_)
-            | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_) => {
+            | CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(_)
+            | CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => {
                 panic!("can't create SimValue from bool: expected value of type: {ty:?}");
             }
             CanonicalType::Bool(_)
@@ -1220,80 +1227,17 @@ macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value {
 impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value!(UIntValue, UInt, UIntType);
 impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value!(SIntValue, SInt, SIntType);
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+impl SerdeByIdTrait for DynSimOnly {
-struct DynSimOnlySerdeTableRest {
+    fn serde_by_id_properties(&self) -> SerdeByIdProperties<Self> {
-    from_serde: HashMap<DynSimOnlySerdeId, DynSimOnly>,
+        self.serde_by_id_properties_inner()
-    serde_id_random_state: RandomState,
-    buffer: String,
     }
 
-impl DynSimOnlySerdeTableRest {
+    fn static_table() -> &'static SerdeByIdTable<Self> {
-    #[cold]
+        static TABLE: SerdeByIdTable<DynSimOnly> = SerdeByIdTable::new();
-    fn add_new(&mut self, ty: DynSimOnly) -> DynSimOnlySerdeId {
+        &TABLE
-        let mut try_number = 0u64;
-        let mut hasher = self.serde_id_random_state.build_hasher();
-        // extract more bits of randomness from TypeId -- its Hash impl only hashes 64-bits
-        write!(self.buffer, "{:?}", ty.type_id()).expect("shouldn't ever fail");
-        self.buffer.hash(&mut hasher);
-        loop {
-            let mut hasher = hasher.clone();
-            try_number.hash(&mut hasher);
-            try_number += 1;
-            let retval = DynSimOnlySerdeId(std::array::from_fn(|i| {
-                let mut hasher = hasher.clone();
-                i.hash(&mut hasher);
-                hasher.finish() as u32
-            }));
-            match self.from_serde.entry(retval) {
-                Entry::Occupied(_) => continue,
-                Entry::Vacant(e) => {
-                    e.insert(ty);
-                    return retval;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
     }
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+    const NAME: &'static str = "DynSimOnly";
-struct DynSimOnlySerdeTable {
-    to_serde: HashMap<DynSimOnly, DynSimOnlySerdeId>,
-    rest: DynSimOnlySerdeTableRest,
-}
-
-static DYN_SIM_ONLY_VALUE_TYPE_SERDE_TABLE: Mutex<Option<DynSimOnlySerdeTable>> = Mutex::new(None);
-
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-#[serde(transparent)]
-struct DynSimOnlySerdeId([u32; 4]);
-
-impl From<DynSimOnly> for DynSimOnlySerdeId {
-    fn from(ty: DynSimOnly) -> Self {
-        let mut locked = DYN_SIM_ONLY_VALUE_TYPE_SERDE_TABLE
-            .lock()
-            .expect("shouldn't be poison");
-        let DynSimOnlySerdeTable { to_serde, rest } = locked.get_or_insert_default();
-        match to_serde.entry(ty) {
-            Entry::Occupied(occupied_entry) => *occupied_entry.get(),
-            Entry::Vacant(vacant_entry) => *vacant_entry.insert(rest.add_new(ty)),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl DynSimOnlySerdeId {
-    fn ty(self) -> Option<DynSimOnly> {
-        let locked = DYN_SIM_ONLY_VALUE_TYPE_SERDE_TABLE
-            .lock()
-            .expect("shouldn't be poison");
-        Some(*locked.as_ref()?.rest.from_serde.get(&self)?)
-    }
-}
-
-#[derive(Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
-struct DynSimOnlySerde<'a> {
-    random_id: DynSimOnlySerdeId,
-    #[serde(borrow)]
-    type_name: Cow<'a, str>,
 }
 
 impl Serialize for DynSimOnly {
@@ -1301,11 +1245,7 @@ impl Serialize for DynSimOnly {
     where
         S: Serializer,
     {
-        DynSimOnlySerde {
+        SerdeById { inner: *self }.serialize(serializer)
-            random_id: (*self).into(),
-            type_name: Cow::Borrowed(self.type_name()),
-        }
-        .serialize(serializer)
     }
 }
 
@@ -1314,16 +1254,7 @@ impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for DynSimOnly {
     where
         D: Deserializer<'de>,
     {
-        let deserialized = DynSimOnlySerde::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(SerdeById::deserialize(deserializer)?.inner)
-        let retval = deserialized
-            .random_id
-            .ty()
-            .filter(|ty| ty.type_name() == deserialized.type_name);
-        retval.ok_or_else(|| {
-            D::Error::custom(
-                "doesn't match any DynSimOnly that was serialized this time this program was run",
-            )
-        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -1394,6 +1325,15 @@ impl Type for DynSimOnly {
     }
 }
 
+impl SimValueDebug for DynSimOnly {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: SimOnlyValueTrait> Type for SimOnly<T> {
     type BaseType = DynSimOnly;
     type MaskType = Bool;
@@ -1459,6 +1399,15 @@ impl<T: SimOnlyValueTrait> Type for SimOnly<T> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: SimOnlyValueTrait> SimValueDebug for SimOnly<T> {
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        fmt::Debug::fmt(value, f)
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: SimOnlyValueTrait> StaticType for SimOnly<T> {
     const TYPE: Self = Self::new();
 

crates/fayalite/src/sim/value/sim_only_value_unsafe.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@
 
 //! `unsafe` parts of [`DynSimOnlyValue`]
 
-use crate::expr::{ValueType, value_category::ValueCategoryValue};
+use crate::{
+    expr::{ValueType, value_category::ValueCategoryValue},
+    util::serde_by_id::SerdeByIdProperties,
+};
 use serde::{Serialize, de::DeserializeOwned};
 use std::{
     any::{self, TypeId},
@@ -33,6 +36,7 @@ unsafe trait DynSimOnlyTrait: 'static + Send + Sync {
         &self,
         json_str: &str,
     ) -> serde_json::Result<Rc<dyn DynSimOnlyValueTrait>>;
+    fn serde_by_id_properties_inner(&self) -> SerdeByIdProperties<DynSimOnly>;
 }
 
 /// Safety: `type_id_dyn` is implemented correctly
@@ -55,6 +59,9 @@ unsafe impl<T: SimOnlyValueTrait> DynSimOnlyTrait for SimOnly<T> {
     ) -> serde_json::Result<Rc<dyn DynSimOnlyValueTrait>> {
         Ok(Rc::<T>::new(serde_json::from_str(json_str)?))
     }
+    fn serde_by_id_properties_inner(&self) -> SerdeByIdProperties<DynSimOnly> {
+        SerdeByIdProperties::of::<T>()
+    }
 }
 
 /// Safety:
@@ -151,6 +158,9 @@ impl DynSimOnly {
     pub fn default_value(self) -> DynSimOnlyValue {
         DynSimOnlyValue(self.ty.default_value())
     }
+    pub(super) fn serde_by_id_properties_inner(self) -> SerdeByIdProperties<Self> {
+        self.ty.serde_by_id_properties_inner()
+    }
 }
 
 impl PartialEq for DynSimOnly {

crates/fayalite/src/sim/vcd.rs

@@ -9,26 +9,44 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::PhantomConst,
     sim::{
         TraceArray, TraceAsyncReset, TraceBool, TraceBundle, TraceClock, TraceDecl,
-        TraceEnumDiscriminant, TraceEnumWithFields, TraceFieldlessEnum, TraceInstance,
+        TraceEnumDiscriminant, TraceEnumWithFields, TraceFieldlessEnum, TraceFormalInput,
-        TraceLocation, TraceMem, TraceMemPort, TraceMemoryId, TraceMemoryLocation, TraceModule,
+        TraceInstance, TraceLocation, TraceMem, TraceMemPort, TraceMemoryId, TraceMemoryLocation,
-        TraceModuleIO, TracePhantomConst, TraceReg, TraceSInt, TraceScalar, TraceScalarId,
+        TraceModule, TraceModuleIO, TracePhantomConst, TraceReg, TraceSInt, TraceScalar,
-        TraceScope, TraceSimOnly, TraceSyncReset, TraceUInt, TraceWire, TraceWriter,
+        TraceScalarId, TraceScope, TraceSimOnly, TraceSyncReset, TraceTraceAsString, TraceUInt,
-        TraceWriterDecls,
+        TraceWire, TraceWriter, TraceWriterDecls,
         time::{SimDuration, SimInstant},
         value::DynSimOnlyValue,
     },
+    ty::{OpaqueSimValueSlice, TraceAsString},
     util::HashMap,
 };
 use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, slice::BitSlice};
 use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
+use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
 use std::{
+    collections::BTreeMap,
     fmt::{self, Write as _},
     io, mem,
+    num::NonZeroU64,
 };
 
-#[derive(Default)]
+#[derive(Default, Clone)]
+struct PathHash(Sha256);
+
+impl PathHash {
+    fn joined(mut self, segment: impl AsRef<[u8]>) -> Self {
+        let segment = segment.as_ref();
+        self.0.update(u32::to_le_bytes(
+            segment.len().try_into().expect("path segment is too big"),
+        ));
+        self.0.update(segment);
+        self
+    }
+}
+
 struct Scope {
     last_inserted: HashMap<Interned<str>, usize>,
+    path_hash: PathHash,
 }
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
@@ -61,6 +79,13 @@ impl fmt::Display for VerilogIdentifier {
 }
 
 impl Scope {
+    fn new(path_hash: PathHash) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            last_inserted: Default::default(),
+            path_hash,
+        }
+    }
+
     fn new_identifier(&mut self, unescaped_name: Interned<str>) -> VerilogIdentifier {
         let next_disambiguator = match self.last_inserted.entry(unescaped_name) {
             Entry::Vacant(entry) => {
@@ -163,6 +188,26 @@ impl<W: io::Write> fmt::Debug for VcdWriterDecls<W> {
     }
 }
 
+/// pass in scope to ensure it's not available in child scope
+fn try_write_vcd_scope<W: io::Write, R>(
+    writer: &mut W,
+    scope_type: &str,
+    scope_name: Interned<str>,
+    scope: Option<&mut Scope>,
+    f: impl FnOnce(&mut W, Option<&mut Scope>) -> io::Result<R>,
+) -> io::Result<R> {
+    let Some(scope) = scope else {
+        return f(writer, None);
+    };
+    write_vcd_scope(
+        writer,
+        scope_type,
+        scope_name,
+        scope,
+        move |writer, scope| f(writer, Some(scope)),
+    )
+}
+
 /// pass in scope to ensure it's not available in child scope
 fn write_vcd_scope<W: io::Write, R>(
     writer: &mut W,
@@ -171,12 +216,10 @@ fn write_vcd_scope<W: io::Write, R>(
     scope: &mut Scope,
     f: impl FnOnce(&mut W, &mut Scope) -> io::Result<R>,
 ) -> io::Result<R> {
-    writeln!(
+    let path_hash = scope.path_hash.clone().joined(scope_name);
-        writer,
+    let scope_name = scope.new_identifier(scope_name);
-        "$scope {scope_type} {} $end",
+    writeln!(writer, "$scope {scope_type} {scope_name} $end")?;
-        scope.new_identifier(scope_name),
+    let retval = f(writer, &mut Scope::new(path_hash))?;
-    )?;
-    let retval = f(writer, &mut Scope::default())?;
     writeln!(writer, "$upscope $end")?;
     Ok(retval)
 }
@@ -216,6 +259,7 @@ trait_arg! {
 struct ArgModule<'a> {
     properties: &'a mut VcdWriterProperties,
     scope: &'a mut Scope,
+    instance_name: Option<Interned<str>>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ArgModule<'a> {
@@ -223,6 +267,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgModule<'a> {
         ArgModule {
             properties: self.properties,
             scope: self.scope,
+            instance_name: self.instance_name,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -246,7 +291,7 @@ struct ArgInType<'a> {
     sink_var_type: &'static str,
     duplex_var_type: &'static str,
     properties: &'a mut VcdWriterProperties,
-    scope: &'a mut Scope,
+    scope: Option<&'a mut Scope>,
 }
 
 impl<'a> ArgInType<'a> {
@@ -256,7 +301,7 @@ impl<'a> ArgInType<'a> {
             sink_var_type: self.sink_var_type,
             duplex_var_type: self.duplex_var_type,
             properties: self.properties,
-            scope: self.scope,
+            scope: self.scope.as_deref_mut(),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -287,23 +332,83 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceScalar {
             Self::AsyncReset(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::PhantomConst(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::SimOnly(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
+            Self::TraceAsString(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
         }
     }
 }
 
-fn write_vcd_id<W: io::Write>(writer: &mut W, mut id: usize) -> io::Result<()> {
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
-    let min_char = b'!';
+#[repr(transparent)]
-    let max_char = b'~';
+struct VcdId(NonZeroU64);
-    let base = (max_char - min_char + 1) as usize;
+
+impl VcdId {
+    const CHAR_RANGE: std::ops::RangeInclusive<u8> = b'!'..=b'~';
+    const BASE: u8 = *Self::CHAR_RANGE.end() - *Self::CHAR_RANGE.start() + 1;
+    const LOW_HALF_CHARS: u32 = 5;
+    const LOW_HALF_MODULUS: u64 = (Self::BASE as u64).pow(Self::LOW_HALF_CHARS);
+
+    const fn from_str(s: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        if s.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let mut retval = 0u64;
+        let mut bytes = s.as_bytes();
+        while let [ref rest @ .., digit] = *bytes {
+            bytes = rest;
+            let Some(digit) = digit.checked_sub(*Self::CHAR_RANGE.start()) else {
+                return None;
+            };
+            if digit >= Self::BASE {
+                return None;
+            }
+            let Some(v) = retval.checked_mul(Self::BASE as _) else {
+                return None;
+            };
+            let Some(v) = v.checked_add(digit as _) else {
+                return None;
+            };
+            retval = v;
+        }
+        let Some(retval) = NonZeroU64::new(retval) else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some(Self(retval))
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    const fn write(self, out: &mut [u8]) -> usize {
+        let mut id = self.0.get();
+        let mut len = 0;
         loop {
-        let digit = (id % base) as u8 + min_char;
+            let digit = (id % Self::BASE as u64) as u8 + *Self::CHAR_RANGE.start();
-        id /= base;
+            id /= Self::BASE as u64;
-        writer.write_all(&[digit])?;
+            if len < out.len() {
+                out[len] = digit;
+            }
+            len += 1;
             if id == 0 {
                 break;
             }
         }
-    Ok(())
+        len
+    }
+    const MAX_ID_LEN: usize = Self(NonZeroU64::MAX).write(&mut []);
+}
+
+/// check that VcdId properly round-trips
+const _: () = {
+    let s = "RoundTrip";
+    let Some(id) = VcdId::from_str(s) else {
+        unreachable!();
+    };
+    let mut buf = [0u8; VcdId::MAX_ID_LEN];
+    let len = id.write(&mut buf);
+    assert!(crate::util::const_bytes_cmp(buf.split_at(len).0, s.as_bytes()).is_eq());
+};
+
+fn write_vcd_id<W: io::Write>(writer: &mut W, id: VcdId) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let mut buf = [0u8; VcdId::MAX_ID_LEN];
+    let len = id.write(&mut buf);
+    writer.write_all(&buf[..len])
 }
 
 struct Escaped<T: fmt::Display>(T);
@@ -346,12 +451,13 @@ impl<T: fmt::Display> fmt::Display for Escaped<T> {
 
 fn write_vcd_var<W: io::Write>(
     properties: &mut VcdWriterProperties,
+    scope: Option<&mut Scope>,
     memory_element_part_body: MemoryElementPartBody,
     writer: &mut W,
     var_type: &str,
     size: usize,
     location: TraceLocation,
-    name: VerilogIdentifier,
+    name: Interned<str>,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
     let id = match location {
         TraceLocation::Scalar(id) => id.as_usize(),
@@ -384,9 +490,21 @@ fn write_vcd_var<W: io::Write>(
             first_id + *element_index
         }
     };
+    if let Some(scope) = scope {
+        let path_hash = scope.path_hash.clone().joined(name);
+        let name = scope.new_identifier(name);
+        let id = properties
+            .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+            .builder_get_or_insert(id, &path_hash);
         write!(writer, "$var {var_type} {size} ")?;
         write_vcd_id(writer, id)?;
         writeln!(writer, " {name} $end")
+    } else {
+        properties
+            .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+            .builder_unused_scalar_id(id);
+        Ok(())
+    }
 }
 
 impl WriteTrace for TraceUInt {
@@ -414,12 +532,13 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceUInt {
         }
         write_vcd_var(
             properties,
+            scope,
             MemoryElementPartBody::Scalar,
             writer,
             var_type,
             ty.width(),
             location,
-            scope.new_identifier(name),
+            name,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -494,12 +613,13 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceEnumDiscriminant {
         } = self;
         write_vcd_var(
             properties,
+            scope,
             MemoryElementPartBody::EnumDiscriminant { ty },
             writer,
             "string",
             1,
             location,
-            scope.new_identifier(name),
+            name,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -569,12 +689,13 @@ impl WriteTrace for TracePhantomConst {
         } = self;
         write_vcd_var(
             properties,
+            scope,
             MemoryElementPartBody::Scalar,
             writer,
             "string",
             1,
             location,
-            scope.new_identifier(name),
+            name,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -596,12 +717,41 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceSimOnly {
         } = self;
         write_vcd_var(
             properties,
+            scope,
             MemoryElementPartBody::Scalar,
             writer,
             "string",
             1,
             location,
-            scope.new_identifier(name),
+            name,
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl WriteTrace for TraceTraceAsString {
+    fn write_trace<W: io::Write, A: Arg>(self, writer: &mut W, mut arg: A) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let ArgInType {
+            source_var_type: _,
+            sink_var_type: _,
+            duplex_var_type: _,
+            properties,
+            scope,
+        } = arg.in_type();
+        let Self {
+            location,
+            name,
+            ty,
+            flow: _,
+        } = self;
+        write_vcd_var(
+            properties,
+            scope,
+            MemoryElementPartBody::TraceAsString { ty },
+            writer,
+            "string",
+            1,
+            location,
+            name,
         )
     }
 }
@@ -616,6 +766,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceScope {
             Self::Wire(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::Reg(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::ModuleIO(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
+            Self::FormalInput(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::Bundle(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::Array(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
             Self::EnumWithFields(v) => v.write_trace(writer, arg),
@@ -625,14 +776,24 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceScope {
 
 impl WriteTrace for TraceModule {
     fn write_trace<W: io::Write, A: Arg>(self, writer: &mut W, mut arg: A) -> io::Result<()> {
-        let ArgModule { properties, scope } = arg.module();
+        let ArgModule {
+            properties,
+            scope,
+            instance_name,
+        } = arg.module();
         let Self { name, children } = self;
-        write_vcd_scope(writer, "module", name, scope, |writer, scope| {
+        write_vcd_scope(
+            writer,
+            "module",
+            instance_name.unwrap_or(name),
+            scope,
+            |writer, scope| {
                 for child in children {
                     child.write_trace(writer, ArgModuleBody { properties, scope })?;
                 }
                 Ok(())
-        })
+            },
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -640,7 +801,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceInstance {
     fn write_trace<W: io::Write, A: Arg>(self, writer: &mut W, mut arg: A) -> io::Result<()> {
         let ArgModuleBody { properties, scope } = arg.module_body();
         let Self {
-            name: _,
+            name,
             instance_io,
             module,
             ty: _,
@@ -652,10 +813,17 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceInstance {
                 sink_var_type: "wire",
                 duplex_var_type: "wire",
                 properties,
-                scope,
+                scope: None,
             },
         )?;
-        module.write_trace(writer, ArgModule { properties, scope })
+        module.write_trace(
+            writer,
+            ArgModule {
+                properties,
+                scope,
+                instance_name: Some(name),
+            },
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -694,7 +862,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceMem {
                                         sink_var_type: "reg",
                                         duplex_var_type: "reg",
                                         properties,
-                                        scope,
+                                        scope: Some(scope),
                                     },
                                 )
                             },
@@ -726,7 +894,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceMemPort {
                 sink_var_type: "wire",
                 duplex_var_type: "wire",
                 properties,
-                scope,
+                scope: Some(scope),
             },
         )
     }
@@ -747,7 +915,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceWire {
                 sink_var_type: "wire",
                 duplex_var_type: "wire",
                 properties,
-                scope,
+                scope: Some(scope),
             },
         )
     }
@@ -768,7 +936,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceReg {
                 sink_var_type: "reg",
                 duplex_var_type: "reg",
                 properties,
-                scope,
+                scope: Some(scope),
             },
         )
     }
@@ -790,7 +958,28 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceModuleIO {
                 sink_var_type: "wire",
                 duplex_var_type: "wire",
                 properties,
-                scope,
+                scope: Some(scope),
+            },
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl WriteTrace for TraceFormalInput {
+    fn write_trace<W: io::Write, A: Arg>(self, writer: &mut W, mut arg: A) -> io::Result<()> {
+        let ArgModuleBody { properties, scope } = arg.module_body();
+        let Self {
+            name: _,
+            child,
+            formal_input: _,
+        } = self;
+        child.write_trace(
+            writer,
+            ArgInType {
+                source_var_type: "wire",
+                sink_var_type: "wire",
+                duplex_var_type: "wire",
+                properties,
+                scope: Some(scope),
             },
         )
     }
@@ -811,7 +1000,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceBundle {
             ty: _,
             flow: _,
         } = self;
-        write_vcd_scope(writer, "struct", name, scope, |writer, scope| {
+        try_write_vcd_scope(writer, "struct", name, scope, |writer, mut scope| {
             for field in fields {
                 field.write_trace(
                     writer,
@@ -820,7 +1009,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceBundle {
                         sink_var_type,
                         duplex_var_type,
                         properties,
-                        scope,
+                        scope: scope.as_deref_mut(),
                     },
                 )?;
             }
@@ -844,7 +1033,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceArray {
             ty: _,
             flow: _,
         } = self;
-        write_vcd_scope(writer, "struct", name, scope, |writer, scope| {
+        try_write_vcd_scope(writer, "struct", name, scope, |writer, mut scope| {
             for element in elements {
                 element.write_trace(
                     writer,
@@ -853,7 +1042,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceArray {
                         sink_var_type,
                         duplex_var_type,
                         properties,
-                        scope,
+                        scope: scope.as_deref_mut(),
                     },
                 )?;
             }
@@ -878,7 +1067,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceEnumWithFields {
             ty: _,
             flow: _,
         } = self;
-        write_vcd_scope(writer, "struct", name, scope, |writer, scope| {
+        try_write_vcd_scope(writer, "struct", name, scope, |writer, mut scope| {
             discriminant.write_trace(
                 writer,
                 ArgInType {
@@ -886,7 +1075,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceEnumWithFields {
                     sink_var_type,
                     duplex_var_type,
                     properties,
-                    scope,
+                    scope: scope.as_deref_mut(),
                 },
             )?;
             for field in non_empty_fields {
@@ -897,7 +1086,7 @@ impl WriteTrace for TraceEnumWithFields {
                         sink_var_type,
                         duplex_var_type,
                         properties,
-                        scope,
+                        scope: scope.as_deref_mut(),
                     },
                 )?;
             }
@@ -923,6 +1112,9 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriterDecls for VcdWriterDecls<W> {
         writeln!(writer, "$timescale {} $end", vcd_timescale(timescale))?;
         let mut properties = VcdWriterProperties {
             next_scalar_id: trace_scalar_id_count,
+            scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map: ScalarIdToVcdIdMapOrBuilder::Builder(
+                ScalarIdToVcdIdMapBuilder::default(),
+            ),
             memory_properties: (0..trace_memory_id_count)
                 .map(|_| MemoryProperties {
                     element_parts: Vec::with_capacity(8),
@@ -935,9 +1127,17 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriterDecls for VcdWriterDecls<W> {
             &mut writer,
             ArgModule {
                 properties: &mut properties,
-                scope: &mut Scope::default(),
+                scope: &mut Scope::new(PathHash::default()),
+                instance_name: None,
             },
         )?;
+        let ScalarIdToVcdIdMapOrBuilder::Builder(scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map_builder) =
+            properties.scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+        else {
+            unreachable!();
+        };
+        properties.scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map =
+            ScalarIdToVcdIdMapOrBuilder::Built(scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map_builder.build());
         writeln!(writer, "$enddefinitions $end")?;
         writeln!(writer, "$dumpvars")?;
         Ok(VcdWriter {
@@ -945,6 +1145,7 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriterDecls for VcdWriterDecls<W> {
             finished_init: false,
             timescale,
             properties,
+            trace_as_string_buf: String::with_capacity(256),
         })
     }
 }
@@ -952,6 +1153,7 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriterDecls for VcdWriterDecls<W> {
 enum MemoryElementPartBody {
     Scalar,
     EnumDiscriminant { ty: Enum },
+    TraceAsString { ty: TraceAsString },
 }
 
 struct MemoryElementPart {
@@ -967,8 +1169,100 @@ struct MemoryProperties {
     element_index: usize,
 }
 
+struct ScalarIdToVcdIdMap {
+    scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map: Box<[Option<VcdId>]>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Default)]
+struct ScalarIdToVcdIdMapBuilder {
+    scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map: BTreeMap<usize, Option<VcdId>>,
+    lower_half_to_next_upper_half_map: HashMap<u64, u64>,
+}
+
+impl ScalarIdToVcdIdMapBuilder {
+    fn unused_scalar_id(&mut self, scalar_id: usize) {
+        self.scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+            .entry(scalar_id)
+            .or_insert(None);
+    }
+    /// `VcdId`s are based off of `path_hash` (and not `scalar_id`) since the hash doesn't change
+    /// when unrelated variables are added/removed, making the generated VCD more friendly for git diff.
+    fn get_or_insert(&mut self, scalar_id: usize, path_hash: &PathHash) -> VcdId {
+        *self
+            .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+            .entry(scalar_id)
+            .or_insert(None)
+            .get_or_insert_with(|| {
+                let hash = u128::from_le_bytes(
+                    *path_hash
+                        .0
+                        .clone()
+                        .finalize()
+                        .first_chunk()
+                        .expect("known to be bigger than u128"),
+                );
+                let lower_half = (hash % VcdId::LOW_HALF_MODULUS as u128) as u64;
+                let next_upper_half = self
+                    .lower_half_to_next_upper_half_map
+                    .entry(lower_half)
+                    .or_insert(if lower_half == 0 { 1 } else { 0 });
+                let upper_half = *next_upper_half;
+                *next_upper_half += 1;
+                let Some(id) = upper_half
+                    .checked_mul(VcdId::LOW_HALF_MODULUS)
+                    .and_then(|v| v.checked_add(lower_half))
+                else {
+                    panic!("too many VcdIds");
+                };
+                VcdId(NonZeroU64::new(id).expect("known to not be zero"))
+            })
+    }
+    fn build(self) -> ScalarIdToVcdIdMap {
+        ScalarIdToVcdIdMap {
+            scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map: self
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .into_iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(|(index, (scalar_id, vcd_id))| {
+                    if index != scalar_id {
+                        panic!("missing scalar id {index}");
+                    }
+                    vcd_id
+                })
+                .collect(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+enum ScalarIdToVcdIdMapOrBuilder {
+    Builder(ScalarIdToVcdIdMapBuilder),
+    Built(ScalarIdToVcdIdMap),
+}
+
+impl ScalarIdToVcdIdMapOrBuilder {
+    fn built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(&self, scalar_id: usize) -> Option<VcdId> {
+        let Self::Built(v) = self else {
+            panic!("ScalarIdToVcdIdMap isn't built yet");
+        };
+        v.scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map[scalar_id]
+    }
+    fn builder_get_or_insert(&mut self, scalar_id: usize, path_hash: &PathHash) -> VcdId {
+        let Self::Builder(v) = self else {
+            panic!("ScalarIdToVcdIdMap is already built");
+        };
+        v.get_or_insert(scalar_id, path_hash)
+    }
+    fn builder_unused_scalar_id(&mut self, scalar_id: usize) {
+        let Self::Builder(v) = self else {
+            panic!("ScalarIdToVcdIdMap is already built");
+        };
+        v.unused_scalar_id(scalar_id)
+    }
+}
+
 struct VcdWriterProperties {
     next_scalar_id: usize,
+    scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map: ScalarIdToVcdIdMapOrBuilder,
     memory_properties: Box<[MemoryProperties]>,
 }
 
@@ -977,6 +1271,7 @@ pub struct VcdWriter<W: io::Write + 'static> {
     finished_init: bool,
     timescale: SimDuration,
     properties: VcdWriterProperties,
+    trace_as_string_buf: String,
 }
 
 impl<W: io::Write + 'static> VcdWriter<W> {
@@ -988,8 +1283,11 @@ impl<W: io::Write + 'static> VcdWriter<W> {
 fn write_string_value_change(
     writer: &mut impl io::Write,
     value: impl fmt::Display,
-    id: usize,
+    id: Option<VcdId>,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let Some(id) = id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
     write!(writer, "s{} ", Escaped(value))?;
     write_vcd_id(writer, id)?;
     writer.write_all(b"\n")
@@ -998,8 +1296,11 @@ fn write_string_value_change(
 fn write_bits_value_change(
     writer: &mut impl io::Write,
     value: &BitSlice,
-    id: usize,
+    id: Option<VcdId>,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
+    let Some(id) = id else {
+        return Ok(());
+    };
     match value.len() {
         0 => writer.write_all(b"s0 ")?,
         1 => writer.write_all(if value[0] { b"1" } else { b"0" })?,
@@ -1028,7 +1329,7 @@ fn write_enum_discriminant_value_change(
     writer: &mut impl io::Write,
     variant_index: usize,
     ty: Enum,
-    id: usize,
+    id: Option<VcdId>,
 ) -> io::Result<()> {
     write_string_value_change(
         writer,
@@ -1063,7 +1364,9 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriter for VcdWriter<W> {
                 MemoryElementPartBody::Scalar => write_bits_value_change(
                     &mut self.writer,
                     &element_data[start..start + len],
-                    first_id + element_index,
+                    self.properties
+                        .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                        .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(first_id + element_index),
                 )?,
                 MemoryElementPartBody::EnumDiscriminant { ty } => {
                     let mut variant_index = 0;
@@ -1073,20 +1376,49 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriter for VcdWriter<W> {
                         &mut self.writer,
                         variant_index,
                         *ty,
-                        first_id + element_index,
+                        self.properties
+                            .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                            .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(first_id + element_index),
                     )?
                 }
+                MemoryElementPartBody::TraceAsString { ty } => {
+                    self.trace_as_string_buf.clear();
+                    ty.trace_fmt_append_to_string(
+                        &mut self.trace_as_string_buf,
+                        OpaqueSimValueSlice::from_bitslice(&element_data[start..start + len]),
+                    );
+                    write_string_value_change(
+                        &mut self.writer,
+                        &self.trace_as_string_buf,
+                        self.properties
+                            .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                            .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(first_id + element_index),
+                    )?;
+                    self.trace_as_string_buf.clear();
+                }
             }
         }
         Ok(())
     }
 
     fn set_signal_uint(&mut self, id: TraceScalarId, value: &BitSlice) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        write_bits_value_change(&mut self.writer, value, id.as_usize())
+        write_bits_value_change(
+            &mut self.writer,
+            value,
+            self.properties
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(id.as_usize()),
+        )
     }
 
     fn set_signal_sint(&mut self, id: TraceScalarId, value: &BitSlice) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        write_bits_value_change(&mut self.writer, value, id.as_usize())
+        write_bits_value_change(
+            &mut self.writer,
+            value,
+            self.properties
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(id.as_usize()),
+        )
     }
 
     fn finish_init(&mut self) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
@@ -1118,7 +1450,14 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriter for VcdWriter<W> {
         variant_index: usize,
         ty: Enum,
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        write_enum_discriminant_value_change(&mut self.writer, variant_index, ty, id.as_usize())
+        write_enum_discriminant_value_change(
+            &mut self.writer,
+            variant_index,
+            ty,
+            self.properties
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(id.as_usize()),
+        )
     }
 
     fn set_signal_phantom_const(
@@ -1128,7 +1467,13 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriter for VcdWriter<W> {
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
         // avoid multi-line strings because GTKWave can't display them properly:
         // https://github.com/gtkwave/gtkwave/issues/460
-        write_string_value_change(&mut self.writer, format_args!("{ty:?}"), id.as_usize())
+        write_string_value_change(
+            &mut self.writer,
+            format_args!("{ty:?}"),
+            self.properties
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(id.as_usize()),
+        )
     }
 
     fn set_signal_sim_only_value(
@@ -1136,7 +1481,23 @@ impl<W: io::Write> TraceWriter for VcdWriter<W> {
         id: TraceScalarId,
         value: &DynSimOnlyValue,
     ) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
-        write_string_value_change(&mut self.writer, format_args!("{value:?}"), id.as_usize())
+        write_string_value_change(
+            &mut self.writer,
+            format_args!("{value:?}"),
+            self.properties
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(id.as_usize()),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn set_signal_string(&mut self, id: TraceScalarId, value: &str) -> Result<(), Self::Error> {
+        write_string_value_change(
+            &mut self.writer,
+            value,
+            self.properties
+                .scalar_id_to_vcd_id_map
+                .built_scalar_id_to_vcd_id(id.as_usize()),
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -1147,6 +1508,7 @@ impl<W: io::Write> fmt::Debug for VcdWriter<W> {
             finished_init,
             timescale,
             properties: _,
+            trace_as_string_buf: _,
         } = self;
         f.debug_struct("VcdWriter")
             .field("finished_init", finished_init)
@@ -1161,7 +1523,7 @@ mod tests {
 
     #[test]
     fn test_scope() {
-        let mut scope = Scope::default();
+        let mut scope = Scope::new(PathHash::default());
         assert_eq!(&*scope.new_identifier("foo".intern()).unescaped_name, "foo");
         assert_eq!(
             &*scope.new_identifier("foo_0".intern()).unescaped_name,

crates/fayalite/src/testing.rs

@@ -12,11 +12,13 @@ use crate::{
     bundle::BundleType,
     firrtl::ExportOptions,
     module::Module,
-    util::HashMap,
+    sim::{Simulation, vcd::VcdWriterDecls},
+    util::{HashMap, RcWriter},
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
     fmt::{self, Write},
+    panic::Location,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     process::Command,
     sync::{Mutex, OnceLock},
@@ -222,3 +224,190 @@ pub fn assert_formal<M: AsRef<Module<T>>, T: BundleType>(
     )
     .expect("testing::assert_formal() failed");
 }
+
+pub struct CheckedVcdOutput {
+    writer: Option<RcWriter>,
+    expected_path: PathBuf,
+    expected_contents: Result<String, (Option<PathBuf>, std::io::Error)>,
+    location: &'static Location<'static>,
+}
+
+impl CheckedVcdOutput {
+    #[must_use]
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new<T: BundleType>(sim: &mut Simulation<T>, expected_path: PathBuf) -> Self {
+        let writer = RcWriter::default();
+        sim.add_trace_writer(VcdWriterDecls::new(writer.clone()));
+        Self {
+            writer: Some(writer),
+            expected_contents: std::fs::read_to_string(&expected_path).map_err(|e| {
+                eprintln!(
+                    "error: failed to read expected VCD from: {}",
+                    expected_path.display(),
+                );
+                (std::env::current_dir().ok(), e)
+            }),
+            expected_path,
+            location: Location::caller(),
+        }
+    }
+    #[must_use]
+    #[track_caller]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn __checked_vcd_output_macro_helper<T: BundleType>(
+        sim: &mut Simulation<T>,
+        cargo_manifest_dir: &'static str,
+        path: &'static str,
+    ) -> Self {
+        Self::new(sim, Path::new(cargo_manifest_dir).join(path))
+    }
+    pub fn with_vcd_output<R>(&self, f: impl FnOnce(&str) -> R) -> R {
+        let Some(writer) = &self.writer else {
+            unreachable!();
+        };
+        writer.clone().borrow(|output| {
+            let Ok(output) = str::from_utf8(output) else {
+                unreachable!("VcdWriter writes valid UTF-8");
+            };
+            f(output)
+        })
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn finish(mut self) {
+        let Ok(()) = self.finish_impl(|msg| panic!("{msg}"));
+    }
+    fn finish_impl<E>(
+        &mut self,
+        error: impl FnOnce(std::fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> E,
+    ) -> Result<(), E> {
+        let Self {
+            writer: Some(writer),
+            expected_path,
+            expected_contents,
+            location,
+        } = self
+        else {
+            // already finished
+            return Ok(());
+        };
+        let Ok(vcd) = String::from_utf8(writer.take()) else {
+            unreachable!("VcdWriter writes valid UTF-8");
+        };
+        let expected_path_d = expected_path.display();
+        if expected_contents
+            .as_ref()
+            .is_ok_and(|expected_contents| *expected_contents == vcd)
+        {
+            // avoid written output from being split from threads interleaving writes to stdout
+            let _stdout = std::io::stderr().lock();
+            // use println to get output captured by tests
+            println!("\n{location}: generated VCD matches the expected VCD in {expected_path_d}");
+            return Ok(());
+        }
+        // avoid written output from being split from threads interleaving writes to stderr
+        let _stderr = std::io::stderr().lock();
+        let error = |msg: std::fmt::Arguments<'_>| {
+            // print msg at both beginning and end so it's easier to find when the vcd is huge
+            Err(error(format_args!(
+                "\n{msg}####### VCD:\n{vcd}\n#######\n{msg}"
+            )))
+        };
+        let error = |msg: std::fmt::Arguments<'_>| match &*expected_contents {
+            Ok(_) => error(format_args!(
+                "{location}: generated VCD doesn't match the expected VCD in {expected_path_d}\n\
+                {msg}",
+            )),
+            Err((Some(current_dir), e)) => error(format_args!(
+                "{location}: generated VCD doesn't match the expected VCD in {expected_path_d}\n\
+                error: failed to read: {e}\n\
+                current dir: {current_dir}\n\
+                {msg}",
+                current_dir = current_dir.display(),
+            )),
+            Err((None, e)) => error(format_args!(
+                "{location}: generated VCD doesn't match the expected VCD in {expected_path_d}\n\
+                error: failed to read: {e}\n\
+                {msg}",
+            )),
+        };
+        const OVERWRITE_VAR_NAME: &str = "OVERWRITE_EXPECTED_VCD";
+        const OVERWRITE_VAR_VALUE: &str = "overwrite";
+        match std::env::var_os(OVERWRITE_VAR_NAME) {
+            Some(v) if v == OVERWRITE_VAR_VALUE => match std::fs::write(&expected_path, &vcd) {
+                Ok(()) => error(format_args!(
+                    "warning: since `{OVERWRITE_VAR_NAME}={OVERWRITE_VAR_VALUE}` is set -- writing the generated VCD to {expected_path_d}\n"
+                )),
+                Err(e) => error(format_args!(
+                    "error: since `{OVERWRITE_VAR_NAME}={OVERWRITE_VAR_VALUE}` is set -- tried to write the generated VCD to {expected_path_d}\n\
+                    error: failed to write: {e}"
+                )),
+            },
+            _ => error(format_args!(
+                "note: rerun the test with the environment variable `{OVERWRITE_VAR_NAME}={OVERWRITE_VAR_VALUE}`\n\
+                to update the expected output to match the generated output.\n"
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for CheckedVcdOutput {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = self.finish_impl(|msg| {
+            if std::thread::panicking() {
+                eprintln!("{msg}"); // use eprintln to get output captured by tests
+            } else {
+                panic!("{msg}");
+            }
+        });
+    }
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+/// Use in tests to check that [`Simulation`] generates the expected VCD traces, by comparing to a `.vcd` file containing the expected traces.
+///
+/// Use like so:
+/// ```
+/// # use fayalite::prelude::*;
+/// #
+/// # #[hdl_module]
+/// # fn my_module() {
+/// #     #[hdl]
+/// #     let a: UInt<8> = m.input();
+/// #     #[hdl]
+/// #     let b: UInt<8> = m.output();
+/// #     connect(b, 0u8);
+/// #     #[hdl]
+/// #     if a.cmp_eq(100u8) {
+/// #         connect(b, 42u8);
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// // inside your #[test] fn my_test():
+///
+/// // get the module to simulate:
+/// let m = my_module();
+/// // create a simulation of the module:
+/// let mut sim = Simulation::new(m);
+/// // set up the expected VCD traces, the given .vcd path is relative to env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")
+/// let _checked_vcd_output = checked_vcd_output!(
+///     &mut sim,
+///     "tests/expected/my_test.vcd",
+/// );
+/// // now run the simulation like normal:
+/// sim.write(sim.io().a, 0u8);
+/// assert_eq!(sim.read(sim.io().b).as_int(), 0);
+/// sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
+/// sim.write(sim.io().a, 100u8);
+/// assert_eq!(sim.read(sim.io().b).as_int(), 42);
+/// ```
+macro_rules! checked_vcd_output {
+    ($sim:expr, $path_relative_to_manifest_dir:expr $(,)?) => {
+        $crate::testing::CheckedVcdOutput::__checked_vcd_output_macro_helper(
+            $sim,
+            $crate::__std::env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"),
+            $crate::__std::concat!($path_relative_to_manifest_dir),
+        )
+    };
+}
+
+pub use checked_vcd_output;

crates/fayalite/src/ty/serde_impls.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ use crate::{
     prelude::PhantomConst,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, SyncReset},
     sim::value::DynSimOnly,
-    ty::{BaseType, CanonicalType},
+    ty::{BaseType, CanonicalType, TraceAsString, TraceAsStringTrait},
+    util::serde_by_id::SerdeById,
 };
 use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
 
@@ -38,6 +39,7 @@ impl<'de, T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Deserialize<'de> for SerdePhantomConst<
 
 #[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
 #[serde(rename = "CanonicalType")]
+#[expect(private_interfaces)]
 pub(crate) enum SerdeCanonicalType<
     ArrayElement = CanonicalType,
     ThePhantomConst = SerdePhantomConst<Interned<PhantomConstCanonicalValue>>,
@@ -65,6 +67,10 @@ pub(crate) enum SerdeCanonicalType<
     Clock,
     PhantomConst(ThePhantomConst),
     DynSimOnly(DynSimOnly),
+    TraceAsString {
+        inner_ty: Interned<CanonicalType>,
+        trace_as_string: SerdeById<Interned<dyn TraceAsStringTrait>>,
+    },
 }
 
 impl<ArrayElement, PhantomConstInner> SerdeCanonicalType<ArrayElement, PhantomConstInner> {
@@ -82,6 +88,7 @@ impl<ArrayElement, PhantomConstInner> SerdeCanonicalType<ArrayElement, PhantomCo
             Self::Clock => "a Clock",
             Self::PhantomConst(_) => "a PhantomConst",
             Self::DynSimOnly(_) => "a SimOnlyValue",
+            Self::TraceAsString { .. } => "a TraceAsString",
         }
     }
 }
@@ -109,6 +116,15 @@ impl<T: BaseType> From<T> for SerdeCanonicalType {
             CanonicalType::Clock(Clock {}) => Self::Clock,
             CanonicalType::PhantomConst(ty) => Self::PhantomConst(SerdePhantomConst(ty.get())),
             CanonicalType::DynSimOnly(ty) => Self::DynSimOnly(ty),
+            CanonicalType::TraceAsString(TraceAsString {
+                inner_ty,
+                trace_as_string,
+            }) => Self::TraceAsString {
+                inner_ty: inner_ty.interned(),
+                trace_as_string: SerdeById {
+                    inner: trace_as_string.interned(),
+                },
+            },
         }
     }
 }
@@ -130,6 +146,13 @@ impl From<SerdeCanonicalType> for CanonicalType {
                 Self::PhantomConst(PhantomConst::new_interned(value.0))
             }
             SerdeCanonicalType::DynSimOnly(value) => Self::DynSimOnly(value),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::TraceAsString {
+                inner_ty,
+                trace_as_string,
+            } => Self::TraceAsString(TraceAsString {
+                inner_ty: crate::intern::LazyInterned::Interned(inner_ty),
+                trace_as_string: crate::intern::LazyInterned::Interned(trace_as_string.inner),
+            }),
         }
     }
 }

crates/fayalite/src/util.rs

@@ -41,8 +41,9 @@ pub use misc::{
     os_str_strip_suffix, serialize_to_json_ascii, serialize_to_json_ascii_pretty,
     serialize_to_json_ascii_pretty_with_indent, slice_range, try_slice_range,
 };
-pub(crate) use misc::{InternedStrCompareAsStr, chain};
+pub(crate) use misc::{InternedStrCompareAsStr, chain, copy_le_bytes_to_bitslice};
 
 pub mod job_server;
 pub mod prefix_sum;
 pub mod ready_valid;
+pub(crate) mod serde_by_id;

crates/fayalite/src/util/misc.rs

@@ -612,3 +612,43 @@ impl std::borrow::Borrow<str> for InternedStrCompareAsStr {
         &self.0
     }
 }
+
+pub(crate) fn copy_le_bytes_to_bitslice(
+    dest: &mut BitSlice<usize, Lsb0>,
+    bytes: &[u8],
+    msb_fill: bool,
+) {
+    let (chunks, remainder) = bytes.as_chunks();
+    let mut filled_to = 0;
+    for (i, chunk) in chunks.iter().enumerate() {
+        if let Some(start_bit_index) = i.checked_mul(usize::BITS as usize)
+            && start_bit_index < dest.len()
+        {
+            let end_bit_index = start_bit_index
+                .saturating_add(usize::BITS as usize)
+                .min(dest.len());
+            let bit_len = end_bit_index - start_bit_index;
+            let chunk = usize::from_le_bytes(*chunk);
+            dest[start_bit_index..end_bit_index].copy_from_bitslice(&chunk.view_bits()[..bit_len]);
+            filled_to = end_bit_index;
+        } else {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if !remainder.is_empty() {
+        if let Some(start_bit_index) = chunks.len().checked_mul(usize::BITS as usize)
+            && start_bit_index < dest.len()
+        {
+            let end_bit_index = start_bit_index
+                .saturating_add(usize::BITS as usize)
+                .min(dest.len());
+            let bit_len = end_bit_index - start_bit_index;
+            let mut chunk = [if msb_fill { !0 } else { 0 }; _];
+            chunk[..remainder.len()].copy_from_slice(remainder);
+            let chunk = usize::from_le_bytes(chunk);
+            dest[start_bit_index..end_bit_index].copy_from_bitslice(&chunk.view_bits()[..bit_len]);
+            filled_to = end_bit_index;
+        }
+    }
+    dest[filled_to..].fill(msb_fill);
+}

crates/fayalite/src/util/ready_valid.rs

@@ -241,15 +241,13 @@ mod tests {
         /// happens to be in phase with the offending input or output).
         #[hdl_module]
         fn queue_test(capacity: NonZeroUsize, inp_ready_is_comb: bool, out_valid_is_comb: bool) {
-            #[hdl]
-            let clk: Clock = m.input();
             #[hdl]
             let cd = wire();
             connect(
                 cd,
                 #[hdl]
                 ClockDomain {
-                    clk,
+                    clk: formal_global_clock(),
                     rst: formal_reset().to_reset(),
                 },
             );
@@ -280,7 +278,7 @@ mod tests {
             #[hdl]
             let index_to_check = wire(index_ty);
             connect(index_to_check, any_const(index_ty));
-            hdl_assume(clk, index_to_check.cmp_lt(capacity.get()), "");
+            hdl_assume(cd.clk, index_to_check.cmp_lt(capacity.get()), "");
 
             // instantiate and connect the queue
             #[hdl]
@@ -300,13 +298,13 @@ mod tests {
             let expected_count_reg = reg_builder().clock_domain(cd).reset(count_ty.zero());
             #[hdl]
             if ReadyValid::firing(dut.inp) & !ReadyValid::firing(dut.out) {
-                hdl_assert(clk, expected_count_reg.cmp_ne(capacity.get()), "");
+                hdl_assert(cd.clk, expected_count_reg.cmp_ne(capacity.get()), "");
                 connect_any(expected_count_reg, expected_count_reg + 1u8);
             } else if !ReadyValid::firing(dut.inp) & ReadyValid::firing(dut.out) {
-                hdl_assert(clk, expected_count_reg.cmp_ne(count_ty.zero()), "");
+                hdl_assert(cd.clk, expected_count_reg.cmp_ne(count_ty.zero()), "");
                 connect_any(expected_count_reg, expected_count_reg - 1u8);
             }
-            hdl_assert(clk, expected_count_reg.cmp_eq(dut.count), "");
+            hdl_assert(cd.clk, expected_count_reg.cmp_eq(dut.count), "");
 
             // keep an independent write index into the FIFO's circular buffer
             #[hdl]
@@ -374,7 +372,7 @@ mod tests {
                     match inp_firing_data {
                         // ... and we are not receiving data, then we must not
                         // transmit any data.
-                        HdlNone => hdl_assert(clk, HdlOption::is_none(out_firing_data), ""),
+                        HdlNone => hdl_assert(cd.clk, HdlOption::is_none(out_firing_data), ""),
                         // If we are indeed receiving some data...
                         HdlSome(data_in) => {
                             #[hdl]
@@ -382,7 +380,9 @@ mod tests {
                                 // ... and transmitting at the same time, we
                                 // must be transmitting the input data itself,
                                 // since the holding register is empty.
-                                HdlSome(data_out) => hdl_assert(clk, data_out.cmp_eq(data_in), ""),
+                                HdlSome(data_out) => {
+                                    hdl_assert(cd.clk, data_out.cmp_eq(data_in), "")
+                                }
                                 // If we are receiving, but not transmitting,
                                 // store the received data in the holding
                                 // register.
@@ -397,11 +397,11 @@ mod tests {
                     match out_firing_data {
                         // ... and we are not transmitting it, we cannot
                         // receive any more data.
-                        HdlNone => hdl_assert(clk, HdlOption::is_none(inp_firing_data), ""),
+                        HdlNone => hdl_assert(cd.clk, HdlOption::is_none(inp_firing_data), ""),
                         // If we are transmitting a previously stored value...
                         HdlSome(data_out) => {
                             // ... it must be the same data we stored earlier.
-                            hdl_assert(clk, data_out.cmp_eq(stored), "");
+                            hdl_assert(cd.clk, data_out.cmp_eq(stored), "");
                             // Also, accept new data, if any. Otherwise,
                             // let the holding register become empty.
                             connect(stored_reg, inp_firing_data);
@@ -417,17 +417,17 @@ mod tests {
             connect(dut.dbg.index_to_check, index_to_check);
             #[hdl]
             if let HdlSome(stored) = stored_reg {
-                hdl_assert(clk, stored.cmp_eq(dut.dbg.stored), "");
+                hdl_assert(cd.clk, stored.cmp_eq(dut.dbg.stored), "");
             }
 
             // sync the read and write indices
-            hdl_assert(clk, inp_index_reg.cmp_eq(dut.dbg.inp_index), "");
+            hdl_assert(cd.clk, inp_index_reg.cmp_eq(dut.dbg.inp_index), "");
-            hdl_assert(clk, out_index_reg.cmp_eq(dut.dbg.out_index), "");
+            hdl_assert(cd.clk, out_index_reg.cmp_eq(dut.dbg.out_index), "");
 
             // the indices should never go past the capacity, but induction
             // doesn't know that...
-            hdl_assert(clk, inp_index_reg.cmp_lt(capacity.get()), "");
+            hdl_assert(cd.clk, inp_index_reg.cmp_lt(capacity.get()), "");
-            hdl_assert(clk, out_index_reg.cmp_lt(capacity.get()), "");
+            hdl_assert(cd.clk, out_index_reg.cmp_lt(capacity.get()), "");
 
             // strongly constrain the state of the holding register
             //
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ mod tests {
             connect(expected_stored, pending_reads.cmp_lt(dut.count));
             // sync with the state of the holding register
             hdl_assert(
-                clk,
+                cd.clk,
                 expected_stored.cmp_eq(HdlOption::is_some(stored_reg)),
                 "",
             );

crates/fayalite/src/util/serde_by_id.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
+use crate::util::HashMap;
+use hashbrown::hash_map::Entry;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize, de::Error};
+use std::{
+    any::TypeId,
+    borrow::Cow,
+    fmt::Write,
+    hash::{BuildHasher, Hash, Hasher},
+    marker::PhantomData,
+    sync::Mutex,
+};
+
+pub(crate) struct SerdeByIdProperties<T: SerdeByIdTrait> {
+    type_id: TypeId,
+    type_name: &'static str,
+    _phantom: PhantomData<fn(T) -> T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> Clone for SerdeByIdProperties<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        *self
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> Copy for SerdeByIdProperties<T> {}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> SerdeByIdProperties<T> {
+    pub fn of<U: ?Sized + 'static>() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            type_id: TypeId::of::<U>(),
+            type_name: std::any::type_name::<U>(),
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) trait SerdeByIdTrait: Hash + Eq + Clone + 'static + Send {
+    fn serde_by_id_properties(&self) -> SerdeByIdProperties<Self>;
+    fn static_table() -> &'static SerdeByIdTable<Self>;
+    const NAME: &'static str;
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(transparent)]
+struct SerdeRandomId([u32; 4]);
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub(crate) struct SerdeId<'a, T: SerdeByIdTrait> {
+    random_id: SerdeRandomId,
+    #[serde(borrow)]
+    type_name: Cow<'a, str>,
+    #[serde(skip)]
+    _phantom: PhantomData<fn(T) -> T>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: SerdeByIdTrait> Clone for SerdeId<'a, T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            random_id: self.random_id,
+            type_name: self.type_name.clone(),
+            _phantom: PhantomData,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: SerdeByIdTrait> Eq for SerdeId<'a, T> {}
+
+impl<'a, 'b, T: SerdeByIdTrait> PartialEq<SerdeId<'b, T>> for SerdeId<'a, T> {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &SerdeId<'b, T>) -> bool {
+        let Self {
+            random_id,
+            type_name,
+            _phantom: _,
+        } = self;
+        *random_id == other.random_id && *type_name == other.type_name
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T: SerdeByIdTrait> Hash for SerdeId<'a, T> {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        let Self {
+            random_id,
+            type_name: _,
+            _phantom: _,
+        } = self;
+        random_id.hash(state);
+    }
+}
+
+struct SerdeByIdTableRest<T: SerdeByIdTrait> {
+    from_serde: HashMap<SerdeId<'static, T>, T>,
+    serde_id_random_state: std::hash::RandomState,
+    buffer: String,
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> Default for SerdeByIdTableRest<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            from_serde: Default::default(),
+            serde_id_random_state: Default::default(),
+            buffer: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> SerdeByIdTableRest<T> {
+    fn add_new(&mut self, value: T) -> SerdeId<'static, T> {
+        let properties = value.serde_by_id_properties();
+        let mut try_number = 0u64;
+        let mut hasher = self.serde_id_random_state.build_hasher();
+        // extract more bits of randomness from TypeId -- its Hash impl only hashes 64-bits
+        write!(self.buffer, "{:?}", properties.type_id).expect("shouldn't ever fail");
+        self.buffer.hash(&mut hasher);
+        loop {
+            let mut hasher = hasher.clone();
+            try_number.hash(&mut hasher);
+            try_number += 1;
+            let key = SerdeId {
+                random_id: SerdeRandomId(std::array::from_fn(|i| {
+                    let mut hasher = hasher.clone();
+                    i.hash(&mut hasher);
+                    hasher.finish() as u32
+                })),
+                type_name: Cow::Borrowed(properties.type_name),
+                _phantom: PhantomData,
+            };
+            match self.from_serde.entry(key) {
+                Entry::Occupied(_) => continue,
+                Entry::Vacant(e) => {
+                    let key = e.key().clone();
+                    e.insert(value);
+                    return key;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct SerdeByIdTableMut<T: SerdeByIdTrait> {
+    to_serde: HashMap<T, SerdeId<'static, T>>,
+    rest: SerdeByIdTableRest<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> Default for SerdeByIdTableMut<T> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            to_serde: Default::default(),
+            rest: Default::default(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> SerdeByIdTableMut<T> {
+    pub(crate) fn to_serde(&mut self, value: &T) -> SerdeId<'static, T> {
+        if let Some(retval) = self.to_serde.get(value) {
+            return retval.clone();
+        }
+        self.to_serde_insert(value)
+    }
+    #[cold]
+    fn to_serde_insert(&mut self, value: &T) -> SerdeId<'static, T> {
+        let value = value.clone();
+        let retval = self.rest.add_new(value.clone());
+        self.to_serde.insert(value, retval.clone());
+        retval
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn from_serde(&self, id: &SerdeId<'_, T>) -> Option<T> {
+        self.rest.from_serde.get(id).cloned()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct SerdeByIdTable<T: SerdeByIdTrait>(Mutex<Option<SerdeByIdTableMut<T>>>);
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> SerdeByIdTable<T> {
+    pub(crate) const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self(Mutex::new(None))
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn to_serde(&self, value: &T) -> SerdeId<'static, T> {
+        self.0
+            .lock()
+            .expect("shouldn't be poison")
+            .get_or_insert_with(
+                #[cold]
+                || Default::default(),
+            )
+            .to_serde(value)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn from_serde(&self, id: &SerdeId<'_, T>) -> Option<T> {
+        self.0
+            .lock()
+            .expect("shouldn't be poison")
+            .get_or_insert_with(
+                #[cold]
+                || Default::default(),
+            )
+            .from_serde(id)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+pub(crate) struct SerdeById<T: SerdeByIdTrait> {
+    pub(crate) inner: T,
+}
+
+impl<'de, T: SerdeByIdTrait> Deserialize<'de> for SerdeById<T> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let id = SerdeId::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        let inner = T::static_table().from_serde(&id).ok_or_else(|| {
+            D::Error::custom(format_args!(
+                "doesn't match any {} that was serialized this time this program was run: type_name={:?}",
+                T::NAME,
+                id.type_name,
+            ))
+        })?;
+        Ok(Self { inner })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: SerdeByIdTrait> Serialize for SerdeById<T> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: serde::Serializer,
+    {
+        T::static_table()
+            .to_serde(&self.inner)
+            .serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/vendor/xilinx/yosys_nextpnr_prjxray.rs

@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ impl<W: fmt::Write> Visitor for XdcFileWriter<W> {
                                 base.source_location(),
                             )? {},
                         }
-                        match base.canonical_ty() {
+                        match base.canonical_ty().unwrap_transparent_types() {
                             CanonicalType::UInt(_)
                             | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
                             | CanonicalType::Bool(_)
@@ -563,6 +563,9 @@ impl<W: fmt::Write> Visitor for XdcFileWriter<W> {
                                 v,
                                 base.source_location(),
                             )? {},
+                            CanonicalType::TraceAsString(_) => {
+                                unreachable!("handled by unwrap_transparent_types")
+                            }
                         }
                         self.required_dont_touch_targets.insert(target);
                         match v {
@@ -592,6 +595,9 @@ impl<W: fmt::Write> Visitor for XdcFileWriter<W> {
                         v,
                         instance.source_location(),
                     )? {},
+                    TargetBase::FormalInput(_) | TargetBase::SimIoForGlobal(_) => {
+                        unreachable!("base.is_valid_annotation_target() is known to be false")
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }

crates/fayalite/src/wire.rs

@@ -58,11 +58,13 @@ impl<T: Type> Wire<T> {
             ty: T::from_canonical(ty),
         }
     }
+    #[track_caller]
     pub fn new_unchecked(
         scoped_name: ScopedNameId,
         source_location: SourceLocation,
         ty: T,
     ) -> Self {
+        scoped_name.0.assert_is_name_id();
         Self {
             name: scoped_name,
             source_location,
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ impl<T: Type> Wire<T> {
         self.containing_module_name_id().0
     }
     pub fn containing_module_name_id(&self) -> NameId {
-        self.name.0
+        self.name.0.unwrap_name_id()
     }
     pub fn name(&self) -> Interned<str> {
         self.name_id().0

crates/fayalite/tests/expected/my_test.md

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<!--
+SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+See Notices.txt for copyright information
+-->
+
+`my_test.vcd` is used in the doctest of `fayalite::testing::checked_vcd_output`

crates/fayalite/tests/expected/my_test.vcd

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+$timescale 1 ps $end
+$scope module my_module $end
+$var wire 8 gAF7X a $end
+$var wire 8 QS=a/ b $end
+$upscope $end
+$enddefinitions $end
+$dumpvars
+b0 gAF7X
+b0 QS=a/
+$end
+#1000000
+b1100100 gAF7X
+b101010 QS=a/

crates/fayalite/tests/hdl_types.rs

@@ -244,3 +244,13 @@ pub struct MyTypeWithPrivateMembersWithArg<T> {
     pub(crate) b: MyPubCrateTypeWithArg<T>,
     pub c: T,
 }
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated)]
+pub enum EnumWithOnlyOneVariant {
+    A,
+}
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated)]
+pub enum EnumWithOnlyOneVariant2<T> {
+    A(T),
+}

crates/fayalite/tests/hdl_types_fmt.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See Notices.txt for copyright information
+use fayalite::{prelude::*, ty::SimValueDebug};
+use std::fmt;
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated)]
+struct MyStruct0<T, S: Size> {
+    v: T,
+    a: ArrayType<UInt<8>, S>,
+}
+
+#[hdl]
+#[test]
+fn check_my_struct0() {
+    let ty = MyStruct0[UInt[8]][3];
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{ty:?}"),
+        "MyStruct0 { v: UInt<8>, a: Array<UInt<8>, 3> }",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{:?}", ty.mask_type()),
+        "MaskType<MyStruct0> { v: Bool, a: Array<Bool, 3> }",
+    );
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    MyStruct0::<_, _> {
+        v: 0x23u8,
+        a: [1u8, 2, 3],
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{v:?}"),
+        "MyStruct0 { v: 0x23_u8, a: [0x1_u8, 0x2_u8, 0x3_u8] }",
+    );
+}
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated, custom_debug())]
+struct MyStruct1<T, S: Size> {
+    v: T,
+    a: ArrayType<UInt<8>, S>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Type, S: Size> fmt::Debug for MyStruct1<T, S> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self { v, a } = self;
+        f.debug_struct("Custom<MyStruct1>")
+            .field("v", v)
+            .field("a", a)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type, S: Size> SimValueDebug for MyStruct1<T, S> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        let Self { v, a } = value;
+        f.debug_struct("Custom<MyStruct1>")
+            .field("v", &v)
+            .field("a", &a)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[hdl]
+#[test]
+fn check_my_struct1() {
+    let ty = MyStruct1[UInt[8]][3];
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{ty:?}"),
+        "Custom<MyStruct1> { v: UInt<8>, a: Array<UInt<8>, 3> }",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{:?}", ty.mask_type()),
+        "MaskType<MyStruct1> { v: Bool, a: Array<Bool, 3> }",
+    );
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    MyStruct1::<_, _> {
+        v: 0x23u8,
+        a: [1u8, 2, 3],
+    };
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{v:?}"),
+        "Custom<MyStruct1> { v: 0x23_u8, a: [0x1_u8, 0x2_u8, 0x3_u8] }",
+    );
+}
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated)]
+enum MyEnum0<T, S: Size> {
+    Unit,
+    V(T),
+    A(ArrayType<UInt<8>, S>),
+}
+
+#[hdl]
+#[test]
+fn check_my_enum0() {
+    let ty = MyEnum0[UInt[8]][3];
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{ty:?}"),
+        "MyEnum0 { Unit: (), V: UInt<8>, A: Array<UInt<8>, 3> }",
+    );
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    ty.Unit();
+    assert_eq!(format!("{v:?}"), "Unit");
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    ty.V(0x23u8);
+    assert_eq!(format!("{v:?}"), "V(0x23_u8)");
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    ty.A([1u8, 2, 3]);
+    assert_eq!(format!("{v:?}"), "A([0x1_u8, 0x2_u8, 0x3_u8])");
+}
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated, custom_debug())]
+enum MyEnum1<T, S: Size> {
+    Unit,
+    V(T),
+    A(ArrayType<UInt<8>, S>),
+}
+
+impl<T: Type, S: Size> fmt::Debug for MyEnum1<T, S> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let Self { Unit, V, A } = self;
+        f.debug_struct("Custom<MyEnum1>")
+            .field("Unit", Unit)
+            .field("V", V)
+            .field("A", A)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type, S: Size> SimValueDebug for MyEnum1<T, S> {
+    #[hdl]
+    fn sim_value_debug(
+        value: &<Self as Type>::SimValue,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        type SimValueT<T> = <T as Type>::SimValue;
+        match value {
+            SimValueT::<Self>::Unit(_) => f.write_str("MyEnum1::Unit"),
+            SimValueT::<Self>::V(v, _) => f.debug_tuple("MyEnum1::V").field(v).finish(),
+            SimValueT::<Self>::A(a, _) => f.debug_tuple("MyEnum1::A").field(a).finish(),
+            SimValueT::<Self>::Unknown(_) => f.write_str("MyEnum1::Unknown"),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[hdl]
+#[test]
+fn check_my_enum1() {
+    let ty = MyEnum1[UInt[8]][3];
+    assert_eq!(
+        format!("{ty:?}"),
+        "Custom<MyEnum1> { Unit: (), V: UInt<8>, A: Array<UInt<8>, 3> }",
+    );
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    ty.Unit();
+    assert_eq!(format!("{v:?}"), "MyEnum1::Unit");
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    ty.V(0x23u8);
+    assert_eq!(format!("{v:?}"), "MyEnum1::V(0x23_u8)");
+    let v = #[hdl(sim)]
+    ty.A([1u8, 2, 3]);
+    assert_eq!(format!("{v:?}"), "MyEnum1::A([0x1_u8, 0x2_u8, 0x3_u8])");
+}

crates/fayalite/tests/module.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ use fayalite::{
 };
 use serde_json::json;
 
-#[hdl(outline_generated)]
+#[hdl(outline_generated, cmp_eq)]
 pub enum TestEnum {
     A,
     B(UInt<8>),
@@ -679,6 +679,270 @@ circuit check_enum_literals:
     };
 }
 
+#[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
+pub fn check_enum_cmp_eq() {
+    #[hdl]
+    let lhs: TestEnum = m.input();
+    #[hdl]
+    let rhs: TestEnum = m.input();
+    #[hdl]
+    let eq: Bool = m.output();
+    connect(eq, lhs.cmp_eq(rhs));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_enum_cmp_eq() {
+    let _n = SourceLocation::normalize_files_for_tests();
+    let m = check_enum_cmp_eq();
+    dbg!(m);
+    #[rustfmt::skip] // work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/issues/6161
+    assert_export_firrtl! {
+        m =>
+        options: ExportOptions {
+            simplify_enums: None,
+            ..ExportOptions::default()
+        },
+        "/test/check_enum_cmp_eq.fir": r"FIRRTL version 3.2.0
+circuit check_enum_cmp_eq:
+    type Ty0 = {|A, B: UInt<8>, C: UInt<1>[3]|}
+    module check_enum_cmp_eq: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 1:1]
+        input lhs: Ty0 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 2:1]
+        input rhs: Ty0 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 3:1]
+        output eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 4:1]
+        wire TestEnum_cmp_eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h0) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        match lhs: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            A:
+                match rhs: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    A:
+                        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h1) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    B(_match_arm_value):
+                        skip
+                    C(_match_arm_value_1):
+                        skip
+            B(_match_arm_value_2):
+                match rhs: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    A:
+                        skip
+                    B(_match_arm_value_3):
+                        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, eq(_match_arm_value_2, _match_arm_value_3) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    C(_match_arm_value_4):
+                        skip
+            C(_match_arm_value_5):
+                match rhs: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    A:
+                        skip
+                    B(_match_arm_value_6):
+                        skip
+                    C(_match_arm_value_7):
+                        wire _array_literal_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+                        connect _array_literal_expr[0], eq(_match_arm_value_5[0], _match_arm_value_7[0])
+                        connect _array_literal_expr[1], eq(_match_arm_value_5[1], _match_arm_value_7[1])
+                        connect _array_literal_expr[2], eq(_match_arm_value_5[2], _match_arm_value_7[2])
+                        wire _cast_array_to_bits_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+                        connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0], _array_literal_expr[0]
+                        connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _array_literal_expr[1]
+                        connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], _array_literal_expr[2]
+                        wire _cast_to_bits_expr: UInt<3>
+                        connect _cast_to_bits_expr, cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0]))
+                        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, andr(_cast_to_bits_expr) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect eq, TestEnum_cmp_eq @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 6:1]
+",
+    };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] // work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/issues/6161
+    assert_export_firrtl! {
+        m =>
+        options: ExportOptions {
+            simplify_enums: Some(SimplifyEnumsKind::SimplifyToEnumsWithNoBody),
+            ..ExportOptions::default()
+        },
+        "/test/check_enum_cmp_eq.fir": r"FIRRTL version 3.2.0
+circuit check_enum_cmp_eq:
+    type Ty0 = {|A, B, C|}
+    type Ty1 = {tag: Ty0, body: UInt<8>}
+    module check_enum_cmp_eq: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 1:1]
+        input lhs: Ty1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 2:1]
+        input rhs: Ty1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 3:1]
+        output eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 4:1]
+        wire TestEnum_cmp_eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h0) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        match lhs.tag: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            A:
+                match rhs.tag: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    A:
+                        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h1) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    B:
+                        skip
+                    C:
+                        skip
+            B:
+                match rhs.tag: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    A:
+                        skip
+                    B:
+                        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, eq(bits(lhs.body, 7, 0), bits(rhs.body, 7, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    C:
+                        skip
+            C:
+                match rhs.tag: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                    A:
+                        skip
+                    B:
+                        skip
+                    C:
+                        wire _array_literal_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+                        wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+                        wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened: UInt<1>[3]
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[0], bits(bits(lhs.body, 2, 0), 0, 0)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[0]
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[1], bits(bits(lhs.body, 2, 0), 1, 1)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[1]
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[2], bits(bits(lhs.body, 2, 0), 2, 2)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[2]
+                        wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1: UInt<1>[3]
+                        wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1: UInt<1>[3]
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[0], bits(bits(rhs.body, 2, 0), 0, 0)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[0]
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[1], bits(bits(rhs.body, 2, 0), 1, 1)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[1]
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[2], bits(bits(rhs.body, 2, 0), 2, 2)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[2]
+                        connect _array_literal_expr[0], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[0])
+                        connect _array_literal_expr[1], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[1])
+                        connect _array_literal_expr[2], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[2])
+                        wire _cast_array_to_bits_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+                        connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0], _array_literal_expr[0]
+                        connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _array_literal_expr[1]
+                        connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], _array_literal_expr[2]
+                        wire _cast_to_bits_expr: UInt<3>
+                        connect _cast_to_bits_expr, cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0]))
+                        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, andr(_cast_to_bits_expr) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect eq, TestEnum_cmp_eq @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 6:1]
+",
+    };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] // work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/issues/6161
+    assert_export_firrtl! {
+        m =>
+        options: ExportOptions {
+            simplify_enums: Some(SimplifyEnumsKind::ReplaceWithBundleOfUInts),
+            ..ExportOptions::default()
+        },
+        "/test/check_enum_cmp_eq.fir": r"FIRRTL version 3.2.0
+circuit check_enum_cmp_eq:
+    type Ty0 = {tag: UInt<2>, body: UInt<8>}
+    module check_enum_cmp_eq: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 1:1]
+        input lhs: Ty0 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 2:1]
+        input rhs: Ty0 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 3:1]
+        output eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 4:1]
+        wire TestEnum_cmp_eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h0) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        when eq(lhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            when eq(rhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h1) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            else when eq(rhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                skip
+        else when eq(lhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            when eq(rhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                skip
+            else when eq(rhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, eq(bits(lhs.body, 7, 0), bits(rhs.body, 7, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        else when eq(rhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            skip
+        else when eq(rhs.tag, UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            skip
+        else:
+            wire _array_literal_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened: UInt<1>[3]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[0], bits(bits(lhs.body, 2, 0), 0, 0)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[0]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[1], bits(bits(lhs.body, 2, 0), 1, 1)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[1]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[2], bits(bits(lhs.body, 2, 0), 2, 2)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[2]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1: UInt<1>[3]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1: UInt<1>[3]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[0], bits(bits(rhs.body, 2, 0), 0, 0)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[0]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[1], bits(bits(rhs.body, 2, 0), 1, 1)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[1]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[2], bits(bits(rhs.body, 2, 0), 2, 2)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[2]
+            connect _array_literal_expr[0], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[0])
+            connect _array_literal_expr[1], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[1])
+            connect _array_literal_expr[2], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[2])
+            wire _cast_array_to_bits_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+            connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0], _array_literal_expr[0]
+            connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _array_literal_expr[1]
+            connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], _array_literal_expr[2]
+            wire _cast_to_bits_expr: UInt<3>
+            connect _cast_to_bits_expr, cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0]))
+            connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, andr(_cast_to_bits_expr) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect eq, TestEnum_cmp_eq @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 6:1]
+",
+    };
+    #[rustfmt::skip] // work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/issues/6161
+    assert_export_firrtl! {
+        m =>
+        options: ExportOptions {
+            simplify_enums: Some(SimplifyEnumsKind::ReplaceWithUInt),
+            ..ExportOptions::default()
+        },
+        "/test/check_enum_cmp_eq.fir": r"FIRRTL version 3.2.0
+circuit check_enum_cmp_eq:
+    module check_enum_cmp_eq: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 1:1]
+        input lhs: UInt<10> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 2:1]
+        input rhs: UInt<10> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 3:1]
+        output eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 4:1]
+        wire TestEnum_cmp_eq: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h0) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        when eq(bits(lhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            when eq(bits(rhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, UInt<1>(0h1) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            else when eq(bits(rhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                skip
+        else when eq(bits(lhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            when eq(bits(rhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                skip
+            else when eq(bits(rhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+                connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, eq(bits(bits(lhs, 9, 2), 7, 0), bits(bits(rhs, 9, 2), 7, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        else when eq(bits(rhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            skip
+        else when eq(bits(rhs, 1, 0), UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+            skip
+        else:
+            wire _array_literal_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened: UInt<1>[3]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[0], bits(bits(bits(lhs, 9, 2), 2, 0), 0, 0)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[0]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[1], bits(bits(bits(lhs, 9, 2), 2, 0), 1, 1)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[1]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[2], bits(bits(bits(lhs, 9, 2), 2, 0), 2, 2)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened[2]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1: UInt<1>[3]
+            wire _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1: UInt<1>[3]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[0], bits(bits(bits(rhs, 9, 2), 2, 0), 0, 0)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[0]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[1], bits(bits(bits(rhs, 9, 2), 2, 0), 1, 1)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[1]
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[2], bits(bits(bits(rhs, 9, 2), 2, 0), 2, 2)
+            connect _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_flattened_1[2]
+            connect _array_literal_expr[0], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[0], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[0])
+            connect _array_literal_expr[1], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[1], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[1])
+            connect _array_literal_expr[2], eq(_cast_bits_to_array_expr[2], _cast_bits_to_array_expr_1[2])
+            wire _cast_array_to_bits_expr: UInt<1>[3]
+            connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0], _array_literal_expr[0]
+            connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _array_literal_expr[1]
+            connect _cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], _array_literal_expr[2]
+            wire _cast_to_bits_expr: UInt<3>
+            connect _cast_to_bits_expr, cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[2], cat(_cast_array_to_bits_expr[1], _cast_array_to_bits_expr[0]))
+            connect TestEnum_cmp_eq, andr(_cast_to_bits_expr) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        connect eq, TestEnum_cmp_eq @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 6:1]
+",
+    };
+}
+
 #[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
 pub fn check_struct_enum_match() {
     #[hdl]
@@ -3419,20 +3683,176 @@ circuit check_formal: %[[
         input pred1: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 6:1]
         input pred2: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 7:1]
         input pred3: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
-        inst formal_reset of formal_reset @[formal.rs 185:24]
+        inst formal_reset of formal_reset @[builtin 1:1]
         assert(clk, pred1, and(en1, not(formal_reset.rst)), "en check 1") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-        inst formal_reset_1 of formal_reset @[formal.rs 185:24]
+        assume(clk, pred2, and(en2, not(formal_reset.rst)), "en check 2") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 10:1]
-        assume(clk, pred2, and(en2, not(formal_reset_1.rst)), "en check 2") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 10:1]
+        cover(clk, pred3, and(en3, not(formal_reset.rst)), "en check 3") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 11:1]
-        inst formal_reset_2 of formal_reset @[formal.rs 185:24]
+        assert(clk, pred1, and(UInt<1>(0h1), not(formal_reset.rst)), "check 1") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 12:1]
-        cover(clk, pred3, and(en3, not(formal_reset_2.rst)), "en check 3") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 11:1]
+        assume(clk, pred2, and(UInt<1>(0h1), not(formal_reset.rst)), "check 2") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 13:1]
-        inst formal_reset_3 of formal_reset @[formal.rs 185:24]
+        cover(clk, pred3, and(UInt<1>(0h1), not(formal_reset.rst)), "check 3") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 14:1]
-        assert(clk, pred1, and(UInt<1>(0h1), not(formal_reset_3.rst)), "check 1") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 12:1]
+    extmodule formal_reset: @[builtin 1:1]
-        inst formal_reset_4 of formal_reset @[formal.rs 185:24]
+        output rst: UInt<1> @[builtin 1:1]
-        assume(clk, pred2, and(UInt<1>(0h1), not(formal_reset_4.rst)), "check 2") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 13:1]
+        defname = __fayalite_formal_reset
-        inst formal_reset_5 of formal_reset @[formal.rs 185:24]
+"#,
-        cover(clk, pred3, and(UInt<1>(0h1), not(formal_reset_5.rst)), "check 3") @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 14:1]
+    };
-    extmodule formal_reset: @[formal.rs 169:5]
+}
-        output rst: UInt<1> @[formal.rs 172:32]
+
+#[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
+pub fn check_formal_input() {
+    #[hdl]
+    let bool_in: Bool = m.input();
+    #[hdl]
+    let bool_out: Bool = m.output();
+    #[hdl]
+    let any_const_out1: Bool = m.output();
+    #[hdl]
+    let any_const_out2: UInt<16> = m.output();
+    #[hdl]
+    let any_const_out3: SInt<12> = m.output();
+    #[hdl]
+    let any_seq_out: UInt<10> = m.output();
+    #[hdl]
+    let all_const_out: UInt<10> = m.output();
+    #[hdl]
+    let all_seq_out: UInt<10> = m.output();
+
+    #[hdl]
+    let bool_reg = reg_builder()
+        .clock_domain(
+            #[hdl]
+            ClockDomain {
+                clk: formal_global_clock(),
+                rst: formal_reset(),
+            },
+        )
+        .reset(false);
+
+    connect(bool_reg, bool_in);
+    connect(bool_out, bool_reg);
+    connect(any_const_out1, any_const(StaticType::TYPE));
+    connect(any_const_out2, any_const(StaticType::TYPE));
+    connect(any_const_out3, any_const(StaticType::TYPE));
+    connect(any_seq_out, any_seq(StaticType::TYPE));
+    connect(all_const_out, all_const(StaticType::TYPE));
+    connect(all_seq_out, all_seq(StaticType::TYPE));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_formal_input() {
+    let _n = SourceLocation::normalize_files_for_tests();
+    let m = check_formal_input();
+    dbg!(m);
+    #[rustfmt::skip] // work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt/issues/6161
+    assert_export_firrtl! {
+        m =>
+        "/test/check_formal_input.fir": r#"FIRRTL version 3.2.0
+circuit check_formal_input: %[[
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "gclk",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>formal_global_clock"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>formal_global_clock"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "anyconst",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_const"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_const"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "anyconst",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_const_1"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_const_1"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "anyconst",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_const_2"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_const_2"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "anyseq",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_seq"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>any_seq"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "allconst",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>all_const"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>all_const"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.AttributeAnnotation",
+    "description": "allseq",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>all_seq"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.DontTouchAnnotation",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|check_formal_input>all_seq"
+  },
+  {
+    "class": "firrtl.transforms.BlackBoxInlineAnno",
+    "name": "fayalite_formal_reset.v",
+    "text": "module __fayalite_formal_reset(output rst);\n    assign rst = $initstate;\nendmodule\n",
+    "target": "~check_formal_input|formal_reset"
+  }
+]]
+    type Ty0 = {clk: Clock, rst: UInt<1>}
+    type Ty1 = {rst: UInt<1>}
+    module check_formal_input: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 1:1]
+        input bool_in: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 2:1]
+        output bool_out: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 3:1]
+        output any_const_out1: UInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 4:1]
+        output any_const_out2: UInt<16> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 5:1]
+        output any_const_out3: SInt<12> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 6:1]
+        output any_seq_out: UInt<10> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 7:1]
+        output all_const_out: UInt<10> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
+        output all_seq_out: UInt<10> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+        wire _bundle_literal_expr_1: Ty0
+        connect _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk, asClock(UInt<1>(0h0))
+        connect _bundle_literal_expr_1.rst, UInt<1>(0h0)
+        reg formal_global_clock: UInt<1>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[builtin 1:1]
+        inst formal_reset of formal_reset @[builtin 1:1]
+        reg any_const: UInt<1>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 13:1]
+        reg any_const_1: UInt<16>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 15:1]
+        reg any_const_2: SInt<12>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 17:1]
+        reg any_seq: UInt<10>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 19:1]
+        reg all_const: UInt<10>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 21:1]
+        reg all_seq: UInt<10>, _bundle_literal_expr_1.clk @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 23:1]
+        wire _bundle_literal_expr: Ty0
+        connect _bundle_literal_expr.clk, asClock(formal_global_clock)
+        connect _bundle_literal_expr.rst, formal_reset.rst
+        regreset bool_reg: UInt<1>, _bundle_literal_expr.clk, _bundle_literal_expr.rst, UInt<1>(0h0) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 10:1]
+        connect bool_reg, bool_in @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 11:1]
+        connect bool_out, bool_reg @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 12:1]
+        connect any_const_out1, any_const @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 14:1]
+        connect any_const_out2, any_const_1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 16:1]
+        connect any_const_out3, any_const_2 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 18:1]
+        connect any_seq_out, any_seq @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 20:1]
+        connect all_const_out, all_const @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 22:1]
+        connect all_seq_out, all_seq @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 24:1]
+    extmodule formal_reset: @[builtin 1:1]
+        output rst: UInt<1> @[builtin 1:1]
         defname = __fayalite_formal_reset
 "#,
     };
@@ -3565,21 +3985,10 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                             connect __connect_variant_body_1, _bundle_literal_expr_1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                         HdlSome:
                             wire __connect_variant_body_2: SInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
-                            wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1: Ty5
-                            wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1: Ty6
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag, bits(bits(i2.body, 2, 0), 0, 0)
-                            wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1: Ty3
-                            when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag, 0)):
-                                connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
-                            else:
-                                connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body, bits(bits(i2.body, 2, 0), 2, 1)
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body
                             ; connect different types:
                             ; lhs: SInt<1>
                             ; rhs: SInt<2>
-                            connect __connect_variant_body_2, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.body, 1, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
+                            connect __connect_variant_body_2, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr.body, 1, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                             wire _bundle_literal_expr_2: Ty4
                             connect _bundle_literal_expr_2.tag, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
                             connect _bundle_literal_expr_2.body, asUInt(__connect_variant_body_2)
@@ -3601,18 +4010,18 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                     connect o1, _bundle_literal_expr_3 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                 C:
                     wire __connect_variant_body_3: Ty8 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2: Ty8
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1: Ty8
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2: Ty9
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1: Ty9
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag, bits(bits(i2.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag, bits(bits(i2.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2: Ty3
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1: Ty3
-                    when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag, 0)):
+                    when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag, 0)):
-                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
                     else:
-                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_1
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body, UInt<0>(0)
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body, UInt<0>(0)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body
-                    connect __connect_variant_body_3, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
+                    connect __connect_variant_body_3, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                     wire _bundle_literal_expr_4: Ty1
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_4.tag, {|A, B, C|}(C)
                     wire _cast_bundle_to_bits_expr_1: Ty9
@@ -3641,18 +4050,18 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                     connect o2, _bundle_literal_expr_5 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                 B:
                     wire __connect_variant_body_5: Ty5 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3: Ty4
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2: Ty4
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3: Ty7
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2: Ty7
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 0, 0)
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 0, 0)
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3: Ty3
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2: Ty3
-                    when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag, 0)):
+                    when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag, 0)):
-                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
                     else:
-                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_2
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 1, 1)
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 1, 1)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body
-                    match _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.tag: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+                    match _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.tag: @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                         HdlNone:
                             wire _bundle_literal_expr_6: Ty5
                             connect _bundle_literal_expr_6.tag, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
@@ -3660,21 +4069,10 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                             connect __connect_variant_body_5, _bundle_literal_expr_6 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                         HdlSome:
                             wire __connect_variant_body_6: SInt<2> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-                            wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4: Ty4
-                            wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4: Ty7
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 0, 0)
-                            wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_4: Ty3
-                            when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.tag, 0)):
-                                connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_4, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
-                            else:
-                                connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_4, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_4
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.body, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 1, 1)
-                            connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.body
                             ; connect different types:
                             ; lhs: SInt<2>
                             ; rhs: SInt<1>
-                            connect __connect_variant_body_6, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4.body, 0, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+                            connect __connect_variant_body_6, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.body, 0, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                             wire _bundle_literal_expr_7: Ty5
                             connect _bundle_literal_expr_7.tag, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
                             connect _bundle_literal_expr_7.body, asUInt(__connect_variant_body_6)
@@ -3696,18 +4094,18 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                     connect o2, _bundle_literal_expr_8 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                 C:
                     wire __connect_variant_body_7: Ty8 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5: Ty8
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3: Ty8
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5: Ty9
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3: Ty9
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_5: Ty3
+                    wire _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3: Ty3
-                    when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.tag, 0)):
+                    when eq(UInt<1>(0), tail(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag, 0)):
-                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_5, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlNone)
                     else:
-                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_5, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
+                        connect _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3, {|HdlNone, HdlSome|}(HdlSome)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_5
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.tag, _cast_bits_to_enum_expr_3
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.body, UInt<0>(0)
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body, UInt<0>(0)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.body
+                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body
-                    connect __connect_variant_body_7, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+                    connect __connect_variant_body_7, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                     wire _bundle_literal_expr_9: Ty2
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_9.tag, {|A, B, C|}(C)
                     wire _cast_bundle_to_bits_expr_3: Ty9
@@ -3774,16 +4172,10 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                     connect __connect_variant_body_1, _bundle_literal_expr_1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                 else:
                     wire __connect_variant_body_2: SInt<1> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1: Ty3
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1: Ty3
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag, bits(bits(i2.body, 2, 0), 0, 0)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body, bits(bits(i2.body, 2, 0), 2, 1)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body
                     ; connect different types:
                     ; lhs: SInt<1>
                     ; rhs: SInt<2>
-                    connect __connect_variant_body_2, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.body, 1, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
+                    connect __connect_variant_body_2, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr.body, 1, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                     wire _bundle_literal_expr_2: Ty2
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_2.tag, UInt<1>(0h1)
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_2.body, asUInt(__connect_variant_body_2)
@@ -3799,13 +4191,13 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                 connect o1, _bundle_literal_expr_3 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
             else:
                 wire __connect_variant_body_3: Ty4 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
-                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2: Ty4
+                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1: Ty4
-                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2: Ty4
+                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1: Ty4
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag, bits(bits(i2.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag, bits(bits(i2.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.tag
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body, UInt<0>(0)
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body, UInt<0>(0)
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_1.body
-                connect __connect_variant_body_3, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
+                connect __connect_variant_body_3, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_1 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 8:1]
                 wire _bundle_literal_expr_4: Ty0
                 connect _bundle_literal_expr_4.tag, UInt<2>(0h2)
                 wire _cast_bundle_to_bits_expr_1: Ty4
@@ -3827,29 +4219,23 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                 connect o2, _bundle_literal_expr_5 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
             else when eq(i1.tag, UInt<2>(0h1)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                 wire __connect_variant_body_5: Ty3 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3: Ty2
+                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2: Ty2
-                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3: Ty2
+                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2: Ty2
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 0, 0)
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 0, 0)
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.tag
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 1, 1)
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 1, 1)
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_2.body
-                when eq(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.tag, UInt<1>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+                when eq(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.tag, UInt<1>(0h0)): @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                     wire _bundle_literal_expr_6: Ty3
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_6.tag, UInt<1>(0h0)
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_6.body, UInt<2>(0h0)
                     connect __connect_variant_body_5, _bundle_literal_expr_6 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                 else:
                     wire __connect_variant_body_6: SInt<2> @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4: Ty2
-                    wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4: Ty2
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 0, 0)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.tag
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.body, bits(bits(i1.body, 1, 0), 1, 1)
-                    connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_4.body
                     ; connect different types:
                     ; lhs: SInt<2>
                     ; rhs: SInt<1>
-                    connect __connect_variant_body_6, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_4.body, 0, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+                    connect __connect_variant_body_6, asSInt(bits(_cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_2.body, 0, 0)) @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                     wire _bundle_literal_expr_7: Ty3
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_7.tag, UInt<1>(0h1)
                     connect _bundle_literal_expr_7.body, asUInt(__connect_variant_body_6)
@@ -3865,13 +4251,13 @@ circuit check_enum_connect_any:
                 connect o2, _bundle_literal_expr_8 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
             else:
                 wire __connect_variant_body_7: Ty4 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
-                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5: Ty4
+                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3: Ty4
-                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5: Ty4
+                wire _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3: Ty4
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag, bits(bits(i1.body, 0, 0), 0, 0)
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.tag
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.tag, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.tag
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.body, UInt<0>(0)
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body, UInt<0>(0)
-                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_5.body
+                connect _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3.body, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_flattened_3.body
-                connect __connect_variant_body_7, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_5 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
+                connect __connect_variant_body_7, _cast_bits_to_bundle_expr_3 @[module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs 9:1]
                 wire _bundle_literal_expr_9: Ty1
                 connect _bundle_literal_expr_9.tag, UInt<2>(0h2)
                 wire _cast_bundle_to_bits_expr_3: Ty4

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/array_rw.txt

@@ -419,6 +419,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 38,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -497,6 +498,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -1218,6 +1220,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xff,
             last_state: 0xff,
         },
@@ -1227,6 +1230,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x7f,
             last_state: 0x7f,
         },
@@ -1236,6 +1240,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3f,
             last_state: 0x3f,
         },
@@ -1245,6 +1250,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1f,
             last_state: 0x1f,
         },
@@ -1254,6 +1260,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0f,
             last_state: 0x0f,
         },
@@ -1263,6 +1270,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x07,
             last_state: 0x07,
         },
@@ -1272,6 +1280,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x03,
             last_state: 0x03,
         },
@@ -1281,6 +1290,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x01,
             last_state: 0x01,
         },
@@ -1290,6 +1300,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -1299,6 +1310,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x80,
             last_state: 0x80,
         },
@@ -1308,6 +1320,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xc0,
             last_state: 0xc0,
         },
@@ -1317,6 +1330,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xe0,
             last_state: 0xe0,
         },
@@ -1326,6 +1340,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf0,
             last_state: 0xf0,
         },
@@ -1335,6 +1350,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf8,
             last_state: 0xf8,
         },
@@ -1344,6 +1360,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xfc,
             last_state: 0xfc,
         },
@@ -1353,6 +1370,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xfe,
             last_state: 0xfe,
         },
@@ -1362,6 +1380,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xff,
             last_state: 0xff,
         },
@@ -1371,6 +1390,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x7f,
             last_state: 0x7f,
         },
@@ -1380,6 +1400,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3f,
             last_state: 0x3f,
         },
@@ -1389,6 +1410,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1f,
             last_state: 0x1f,
         },
@@ -1398,6 +1420,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0f,
             last_state: 0x0f,
         },
@@ -1407,6 +1430,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x07,
             last_state: 0x07,
         },
@@ -1416,6 +1440,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x03,
             last_state: 0x03,
         },
@@ -1425,6 +1450,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x01,
             last_state: 0x01,
         },
@@ -1434,6 +1460,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -1443,6 +1470,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x80,
             last_state: 0x80,
         },
@@ -1452,6 +1480,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xc0,
             last_state: 0xc0,
         },
@@ -1461,6 +1490,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xe0,
             last_state: 0xe0,
         },
@@ -1470,6 +1500,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf0,
             last_state: 0xf0,
         },
@@ -1479,6 +1510,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(29),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf8,
             last_state: 0xf8,
         },
@@ -1488,6 +1520,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(30),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xfc,
             last_state: 0xfc,
         },
@@ -1497,6 +1530,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(31),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xfe,
             last_state: 0xe1,
         },
@@ -1506,6 +1540,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(32),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -1515,6 +1550,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(33),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xff,
             last_state: 0xff,
         },
@@ -1524,6 +1560,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(34),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x10,
             last_state: 0x0f,
         },
@@ -1533,6 +1570,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(35),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0xe1,
         },
@@ -1541,6 +1579,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(36),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1550,6 +1589,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(37),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xff,
             last_state: 0xff,
         },
@@ -1559,6 +1599,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(38),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x7f,
             last_state: 0x7f,
         },
@@ -1568,6 +1609,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(39),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3f,
             last_state: 0x3f,
         },
@@ -1577,6 +1619,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(40),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1f,
             last_state: 0x1f,
         },
@@ -1586,6 +1629,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(41),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0f,
             last_state: 0x0f,
         },
@@ -1595,6 +1639,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(42),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x07,
             last_state: 0x07,
         },
@@ -1604,6 +1649,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(43),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x03,
             last_state: 0x03,
         },
@@ -1613,6 +1659,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(44),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x01,
             last_state: 0x01,
         },
@@ -1622,6 +1669,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(45),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -1631,6 +1679,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(46),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x80,
             last_state: 0x80,
         },
@@ -1640,6 +1689,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(47),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xc0,
             last_state: 0xc0,
         },
@@ -1649,6 +1699,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(48),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xe0,
             last_state: 0xe0,
         },
@@ -1658,6 +1709,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(49),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf0,
             last_state: 0xf0,
         },
@@ -1667,6 +1719,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(50),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf8,
             last_state: 0xf8,
         },
@@ -1676,6 +1729,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(51),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xfc,
             last_state: 0xfc,
         },
@@ -1685,6 +1739,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(52),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xfe,
             last_state: 0xe1,
         },
@@ -1706,5 +1761,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/array_rw.vcd

@@ -1,283 +1,283 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module array_rw $end
 $scope struct array_in $end
-$var wire 8 ! \[0] $end
+$var wire 8 Yvfu^ \[0] $end
-$var wire 8 " \[1] $end
+$var wire 8 |Cs`W \[1] $end
-$var wire 8 # \[2] $end
+$var wire 8 M!nsb \[2] $end
-$var wire 8 $ \[3] $end
+$var wire 8 59L{w \[3] $end
-$var wire 8 % \[4] $end
+$var wire 8 o2+|F \[4] $end
-$var wire 8 & \[5] $end
+$var wire 8 ikzV5 \[5] $end
-$var wire 8 ' \[6] $end
+$var wire 8 [E$Z* \[6] $end
-$var wire 8 ( \[7] $end
+$var wire 8 ?"~01 \[7] $end
-$var wire 8 ) \[8] $end
+$var wire 8 /kghT \[8] $end
-$var wire 8 * \[9] $end
+$var wire 8 +}(9) \[9] $end
-$var wire 8 + \[10] $end
+$var wire 8 iMP}= \[10] $end
-$var wire 8 , \[11] $end
+$var wire 8 2M0tL \[11] $end
-$var wire 8 - \[12] $end
+$var wire 8 :AjkA \[12] $end
-$var wire 8 . \[13] $end
+$var wire 8 VM_:8 \[13] $end
-$var wire 8 / \[14] $end
+$var wire 8 UveL2 \[14] $end
-$var wire 8 0 \[15] $end
+$var wire 8 A)9Z6 \[15] $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct array_out $end
-$var wire 8 1 \[0] $end
+$var wire 8 2zdj1 \[0] $end
-$var wire 8 2 \[1] $end
+$var wire 8 =;m_[ \[1] $end
-$var wire 8 3 \[2] $end
+$var wire 8 @9Hd \[2] $end
-$var wire 8 4 \[3] $end
+$var wire 8 C:="| \[3] $end
-$var wire 8 5 \[4] $end
+$var wire 8 IDk7# \[4] $end
-$var wire 8 6 \[5] $end
+$var wire 8 i]E1i \[5] $end
-$var wire 8 7 \[6] $end
+$var wire 8 tK,M] \[6] $end
-$var wire 8 8 \[7] $end
+$var wire 8 tGp!\ \[7] $end
-$var wire 8 9 \[8] $end
+$var wire 8 ."qjK \[8] $end
-$var wire 8 : \[9] $end
+$var wire 8 AUO:R \[9] $end
-$var wire 8 ; \[10] $end
+$var wire 8 'kx`n \[10] $end
-$var wire 8 < \[11] $end
+$var wire 8 U&(K\ \[11] $end
-$var wire 8 = \[12] $end
+$var wire 8 q<O41 \[12] $end
-$var wire 8 > \[13] $end
+$var wire 8 zvj)] \[13] $end
-$var wire 8 ? \[14] $end
+$var wire 8 >0H<( \[14] $end
-$var wire 8 @ \[15] $end
+$var wire 8 ARhXJ \[15] $end
 $upscope $end
-$var wire 8 A read_index $end
+$var wire 8 -n:7@ read_index $end
-$var wire 8 B read_data $end
+$var wire 8 >h<=Z read_data $end
-$var wire 8 C write_index $end
+$var wire 8 [xld3 write_index $end
-$var wire 8 D write_data $end
+$var wire 8 J+DYh write_data $end
-$var wire 1 E write_en $end
+$var wire 1 z,@WW write_en $end
 $scope struct array_wire $end
-$var wire 8 F \[0] $end
+$var wire 8 B{KJS \[0] $end
-$var wire 8 G \[1] $end
+$var wire 8 V'K*& \[1] $end
-$var wire 8 H \[2] $end
+$var wire 8 4zI$O \[2] $end
-$var wire 8 I \[3] $end
+$var wire 8 %TTk[ \[3] $end
-$var wire 8 J \[4] $end
+$var wire 8 IgSeY \[4] $end
-$var wire 8 K \[5] $end
+$var wire 8 &&1T" \[5] $end
-$var wire 8 L \[6] $end
+$var wire 8 5)-l\ \[6] $end
-$var wire 8 M \[7] $end
+$var wire 8 0RsLb \[7] $end
-$var wire 8 N \[8] $end
+$var wire 8 T>:}D \[8] $end
-$var wire 8 O \[9] $end
+$var wire 8 DPpZ* \[9] $end
-$var wire 8 P \[10] $end
+$var wire 8 %E(nf \[10] $end
-$var wire 8 Q \[11] $end
+$var wire 8 2'pba \[11] $end
-$var wire 8 R \[12] $end
+$var wire 8 e/c1: \[12] $end
-$var wire 8 S \[13] $end
+$var wire 8 ;w.C7 \[13] $end
-$var wire 8 T \[14] $end
+$var wire 8 fwdfu \[14] $end
-$var wire 8 U \[15] $end
+$var wire 8 *R\vx \[15] $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-b11111111 !
+b11111111 Yvfu^
-b1111111 "
+b1111111 |Cs`W
-b111111 #
+b111111 M!nsb
-b11111 $
+b11111 59L{w
-b1111 %
+b1111 o2+|F
-b111 &
+b111 ikzV5
-b11 '
+b11 [E$Z*
-b1 (
+b1 ?"~01
-b0 )
+b0 /kghT
-b10000000 *
+b10000000 +}(9)
-b11000000 +
+b11000000 iMP}=
-b11100000 ,
+b11100000 2M0tL
-b11110000 -
+b11110000 :AjkA
-b11111000 .
+b11111000 VM_:8
-b11111100 /
+b11111100 UveL2
-b11111110 0
+b11111110 A)9Z6
-b11111111 1
+b11111111 2zdj1
-b1111111 2
+b1111111 =;m_[
-b111111 3
+b111111 @9Hd
-b11111 4
+b11111 C:="|
-b1111 5
+b1111 IDk7#
-b111 6
+b111 i]E1i
-b11 7
+b11 tK,M]
-b1 8
+b1 tGp!\
-b0 9
+b0 ."qjK
-b10000000 :
+b10000000 AUO:R
-b11000000 ;
+b11000000 'kx`n
-b11100000 <
+b11100000 U&(K\
-b11110000 =
+b11110000 q<O41
-b11111000 >
+b11111000 zvj)]
-b11111100 ?
+b11111100 >0H<(
-b11111110 @
+b11111110 ARhXJ
-b0 A
+b0 -n:7@
-b11111111 B
+b11111111 >h<=Z
-b0 C
+b0 [xld3
-b0 D
+b0 J+DYh
-0E
+0z,@WW
-b11111111 F
+b11111111 B{KJS
-b1111111 G
+b1111111 V'K*&
-b111111 H
+b111111 4zI$O
-b11111 I
+b11111 %TTk[
-b1111 J
+b1111 IgSeY
-b111 K
+b111 &&1T"
-b11 L
+b11 5)-l\
-b1 M
+b1 0RsLb
-b0 N
+b0 T>:}D
-b10000000 O
+b10000000 DPpZ*
-b11000000 P
+b11000000 %E(nf
-b11100000 Q
+b11100000 2'pba
-b11110000 R
+b11110000 e/c1:
-b11111000 S
+b11111000 ;w.C7
-b11111100 T
+b11111100 fwdfu
-b11111110 U
+b11111110 *R\vx
 $end
 #1000000
-b1 A
+b1 -n:7@
-b1111111 B
+b1111111 >h<=Z
 #2000000
-b10 A
+b10 -n:7@
-b111111 B
+b111111 >h<=Z
 #3000000
-b11 A
+b11 -n:7@
-b11111 B
+b11111 >h<=Z
 #4000000
-b100 A
+b100 -n:7@
-b1111 B
+b1111 >h<=Z
 #5000000
-b101 A
+b101 -n:7@
-b111 B
+b111 >h<=Z
 #6000000
-b110 A
+b110 -n:7@
-b11 B
+b11 >h<=Z
 #7000000
-b111 A
+b111 -n:7@
-b1 B
+b1 >h<=Z
 #8000000
-b1000 A
+b1000 -n:7@
-b0 B
+b0 >h<=Z
 #9000000
-b1001 A
+b1001 -n:7@
-b10000000 B
+b10000000 >h<=Z
 #10000000
-b1010 A
+b1010 -n:7@
-b11000000 B
+b11000000 >h<=Z
 #11000000
-b1011 A
+b1011 -n:7@
-b11100000 B
+b11100000 >h<=Z
 #12000000
-b1100 A
+b1100 -n:7@
-b11110000 B
+b11110000 >h<=Z
 #13000000
-b1101 A
+b1101 -n:7@
-b11111000 B
+b11111000 >h<=Z
 #14000000
-b1110 A
+b1110 -n:7@
-b11111100 B
+b11111100 >h<=Z
 #15000000
-b1111 A
+b1111 -n:7@
-b11111110 B
+b11111110 >h<=Z
 #16000000
-b10000 A
+b10000 -n:7@
-b0 B
+b0 >h<=Z
 #17000000
-b0 1
+b0 2zdj1
-b0 A
+b0 -n:7@
-1E
+1z,@WW
-b0 F
+b0 B{KJS
 #18000000
-b11111111 1
+b11111111 2zdj1
-b1 2
+b1 =;m_[
-b11111111 B
+b11111111 >h<=Z
-b1 C
+b1 [xld3
-b1 D
+b1 J+DYh
-b11111111 F
+b11111111 B{KJS
-b1 G
+b1 V'K*&
 #19000000
-b1111111 2
+b1111111 =;m_[
-b100 3
+b100 @9Hd
-b10 C
+b10 [xld3
-b100 D
+b100 J+DYh
-b1111111 G
+b1111111 V'K*&
-b100 H
+b100 4zI$O
 #20000000
-b111111 3
+b111111 @9Hd
-b1001 4
+b1001 C:="|
-b11 C
+b11 [xld3
-b1001 D
+b1001 J+DYh
-b111111 H
+b111111 4zI$O
-b1001 I
+b1001 %TTk[
 #21000000
-b11111 4
+b11111 C:="|
-b10000 5
+b10000 IDk7#
-b100 C
+b100 [xld3
-b10000 D
+b10000 J+DYh
-b11111 I
+b11111 %TTk[
-b10000 J
+b10000 IgSeY
 #22000000
-b1111 5
+b1111 IDk7#
-b11001 6
+b11001 i]E1i
-b101 C
+b101 [xld3
-b11001 D
+b11001 J+DYh
-b1111 J
+b1111 IgSeY
-b11001 K
+b11001 &&1T"
 #23000000
-b111 6
+b111 i]E1i
-b100100 7
+b100100 tK,M]
-b110 C
+b110 [xld3
-b100100 D
+b100100 J+DYh
-b111 K
+b111 &&1T"
-b100100 L
+b100100 5)-l\
 #24000000
-b11 7
+b11 tK,M]
-b110001 8
+b110001 tGp!\
-b111 C
+b111 [xld3
-b110001 D
+b110001 J+DYh
-b11 L
+b11 5)-l\
-b110001 M
+b110001 0RsLb
 #25000000
-b1 8
+b1 tGp!\
-b1000000 9
+b1000000 ."qjK
-b1000 C
+b1000 [xld3
-b1000000 D
+b1000000 J+DYh
-b1 M
+b1 0RsLb
-b1000000 N
+b1000000 T>:}D
 #26000000
-b0 9
+b0 ."qjK
-b1010001 :
+b1010001 AUO:R
-b1001 C
+b1001 [xld3
-b1010001 D
+b1010001 J+DYh
-b0 N
+b0 T>:}D
-b1010001 O
+b1010001 DPpZ*
 #27000000
-b10000000 :
+b10000000 AUO:R
-b1100100 ;
+b1100100 'kx`n
-b1010 C
+b1010 [xld3
-b1100100 D
+b1100100 J+DYh
-b10000000 O
+b10000000 DPpZ*
-b1100100 P
+b1100100 %E(nf
 #28000000
-b11000000 ;
+b11000000 'kx`n
-b1111001 <
+b1111001 U&(K\
-b1011 C
+b1011 [xld3
-b1111001 D
+b1111001 J+DYh
-b11000000 P
+b11000000 %E(nf
-b1111001 Q
+b1111001 2'pba
 #29000000
-b11100000 <
+b11100000 U&(K\
-b10010000 =
+b10010000 q<O41
-b1100 C
+b1100 [xld3
-b10010000 D
+b10010000 J+DYh
-b11100000 Q
+b11100000 2'pba
-b10010000 R
+b10010000 e/c1:
 #30000000
-b11110000 =
+b11110000 q<O41
-b10101001 >
+b10101001 zvj)]
-b1101 C
+b1101 [xld3
-b10101001 D
+b10101001 J+DYh
-b11110000 R
+b11110000 e/c1:
-b10101001 S
+b10101001 ;w.C7
 #31000000
-b11111000 >
+b11111000 zvj)]
-b11000100 ?
+b11000100 >0H<(
-b1110 C
+b1110 [xld3
-b11000100 D
+b11000100 J+DYh
-b11111000 S
+b11111000 ;w.C7
-b11000100 T
+b11000100 fwdfu
 #32000000
-b11111100 ?
+b11111100 >0H<(
-b11100001 @
+b11100001 ARhXJ
-b1111 C
+b1111 [xld3
-b11100001 D
+b11100001 J+DYh
-b11111100 T
+b11111100 fwdfu
-b11100001 U
+b11100001 *R\vx
 #33000000
-b11111110 @
+b11111110 ARhXJ
-b10000 C
+b10000 [xld3
-b0 D
+b0 J+DYh
-b11111110 U
+b11111110 *R\vx
 #34000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/conditional_assignment_last.txt

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 5,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -101,6 +102,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -155,6 +157,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -163,6 +166,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -184,5 +188,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/conditional_assignment_last.vcd

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module conditional_assignment_last $end
-$var wire 1 ! i $end
+$var wire 1 xt~(W i $end
-$var wire 1 " w $end
+$var wire 1 6:7im w $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-0!
+0xt~(W
-1"
+16:7im
 $end
 #1000000
-1!
+1xt~(W
-0"
+06:7im
 #2000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/connect_const.txt

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 2,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -124,6 +126,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x05,
             last_state: 0x05,
         },
@@ -137,5 +140,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/connect_const_reset.txt

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 5,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -175,6 +177,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigAsyncReset {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -183,6 +186,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -204,5 +208,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/connect_const_reset.vcd

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module connect_const_reset $end
-$var wire 1 ! reset_out $end
+$var wire 1 8ke|= reset_out $end
-$var wire 1 " bit_out $end
+$var wire 1 {"c@= bit_out $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-1!
+18ke|=
-1"
+1{"c@=
 $end
 #1000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/counter_async.txt

@@ -123,59 +123,64 @@ Simulation {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
+                8: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
+                },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                8: Add {
+                9: Add {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<5> },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                     rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                 },
-                9: CastToUInt {
+                10: CastToUInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<5> },
                     dest_width: 4,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:4:1
-                10: Copy {
+                11: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:6:1
-                11: Copy {
+                12: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:3:1
-                12: BranchIfSmallNonZero {
+                13: BranchIfSmallNonZero {
-                    target: 16,
+                    target: 17,
                     value: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(3), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
-                13: BranchIfSmallZero {
+                14: BranchIfSmallZero {
-                    target: 17,
+                    target: 18,
                     value: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(1), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
-                14: Copy {
+                15: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
-                15: Branch {
+                16: Branch {
-                    target: 17,
+                    target: 18,
                 },
-                16: Copy {
+                17: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
-                17: XorSmallImmediate {
+                18: XorSmallImmediate {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(2), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     rhs: 0x1,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                18: Return,
+                19: Return,
             ],
             ..
         },
-        pc: 18,
+        pc: 19,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -212,6 +217,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -328,6 +334,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -336,6 +343,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigAsyncReset {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -345,6 +353,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -354,6 +363,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -377,5 +387,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/counter_async.vcd

@@ -1,217 +1,217 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module counter $end
 $scope struct cd $end
-$var wire 1 ! clk $end
+$var wire 1 `[J;" clk $end
-$var wire 1 " rst $end
+$var wire 1 4pZx7 rst $end
 $upscope $end
-$var wire 4 # count $end
+$var wire 4 rPs;{ count $end
-$var reg 4 $ count_reg $end
+$var reg 4 6_+(g count_reg $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-0!
+0`[J;"
-0"
+04pZx7
-b0 #
+b0 rPs;{
-b0 $
+b0 6_+(g
 $end
 #500000
-1"
+14pZx7
-b11 #
+b11 rPs;{
-b11 $
+b11 6_+(g
 #1000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
 #1500000
-0"
+04pZx7
 #2000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #3000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b100 #
+b100 rPs;{
-b100 $
+b100 6_+(g
 #4000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #5000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b101 #
+b101 rPs;{
-b101 $
+b101 6_+(g
 #6000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #7000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b110 #
+b110 rPs;{
-b110 $
+b110 6_+(g
 #8000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #9000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b111 #
+b111 rPs;{
-b111 $
+b111 6_+(g
 #10000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #11000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1000 #
+b1000 rPs;{
-b1000 $
+b1000 6_+(g
 #12000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #13000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1001 #
+b1001 rPs;{
-b1001 $
+b1001 6_+(g
 #14000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #15000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1010 #
+b1010 rPs;{
-b1010 $
+b1010 6_+(g
 #16000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #17000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1011 #
+b1011 rPs;{
-b1011 $
+b1011 6_+(g
 #18000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #19000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1100 #
+b1100 rPs;{
-b1100 $
+b1100 6_+(g
 #20000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #21000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1101 #
+b1101 rPs;{
-b1101 $
+b1101 6_+(g
 #22000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #23000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1110 #
+b1110 rPs;{
-b1110 $
+b1110 6_+(g
 #24000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #25000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1111 #
+b1111 rPs;{
-b1111 $
+b1111 6_+(g
 #26000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #27000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b0 #
+b0 rPs;{
-b0 $
+b0 6_+(g
 #28000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #29000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1 #
+b1 rPs;{
-b1 $
+b1 6_+(g
 #30000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #31000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b10 #
+b10 rPs;{
-b10 $
+b10 6_+(g
 #32000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #33000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b11 #
+b11 rPs;{
-b11 $
+b11 6_+(g
 #34000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #35000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b100 #
+b100 rPs;{
-b100 $
+b100 6_+(g
 #36000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #37000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b101 #
+b101 rPs;{
-b101 $
+b101 6_+(g
 #38000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #39000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b110 #
+b110 rPs;{
-b110 $
+b110 6_+(g
 #40000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #41000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b111 #
+b111 rPs;{
-b111 $
+b111 6_+(g
 #42000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #43000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1000 #
+b1000 rPs;{
-b1000 $
+b1000 6_+(g
 #44000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #45000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1001 #
+b1001 rPs;{
-b1001 $
+b1001 6_+(g
 #46000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #47000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1010 #
+b1010 rPs;{
-b1010 $
+b1010 6_+(g
 #48000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #49000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1011 #
+b1011 rPs;{
-b1011 $
+b1011 6_+(g
 #50000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #51000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1100 #
+b1100 rPs;{
-b1100 $
+b1100 6_+(g
 #52000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #53000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1101 #
+b1101 rPs;{
-b1101 $
+b1101 6_+(g
 #54000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #55000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1110 #
+b1110 rPs;{
-b1110 $
+b1110 6_+(g
 #56000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #57000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1111 #
+b1111 rPs;{
-b1111 $
+b1111 6_+(g
 #58000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #59000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b0 #
+b0 rPs;{
-b0 $
+b0 6_+(g
 #60000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #61000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1 #
+b1 rPs;{
-b1 $
+b1 6_+(g
 #62000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #63000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b10 #
+b10 rPs;{
-b10 $
+b10 6_+(g
 #64000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #65000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b11 #
+b11 rPs;{
-b11 $
+b11 6_+(g
 #66000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/counter_sync.txt

@@ -102,62 +102,67 @@ Simulation {
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<5> },
                     dest_width: 4,
                 },
-                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:4:1
-                4: Copy {
-                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
-                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
-                },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:3:1
-                5: IsNonZeroDestIsSmall {
+                4: IsNonZeroDestIsSmall {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(3), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::cd.rst", ty: SyncReset },
                 },
-                6: IsNonZeroDestIsSmall {
+                5: IsNonZeroDestIsSmall {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(2), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::cd.clk", ty: Clock },
                 },
-                7: AndSmall {
+                6: AndSmall {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(1), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(2), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     rhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
+                7: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:4:1
+                8: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
+                },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                8: Const {
+                9: Const {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
                     value: 0x3,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:3:1
-                9: BranchIfSmallZero {
+                10: BranchIfSmallZero {
-                    target: 14,
+                    target: 15,
                     value: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(1), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
-                10: BranchIfSmallNonZero {
+                11: BranchIfSmallNonZero {
-                    target: 13,
+                    target: 14,
                     value: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(3), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
-                11: Copy {
+                12: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg$next", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
-                12: Branch {
+                13: Branch {
-                    target: 14,
+                    target: 15,
                 },
-                13: Copy {
+                14: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(counter: counter).counter::count_reg", ty: UInt<4> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
                 },
-                14: XorSmallImmediate {
+                15: XorSmallImmediate {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(2), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     rhs: 0x1,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                15: Return,
+                16: Return,
             ],
             ..
         },
-        pc: 15,
+        pc: 16,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -193,6 +198,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -309,6 +315,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -317,6 +324,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigSyncReset {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -326,6 +334,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -335,6 +344,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -358,5 +368,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/counter_sync.vcd

@@ -1,214 +1,214 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module counter $end
 $scope struct cd $end
-$var wire 1 ! clk $end
+$var wire 1 `[J;" clk $end
-$var wire 1 " rst $end
+$var wire 1 4pZx7 rst $end
 $upscope $end
-$var wire 4 # count $end
+$var wire 4 rPs;{ count $end
-$var reg 4 $ count_reg $end
+$var reg 4 6_+(g count_reg $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-0!
+0`[J;"
-1"
+14pZx7
-b0 #
+b0 rPs;{
-b0 $
+b0 6_+(g
 $end
 #1000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b11 #
+b11 rPs;{
-b11 $
+b11 6_+(g
-0"
+04pZx7
 #2000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #3000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b100 #
+b100 rPs;{
-b100 $
+b100 6_+(g
 #4000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #5000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b101 #
+b101 rPs;{
-b101 $
+b101 6_+(g
 #6000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #7000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b110 #
+b110 rPs;{
-b110 $
+b110 6_+(g
 #8000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #9000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b111 #
+b111 rPs;{
-b111 $
+b111 6_+(g
 #10000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #11000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1000 #
+b1000 rPs;{
-b1000 $
+b1000 6_+(g
 #12000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #13000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1001 #
+b1001 rPs;{
-b1001 $
+b1001 6_+(g
 #14000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #15000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1010 #
+b1010 rPs;{
-b1010 $
+b1010 6_+(g
 #16000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #17000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1011 #
+b1011 rPs;{
-b1011 $
+b1011 6_+(g
 #18000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #19000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1100 #
+b1100 rPs;{
-b1100 $
+b1100 6_+(g
 #20000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #21000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1101 #
+b1101 rPs;{
-b1101 $
+b1101 6_+(g
 #22000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #23000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1110 #
+b1110 rPs;{
-b1110 $
+b1110 6_+(g
 #24000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #25000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1111 #
+b1111 rPs;{
-b1111 $
+b1111 6_+(g
 #26000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #27000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b0 #
+b0 rPs;{
-b0 $
+b0 6_+(g
 #28000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #29000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1 #
+b1 rPs;{
-b1 $
+b1 6_+(g
 #30000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #31000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b10 #
+b10 rPs;{
-b10 $
+b10 6_+(g
 #32000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #33000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b11 #
+b11 rPs;{
-b11 $
+b11 6_+(g
 #34000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #35000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b100 #
+b100 rPs;{
-b100 $
+b100 6_+(g
 #36000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #37000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b101 #
+b101 rPs;{
-b101 $
+b101 6_+(g
 #38000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #39000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b110 #
+b110 rPs;{
-b110 $
+b110 6_+(g
 #40000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #41000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b111 #
+b111 rPs;{
-b111 $
+b111 6_+(g
 #42000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #43000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1000 #
+b1000 rPs;{
-b1000 $
+b1000 6_+(g
 #44000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #45000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1001 #
+b1001 rPs;{
-b1001 $
+b1001 6_+(g
 #46000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #47000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1010 #
+b1010 rPs;{
-b1010 $
+b1010 6_+(g
 #48000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #49000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1011 #
+b1011 rPs;{
-b1011 $
+b1011 6_+(g
 #50000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #51000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1100 #
+b1100 rPs;{
-b1100 $
+b1100 6_+(g
 #52000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #53000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1101 #
+b1101 rPs;{
-b1101 $
+b1101 6_+(g
 #54000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #55000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1110 #
+b1110 rPs;{
-b1110 $
+b1110 6_+(g
 #56000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #57000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1111 #
+b1111 rPs;{
-b1111 $
+b1111 6_+(g
 #58000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #59000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b0 #
+b0 rPs;{
-b0 $
+b0 6_+(g
 #60000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #61000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b1 #
+b1 rPs;{
-b1 $
+b1 6_+(g
 #62000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #63000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b10 #
+b10 rPs;{
-b10 $
+b10 6_+(g
 #64000000
-0!
+0`[J;"
 #65000000
-1!
+1`[J;"
-b11 #
+b11 rPs;{
-b11 $
+b11 6_+(g
 #66000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/duplicate_names.txt

@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 4,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -97,6 +98,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [],
         uninitialized_ios: {},
@@ -137,6 +139,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x05,
             last_state: 0x05,
         },
@@ -146,6 +149,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x06,
             last_state: 0x06,
         },
@@ -167,5 +171,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/duplicate_names.vcd

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module duplicate_names $end
-$var wire 8 ! w $end
+$var wire 8 7[_7. w $end
-$var wire 8 " w_2 $end
+$var wire 8 7[_7." w_2 $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-b101 !
+b101 7[_7.
-b110 "
+b110 7[_7."
 $end
 #1000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/enum_with_simple_body.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,752 @@
+Simulation {
+    state: State {
+        insns: Insns {
+            state_layout: StateLayout {
+                ty: TypeLayout {
+                    small_slots: StatePartLayout<SmallSlots> {
+                        len: 1,
+                        debug_data: [
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    A,
+                                    B,
+                                    C,
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        ..
+                    },
+                    big_slots: StatePartLayout<BigSlots> {
+                        len: 33,
+                        debug_data: [
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_in",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_in",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_out",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_out",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::enum_out",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    A(UInt<8>),
+                                    B(UInt<8>),
+                                    C(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".0",
+                                ty: UInt<2>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".1",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<2>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    A(UInt<8>),
+                                    B(UInt<8>),
+                                    C(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".0",
+                                ty: UInt<2>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".1",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<2>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    A(UInt<8>),
+                                    B(UInt<8>),
+                                    C(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".0",
+                                ty: UInt<2>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".1",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<2>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<10>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    A(UInt<8>),
+                                    B(UInt<8>),
+                                    C(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        ..
+                    },
+                    sim_only_slots: StatePartLayout<SimOnlySlots> {
+                        len: 0,
+                        debug_data: [],
+                        layout_data: [],
+                        ..
+                    },
+                },
+                memories: StatePartLayout<Memories> {
+                    len: 0,
+                    debug_data: [],
+                    layout_data: [],
+                    ..
+                },
+            },
+            insns: [
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                0: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(32), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x2,
+                },
+                1: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    value: 0x2,
+                },
+                2: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
+                },
+                3: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_in", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                4: Shl {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    rhs: 2,
+                },
+                5: Or {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(29), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                },
+                6: CastToUInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(30), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(29), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    dest_width: 10,
+                },
+                7: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(31), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(30), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                },
+                8: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    value: 0x1,
+                },
+                9: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
+                },
+                10: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_in", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                11: Shl {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    rhs: 2,
+                },
+                12: Or {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22), // (0x385) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                },
+                13: CastToUInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x385) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22), // (0x385) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    dest_width: 10,
+                },
+                14: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x385) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x385) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                },
+                15: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x1,
+                },
+                16: CmpEq {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_in", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                17: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    value: 0x0,
+                },
+                18: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
+                },
+                19: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_in", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                20: Shl {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    rhs: 2,
+                },
+                21: Or {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<2> },
+                    rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                },
+                22: CastToUInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    dest_width: 10,
+                },
+                23: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                },
+                24: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x0,
+                },
+                25: CmpEq {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_in", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:7:1
+                26: BranchIfZero {
+                    target: 28,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:8:1
+                27: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::enum_out", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x384) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:7:1
+                28: BranchIfNonZero {
+                    target: 33,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
+                29: BranchIfZero {
+                    target: 31,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:10:1
+                30: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::enum_out", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x385) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
+                31: BranchIfNonZero {
+                    target: 33,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:11:1
+                32: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::enum_out", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(31), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                33: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::enum_out", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                34: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<10> },
+                    start: 2,
+                    len: 8,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:6:1
+                35: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x2 2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B, C} },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x386) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::enum_out", ty: Enum {A(UInt<8>), B(UInt<8>), C(UInt<8>)} },
+                    rhs: 0x3,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:12:1
+                36: BranchIfSmallNeImmediate {
+                    target: 39,
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x2 2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B, C} },
+                    rhs: 0x0,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:13:1
+                37: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_out", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:14:1
+                38: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_out", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:12:1
+                39: BranchIfSmallNeImmediate {
+                    target: 42,
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x2 2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B, C} },
+                    rhs: 0x1,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:15:1
+                40: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_out", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:16:1
+                41: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_out", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:12:1
+                42: BranchIfSmallNeImmediate {
+                    target: 45,
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x2 2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B, C} },
+                    rhs: 0x2,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:17:1
+                43: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::which_out", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(32), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:18:1
+                44: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enum_with_simple_body: enum_with_simple_body).enum_with_simple_body::data_out", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xe1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                45: Return,
+            ],
+            ..
+        },
+        pc: 45,
+        memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
+        memories: StatePart {
+            value: [],
+        },
+        small_slots: StatePart {
+            value: [
+                2,
+            ],
+        },
+        big_slots: StatePart {
+            value: [
+                2,
+                225,
+                2 (modified),
+                225 (modified),
+                902,
+                902,
+                225,
+                0,
+                0,
+                0,
+                225,
+                0,
+                900,
+                900,
+                900,
+                900,
+                1,
+                0,
+                1,
+                225,
+                1,
+                900,
+                901,
+                901,
+                901,
+                2,
+                225,
+                2,
+                900,
+                902,
+                902,
+                902,
+                2,
+            ],
+        },
+        sim_only_slots: StatePart {
+            value: [],
+        },
+    },
+    io: Instance {
+        name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+        instantiated: Module {
+            name: enum_with_simple_body,
+            ..
+        },
+    },
+    global_io: {},
+    main_module: SimulationModuleState {
+        base_targets: [
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.which_in,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.data_in,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.which_out,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.data_out,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.enum_out,
+        ],
+        uninitialized_ios: {},
+        io_targets: {
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.data_in,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.data_out,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.enum_out,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.which_in,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::enum_with_simple_body,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: enum_with_simple_body,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.which_out,
+        },
+        did_initial_settle: true,
+        clocks_for_past: {},
+    },
+    extern_modules: [],
+    trace_decls: TraceModule {
+        name: "enum_with_simple_body",
+        children: [
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "which_in",
+                child: TraceUInt {
+                    location: TraceScalarId(0),
+                    name: "which_in",
+                    ty: UInt<8>,
+                    flow: Source,
+                },
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+                flow: Source,
+            },
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "data_in",
+                child: TraceUInt {
+                    location: TraceScalarId(1),
+                    name: "data_in",
+                    ty: UInt<8>,
+                    flow: Source,
+                },
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+                flow: Source,
+            },
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "which_out",
+                child: TraceUInt {
+                    location: TraceScalarId(2),
+                    name: "which_out",
+                    ty: UInt<8>,
+                    flow: Sink,
+                },
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+                flow: Sink,
+            },
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "data_out",
+                child: TraceUInt {
+                    location: TraceScalarId(3),
+                    name: "data_out",
+                    ty: UInt<8>,
+                    flow: Sink,
+                },
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+                flow: Sink,
+            },
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "enum_out",
+                child: TraceEnumWithFields {
+                    name: "enum_out",
+                    discriminant: TraceEnumDiscriminant {
+                        location: TraceScalarId(4),
+                        name: "$tag",
+                        ty: Enum {
+                            A(UInt<8>),
+                            B(UInt<8>),
+                            C(UInt<8>),
+                        },
+                        flow: Sink,
+                    },
+                    non_empty_fields: [
+                        TraceUInt {
+                            location: TraceScalarId(5),
+                            name: "A",
+                            ty: UInt<8>,
+                            flow: Source,
+                        },
+                        TraceUInt {
+                            location: TraceScalarId(6),
+                            name: "B",
+                            ty: UInt<8>,
+                            flow: Source,
+                        },
+                        TraceUInt {
+                            location: TraceScalarId(7),
+                            name: "C",
+                            ty: UInt<8>,
+                            flow: Source,
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    ty: Enum {
+                        A(UInt<8>),
+                        B(UInt<8>),
+                        C(UInt<8>),
+                    },
+                    flow: Sink,
+                },
+                ty: Enum {
+                    A(UInt<8>),
+                    B(UInt<8>),
+                    C(UInt<8>),
+                },
+                flow: Sink,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    traces: [
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(0),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x02,
+            last_state: 0x02,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(1),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0xe1,
+            last_state: 0xb4,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(2),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x02,
+            last_state: 0x02,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(3),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0xe1,
+            last_state: 0xb4,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(4),
+            kind: EnumDiscriminant {
+                index: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0),
+                ty: Enum {
+                    A(UInt<8>),
+                    B(UInt<8>),
+                    C(UInt<8>),
+                },
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x2,
+            last_state: 0x2,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(5),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0xe1,
+            last_state: 0xb4,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(6),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0xe1,
+            last_state: 0xb4,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(7),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0xe1,
+            last_state: 0xb4,
+        },
+    ],
+    trace_memories: {},
+    trace_writers: [
+        Running(
+            VcdWriter {
+                finished_init: true,
+                timescale: 1 ps,
+                ..
+            },
+        ),
+    ],
+    clocks_triggered: [],
+    event_queue: EventQueue(EventQueueData {
+        instant: 18 μs,
+        events: {},
+    }),
+    waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
+    waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
+    ..
+}

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/enum_with_simple_body.vcd

@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+$timescale 1 ps $end
+$scope module enum_with_simple_body $end
+$var wire 8 J&-ne which_in $end
+$var wire 8 \7mo/ data_in $end
+$var wire 8 ,`>ir which_out $end
+$var wire 8 0_gMP data_out $end
+$scope struct enum_out $end
+$var string 1 kFH/w \$tag $end
+$var wire 8 |EI_= A $end
+$var wire 8 !pRd4 B $end
+$var wire 8 &RAbd C $end
+$upscope $end
+$upscope $end
+$enddefinitions $end
+$dumpvars
+b0 J&-ne
+b0 \7mo/
+b0 ,`>ir
+b0 0_gMP
+sA\x20(0) kFH/w
+b0 |EI_=
+b0 !pRd4
+b0 &RAbd
+$end
+#1000000
+b101101 \7mo/
+b101101 0_gMP
+b101101 |EI_=
+b101101 !pRd4
+b101101 &RAbd
+#2000000
+b1011010 \7mo/
+b1011010 0_gMP
+b1011010 |EI_=
+b1011010 !pRd4
+b1011010 &RAbd
+#3000000
+b10000111 \7mo/
+b10000111 0_gMP
+b10000111 |EI_=
+b10000111 !pRd4
+b10000111 &RAbd
+#4000000
+b10110100 \7mo/
+b10110100 0_gMP
+b10110100 |EI_=
+b10110100 !pRd4
+b10110100 &RAbd
+#5000000
+b11100001 \7mo/
+b11100001 0_gMP
+b11100001 |EI_=
+b11100001 !pRd4
+b11100001 &RAbd
+#6000000
+b1 J&-ne
+b0 \7mo/
+b1 ,`>ir
+b0 0_gMP
+sB\x20(1) kFH/w
+b0 |EI_=
+b0 !pRd4
+b0 &RAbd
+#7000000
+b101101 \7mo/
+b101101 0_gMP
+b101101 |EI_=
+b101101 !pRd4
+b101101 &RAbd
+#8000000
+b1011010 \7mo/
+b1011010 0_gMP
+b1011010 |EI_=
+b1011010 !pRd4
+b1011010 &RAbd
+#9000000
+b10000111 \7mo/
+b10000111 0_gMP
+b10000111 |EI_=
+b10000111 !pRd4
+b10000111 &RAbd
+#10000000
+b10110100 \7mo/
+b10110100 0_gMP
+b10110100 |EI_=
+b10110100 !pRd4
+b10110100 &RAbd
+#11000000
+b11100001 \7mo/
+b11100001 0_gMP
+b11100001 |EI_=
+b11100001 !pRd4
+b11100001 &RAbd
+#12000000
+b10 J&-ne
+b0 \7mo/
+b10 ,`>ir
+b0 0_gMP
+sC\x20(2) kFH/w
+b0 |EI_=
+b0 !pRd4
+b0 &RAbd
+#13000000
+b101101 \7mo/
+b101101 0_gMP
+b101101 |EI_=
+b101101 !pRd4
+b101101 &RAbd
+#14000000
+b1011010 \7mo/
+b1011010 0_gMP
+b1011010 |EI_=
+b1011010 !pRd4
+b1011010 &RAbd
+#15000000
+b10000111 \7mo/
+b10000111 0_gMP
+b10000111 |EI_=
+b10000111 !pRd4
+b10000111 &RAbd
+#16000000
+b10110100 \7mo/
+b10110100 0_gMP
+b10110100 |EI_=
+b10110100 !pRd4
+b10110100 &RAbd
+#17000000
+b11100001 \7mo/
+b11100001 0_gMP
+b11100001 |EI_=
+b11100001 !pRd4
+b11100001 &RAbd
+#18000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/enums.txt

@@ -1012,174 +1012,179 @@ Simulation {
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(4), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     rhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(2), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
+                99: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg$next", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
+                },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                99: Const {
+                100: Const {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<6> },
                     value: 0x0,
                 },
-                100: Copy {
+                101: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<6> },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:12:1
-                101: BranchIfZero {
+                102: BranchIfZero {
-                    target: 109,
+                    target: 110,
                     value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::en", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:13:1
-                102: BranchIfZero {
+                103: BranchIfZero {
-                    target: 104,
+                    target: 105,
                     value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(46), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:14:1
-                103: Copy {
+                104: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg$next", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:13:1
-                104: BranchIfNonZero {
+                105: BranchIfNonZero {
-                    target: 109,
+                    target: 110,
                     value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(46), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:15:1
-                105: BranchIfZero {
+                106: BranchIfZero {
-                    target: 107,
+                    target: 108,
                     value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(48), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:16:1
-                106: Copy {
+                107: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg$next", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(65), // (0xd) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:15:1
-                107: BranchIfNonZero {
+                108: BranchIfNonZero {
-                    target: 109,
+                    target: 110,
                     value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(48), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:17:1
-                108: Copy {
+                109: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg$next", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(87), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:10:1
-                109: Copy {
+                110: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::b2_out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::b_out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool})} },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                110: Copy {
+                111: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<3> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::b2_out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool})} },
                 },
-                111: SliceInt {
+                112: SliceInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<3> },
                     start: 1,
                     len: 2,
                 },
-                112: SliceInt {
+                113: SliceInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
                     start: 0,
                     len: 1,
                 },
-                113: SliceInt {
+                114: SliceInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
                     start: 1,
                     len: 1,
                 },
-                114: Copy {
+                115: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                 },
-                115: Copy {
+                116: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<1> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                 },
-                116: Copy {
+                117: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: Bool },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
-                117: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
+                118: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(1), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome} },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::b2_out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool})} },
                     rhs: 0x1,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                118: Copy {
+                119: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<3> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::b_out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool})} },
                 },
-                119: SliceInt {
+                120: SliceInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<3> },
                     start: 1,
                     len: 2,
                 },
-                120: SliceInt {
+                121: SliceInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
                     start: 0,
                     len: 1,
                 },
-                121: SliceInt {
+                122: SliceInt {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<2> },
                     start: 1,
                     len: 1,
                 },
-                122: Copy {
+                123: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                 },
-                123: Copy {
+                124: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<1> },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
                 },
-                124: Copy {
+                125: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: Bool },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:8:1
-                125: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
+                126: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome} },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::b_out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool})} },
                     rhs: 0x1,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:11:1
-                126: BranchIfSmallZero {
+                127: BranchIfSmallZero {
-                    target: 131,
+                    target: 132,
                     value: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(3), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
-                127: BranchIfSmallNonZero {
+                128: BranchIfSmallNonZero {
-                    target: 130,
+                    target: 131,
                     value: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(5), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                 },
-                128: Copy {
+                129: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg$next", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                 },
-                129: Branch {
+                130: Branch {
-                    target: 131,
+                    target: 132,
                 },
-                130: Copy {
+                131: Copy {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x3e) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(enums: enums).enums::the_reg", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                     src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {A, B(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}), C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>})} },
                 },
-                131: XorSmallImmediate {
+                132: XorSmallImmediate {
                     dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(2), // (0x0 0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(4), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
                     rhs: 0x1,
                 },
                 // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
-                132: Return,
+                133: Return,
             ],
             ..
         },
-        pc: 132,
+        pc: 133,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -1320,6 +1325,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -1742,6 +1748,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1750,6 +1757,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigSyncReset {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1758,6 +1766,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1767,6 +1776,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1776,6 +1786,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0xf,
             last_state: 0xf,
         },
@@ -1785,6 +1796,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5),
                 ty: UInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1794,6 +1806,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf,
             last_state: 0xf,
         },
@@ -1806,6 +1819,7 @@ Simulation {
                     HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}),
                 },
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1815,6 +1829,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8),
                 ty: UInt<1>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1823,6 +1838,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1835,6 +1851,7 @@ Simulation {
                     HdlSome(Bundle {0: UInt<1>, 1: Bool}),
                 },
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1844,6 +1861,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16),
                 ty: UInt<1>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1852,6 +1870,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1865,6 +1884,7 @@ Simulation {
                     C(Bundle {a: Array<UInt<1>, 2>, b: SInt<2>}),
                 },
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1874,6 +1894,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27),
                 ty: UInt<1>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1882,6 +1903,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1891,6 +1913,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(34),
                 ty: UInt<1>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1900,6 +1923,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(35),
                 ty: UInt<1>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1909,6 +1933,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(36),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x3,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -1932,5 +1957,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/enums.vcd

@@ -1,126 +1,126 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module enums $end
 $scope struct cd $end
-$var wire 1 ! clk $end
+$var wire 1 0n\U< clk $end
-$var wire 1 " rst $end
+$var wire 1 a?A!) rst $end
 $upscope $end
-$var wire 1 # en $end
+$var wire 1 #ZQY# en $end
-$var wire 2 $ which_in $end
+$var wire 2 8?II+ which_in $end
-$var wire 4 % data_in $end
+$var wire 4 OO,N+ data_in $end
-$var wire 2 & which_out $end
+$var wire 2 yr2gr which_out $end
-$var wire 4 ' data_out $end
+$var wire 4 q_O;Y data_out $end
 $scope struct b_out $end
-$var string 1 ( \$tag $end
+$var string 1 7L1gf \$tag $end
 $scope struct HdlSome $end
-$var wire 1 ) \0 $end
+$var wire 1 EO?Ju \0 $end
-$var wire 1 * \1 $end
+$var wire 1 cGtNN \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct b2_out $end
-$var string 1 + \$tag $end
+$var string 1 dqd@B \$tag $end
 $scope struct HdlSome $end
-$var wire 1 , \0 $end
+$var wire 1 (FG:I \0 $end
-$var wire 1 - \1 $end
+$var wire 1 dzy-= \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct the_reg $end
-$var string 1 . \$tag $end
+$var string 1 J#9uO \$tag $end
 $scope struct B $end
-$var reg 1 / \0 $end
+$var reg 1 ca2Gh \0 $end
-$var reg 1 0 \1 $end
+$var reg 1 f)r)? \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct C $end
 $scope struct a $end
-$var reg 1 1 \[0] $end
+$var reg 1 ;BepJ \[0] $end
-$var reg 1 2 \[1] $end
+$var reg 1 J~2;e \[1] $end
 $upscope $end
-$var reg 2 3 b $end
+$var reg 2 w\b)K b $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-0!
+00n\U<
-1"
+1a?A!)
-0#
+0#ZQY#
-b0 $
+b0 8?II+
-b0 %
+b0 OO,N+
-b0 &
+b0 yr2gr
-b0 '
+b0 q_O;Y
-sHdlNone\x20(0) (
+sHdlNone\x20(0) 7L1gf
-0)
+0EO?Ju
-0*
+0cGtNN
-sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) dqd@B
-0,
+0(FG:I
-0-
+0dzy-=
-sA\x20(0) .
+sA\x20(0) J#9uO
-0/
+0ca2Gh
-00
+0f)r)?
-01
+0;BepJ
-02
+0J~2;e
-b0 3
+b0 w\b)K
 $end
 #1000000
-1!
+10n\U<
 #1100000
-0"
+0a?A!)
 #2000000
-0!
+00n\U<
 #3000000
-1!
+10n\U<
 #4000000
-1#
+1#ZQY#
-b1 $
+b1 8?II+
-0!
+00n\U<
 #5000000
-1!
+10n\U<
-b1 &
+b1 yr2gr
-sHdlSome\x20(1) (
+sHdlSome\x20(1) 7L1gf
-sHdlSome\x20(1) +
+sHdlSome\x20(1) dqd@B
-sB\x20(1) .
+sB\x20(1) J#9uO
 #6000000
-0#
+0#ZQY#
-b0 $
+b0 8?II+
-0!
+00n\U<
 #7000000
-1!
+10n\U<
 #8000000
-1#
+1#ZQY#
-b1 $
+b1 8?II+
-b1111 %
+b1111 OO,N+
-0!
+00n\U<
 #9000000
-1!
+10n\U<
-b11 '
+b11 q_O;Y
-1)
+1EO?Ju
-1*
+1cGtNN
-1,
+1(FG:I
-1-
+1dzy-=
-1/
+1ca2Gh
-10
+1f)r)?
-11
+1;BepJ
-12
+1J~2;e
 #10000000
-0!
+00n\U<
 #11000000
-1!
+10n\U<
 #12000000
-b10 $
+b10 8?II+
-0!
+00n\U<
 #13000000
-1!
+10n\U<
-b10 &
+b10 yr2gr
-b1111 '
+b1111 q_O;Y
-sHdlNone\x20(0) (
+sHdlNone\x20(0) 7L1gf
-0)
+0EO?Ju
-0*
+0cGtNN
-sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) dqd@B
-0,
+0(FG:I
-0-
+0dzy-=
-sC\x20(2) .
+sC\x20(2) J#9uO
-b11 3
+b11 w\b)K
 #14000000
-0!
+00n\U<
 #15000000
-1!
+10n\U<
 #16000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/extern_module.txt

@@ -44,6 +44,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 0,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -67,6 +68,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -221,6 +223,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -229,6 +232,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -259,5 +263,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/extern_module.vcd

@@ -1,52 +1,52 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module extern_module $end
-$var wire 1 ! i $end
+$var wire 1 `MLd_ i $end
-$var wire 1 " o $end
+$var wire 1 ^;OnJ o $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-0!
+0`MLd_
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 $end
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #500000
 #1500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #2500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #3500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #4500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #5500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #6500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #7500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #8500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #9500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #10000000
-1!
+1`MLd_
 #10500000
 #11500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #12500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #13500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #14500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #15500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #16500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #17500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #18500000
-0"
+0^;OnJ
 #19500000
-1"
+1^;OnJ
 #20000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/extern_module2.txt

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 0,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -57,7 +58,7 @@ Simulation {
         big_slots: StatePart {
             value: [
                 0,
-                1,
+                1 (modified),
                 101,
             ],
         },
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -280,6 +282,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -288,6 +291,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -297,6 +301,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x65,
             last_state: 0x65,
         },
@@ -413,5 +418,6 @@ Simulation {
             },
         ),
     },
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/extern_module2.vcd

@@ -1,151 +1,151 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module extern_module2 $end
-$var wire 1 ! en $end
+$var wire 1 oHT(x en $end
-$var wire 1 " clk $end
+$var wire 1 nHT-: clk $end
-$var wire 8 # o $end
+$var wire 8 0:wF& o $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-1!
+1oHT(x
-0"
+0nHT-:
-b0 #
+b0 0:wF&
 $end
-b1001000 #
+b1001000 0:wF&
 #1000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1100101 #
+b1100101 0:wF&
 #2000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #3000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1101100 #
+b1101100 0:wF&
 #4000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #5000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #6000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #7000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1101111 #
+b1101111 0:wF&
 #8000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #9000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b101100 #
+b101100 0:wF&
 #10000000
-0!
+0oHT(x
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #11000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #12000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #13000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #14000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #15000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #16000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #17000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #18000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #19000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #20000000
-1!
+1oHT(x
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #21000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b100000 #
+b100000 0:wF&
 #22000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #23000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1010111 #
+b1010111 0:wF&
 #24000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #25000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1101111 #
+b1101111 0:wF&
 #26000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #27000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1110010 #
+b1110010 0:wF&
 #28000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #29000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1101100 #
+b1101100 0:wF&
 #30000000
-0!
+0oHT(x
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #31000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #32000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #33000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #34000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #35000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #36000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #37000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #38000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #39000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #40000000
-1!
+1oHT(x
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #41000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1100100 #
+b1100100 0:wF&
 #42000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #43000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b100001 #
+b100001 0:wF&
 #44000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #45000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1010 #
+b1010 0:wF&
 #46000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #47000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1001000 #
+b1001000 0:wF&
 #48000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #49000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
-b1100101 #
+b1100101 0:wF&
 #50000000
-0!
+0oHT(x
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #51000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #52000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #53000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #54000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #55000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #56000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #57000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #58000000
-0"
+0nHT-:
 #59000000
-1"
+1nHT-:
 #60000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/last_connect.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,712 @@
+Simulation {
+    state: State {
+        insns: Insns {
+            state_layout: StateLayout {
+                ty: TypeLayout {
+                    small_slots: StatePartLayout<SmallSlots> {
+                        len: 2,
+                        debug_data: [
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    HdlNone,
+                                    HdlSome,
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    HdlNone,
+                                    HdlSome,
+                                },
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        ..
+                    },
+                    big_slots: StatePartLayout<BigSlots> {
+                        len: 33,
+                        debug_data: [
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::inp",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    HdlNone,
+                                    HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "[0]",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "[1]",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "[2]",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "[3]",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<5>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<4>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<1>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<1>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<1>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<1>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Bool,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::out",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    HdlNone,
+                                    HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<9>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<9>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    HdlNone,
+                                    HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".0",
+                                ty: UInt<1>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: ".1",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<1>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<9>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<9>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<9>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: Enum {
+                                    HdlNone,
+                                    HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                                },
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                            SlotDebugData {
+                                name: "",
+                                ty: UInt<8>,
+                            },
+                        ],
+                        ..
+                    },
+                    sim_only_slots: StatePartLayout<SimOnlySlots> {
+                        len: 0,
+                        debug_data: [],
+                        layout_data: [],
+                        ..
+                    },
+                },
+                memories: StatePartLayout<Memories> {
+                    len: 0,
+                    debug_data: [],
+                    layout_data: [],
+                    ..
+                },
+            },
+            insns: [
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                0: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(32), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x3,
+                },
+                1: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(31), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x2,
+                },
+                2: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(30), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x1,
+                },
+                3: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(29), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x0,
+                },
+                4: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    value: 0x4,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:8:1
+                5: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28), // (0x4) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                6: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    value: 0x1,
+                },
+                7: Const {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    value: 0x0,
+                },
+                8: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:4:1
+                9: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                10: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x1f) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<5> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0), // (0x1f) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::inp", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>)} },
+                },
+                11: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xf) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5), // (0x1f) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<5> },
+                    start: 1,
+                    len: 4,
+                },
+                12: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xf) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    start: 0,
+                    len: 1,
+                },
+                13: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                },
+                14: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xf) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    start: 1,
+                    len: 1,
+                },
+                15: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                },
+                16: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xf) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    start: 2,
+                    len: 1,
+                },
+                17: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                },
+                18: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6), // (0xf) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<4> },
+                    start: 3,
+                    len: 1,
+                },
+                19: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                },
+                20: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[0]", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                21: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[1]", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                22: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[2]", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                23: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[3]", ty: Bool },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
+                24: BranchIfZero {
+                    target: 26,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[0]", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:10:1
+                25: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(29), // (0x0) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
+                26: BranchIfZero {
+                    target: 28,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[1]", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:10:1
+                27: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(30), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
+                28: BranchIfZero {
+                    target: 30,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[2]", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:10:1
+                29: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(31), // (0x2) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:9:1
+                30: BranchIfZero {
+                    target: 32,
+                    value: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "[3]", ty: Bool },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:10:1
+                31: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(32), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                32: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<1> },
+                },
+                33: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::w", ty: UInt<8> },
+                },
+                34: Shl {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x6) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: ".1", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    rhs: 1,
+                },
+                35: Or {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21), // (0x1) SlotDebugData { name: ".0", ty: UInt<1> },
+                    rhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24), // (0x6) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                },
+                36: CastToUInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    dest_width: 9,
+                },
+                37: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:2:1
+                38: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome} },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0), // (0x1f) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::inp", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>)} },
+                    rhs: 0x1,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:5:1
+                39: BranchIfSmallNeImmediate {
+                    target: 41,
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome} },
+                    rhs: 0x1,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:7:1
+                40: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:3:1
+                41: AndBigWithSmallImmediate {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(1), // (0x1 1) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome} },
+                    lhs: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                    rhs: 0x1,
+                },
+                // at: module-XXXXXXXXXX.rs:1:1
+                42: Copy {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "InstantiatedModule(last_connect: last_connect).last_connect::out", ty: Enum {HdlNone, HdlSome(UInt<8>)} },
+                },
+                43: SliceInt {
+                    dest: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17), // (0x3) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<8> },
+                    src: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16), // (0x7) SlotDebugData { name: "", ty: UInt<9> },
+                    start: 1,
+                    len: 8,
+                },
+                44: Return,
+            ],
+            ..
+        },
+        pc: 44,
+        memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
+        memories: StatePart {
+            value: [],
+        },
+        small_slots: StatePart {
+            value: [
+                1,
+                1,
+            ],
+        },
+        big_slots: StatePart {
+            value: [
+                31,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                31,
+                15,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                1,
+                7 (modified),
+                7,
+                3,
+                0,
+                0,
+                3,
+                1,
+                3,
+                1,
+                6,
+                7,
+                7,
+                7,
+                4,
+                0,
+                1,
+                2,
+                3,
+            ],
+        },
+        sim_only_slots: StatePart {
+            value: [],
+        },
+    },
+    io: Instance {
+        name: <simulator>::last_connect,
+        instantiated: Module {
+            name: last_connect,
+            ..
+        },
+    },
+    global_io: {},
+    main_module: SimulationModuleState {
+        base_targets: [
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::last_connect,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: last_connect,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.inp,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::last_connect,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: last_connect,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.out,
+        ],
+        uninitialized_ios: {},
+        io_targets: {
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::last_connect,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: last_connect,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.inp,
+            Instance {
+                name: <simulator>::last_connect,
+                instantiated: Module {
+                    name: last_connect,
+                    ..
+                },
+            }.out,
+        },
+        did_initial_settle: true,
+        clocks_for_past: {},
+    },
+    extern_modules: [],
+    trace_decls: TraceModule {
+        name: "last_connect",
+        children: [
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "inp",
+                child: TraceEnumWithFields {
+                    name: "inp",
+                    discriminant: TraceEnumDiscriminant {
+                        location: TraceScalarId(0),
+                        name: "$tag",
+                        ty: Enum {
+                            HdlNone,
+                            HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>),
+                        },
+                        flow: Source,
+                    },
+                    non_empty_fields: [
+                        TraceArray {
+                            name: "HdlSome",
+                            elements: [
+                                TraceBool {
+                                    location: TraceScalarId(1),
+                                    name: "[0]",
+                                    flow: Source,
+                                },
+                                TraceBool {
+                                    location: TraceScalarId(2),
+                                    name: "[1]",
+                                    flow: Source,
+                                },
+                                TraceBool {
+                                    location: TraceScalarId(3),
+                                    name: "[2]",
+                                    flow: Source,
+                                },
+                                TraceBool {
+                                    location: TraceScalarId(4),
+                                    name: "[3]",
+                                    flow: Source,
+                                },
+                            ],
+                            ty: Array<Bool, 4>,
+                            flow: Source,
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    ty: Enum {
+                        HdlNone,
+                        HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>),
+                    },
+                    flow: Source,
+                },
+                ty: Enum {
+                    HdlNone,
+                    HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>),
+                },
+                flow: Source,
+            },
+            TraceModuleIO {
+                name: "out",
+                child: TraceEnumWithFields {
+                    name: "out",
+                    discriminant: TraceEnumDiscriminant {
+                        location: TraceScalarId(5),
+                        name: "$tag",
+                        ty: Enum {
+                            HdlNone,
+                            HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                        },
+                        flow: Sink,
+                    },
+                    non_empty_fields: [
+                        TraceUInt {
+                            location: TraceScalarId(6),
+                            name: "HdlSome",
+                            ty: UInt<8>,
+                            flow: Source,
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    ty: Enum {
+                        HdlNone,
+                        HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                    },
+                    flow: Sink,
+                },
+                ty: Enum {
+                    HdlNone,
+                    HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                },
+                flow: Sink,
+            },
+            TraceWire {
+                name: "w",
+                child: TraceUInt {
+                    location: TraceScalarId(7),
+                    name: "w",
+                    ty: UInt<8>,
+                    flow: Duplex,
+                },
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+        ],
+    },
+    traces: [
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(0),
+            kind: EnumDiscriminant {
+                index: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(0),
+                ty: Enum {
+                    HdlNone,
+                    HdlSome(Array<Bool, 4>),
+                },
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x1,
+            last_state: 0x1,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(1),
+            kind: BigBool {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x1,
+            last_state: 0x1,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(2),
+            kind: BigBool {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x1,
+            last_state: 0x1,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(3),
+            kind: BigBool {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x1,
+            last_state: 0x1,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(4),
+            kind: BigBool {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x1,
+            last_state: 0x0,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(5),
+            kind: EnumDiscriminant {
+                index: StatePartIndex<SmallSlots>(1),
+                ty: Enum {
+                    HdlNone,
+                    HdlSome(UInt<8>),
+                },
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x1,
+            last_state: 0x1,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(6),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x03,
+            last_state: 0x02,
+        },
+        SimTrace {
+            id: TraceScalarId(7),
+            kind: BigUInt {
+                index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20),
+                ty: UInt<8>,
+            },
+            maybe_changed: true,
+            state: 0x03,
+            last_state: 0x02,
+        },
+    ],
+    trace_memories: {},
+    trace_writers: [
+        Running(
+            VcdWriter {
+                finished_init: true,
+                timescale: 1 ps,
+                ..
+            },
+        ),
+    ],
+    clocks_triggered: [],
+    event_queue: EventQueue(EventQueueData {
+        instant: 17 μs,
+        events: {},
+    }),
+    waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
+    waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
+    ..
+}

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/last_connect.vcd

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+$timescale 1 ps $end
+$scope module last_connect $end
+$scope struct inp $end
+$var string 1 !C&}* \$tag $end
+$scope struct HdlSome $end
+$var wire 1 D_viZ \[0] $end
+$var wire 1 b5gFK \[1] $end
+$var wire 1 xUBRH \[2] $end
+$var wire 1 Gp7Xm \[3] $end
+$upscope $end
+$upscope $end
+$scope struct out $end
+$var string 1 ^Z_p3 \$tag $end
+$var wire 8 rz~), HdlSome $end
+$upscope $end
+$var wire 8 dlea> w $end
+$upscope $end
+$enddefinitions $end
+$dumpvars
+sHdlNone\x20(0) !C&}*
+0D_viZ
+0b5gFK
+0xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+sHdlNone\x20(0) ^Z_p3
+b0 rz~),
+b100 dlea>
+$end
+#1000000
+sHdlSome\x20(1) !C&}*
+sHdlSome\x20(1) ^Z_p3
+b100 rz~),
+#2000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#3000000
+1xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b10 rz~),
+b10 dlea>
+#4000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#5000000
+1b5gFK
+0xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b1 rz~),
+b1 dlea>
+#6000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#7000000
+1xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b10 rz~),
+b10 dlea>
+#8000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#9000000
+1D_viZ
+0b5gFK
+0xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b0 rz~),
+b0 dlea>
+#10000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#11000000
+1xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b10 rz~),
+b10 dlea>
+#12000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#13000000
+1b5gFK
+0xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b1 rz~),
+b1 dlea>
+#14000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#15000000
+1xUBRH
+0Gp7Xm
+b10 rz~),
+b10 dlea>
+#16000000
+1Gp7Xm
+b11 rz~),
+b11 dlea>
+#17000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/memories.txt

@@ -494,6 +494,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 41,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [
                 MemoryData {
@@ -579,6 +580,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -1168,6 +1170,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1176,6 +1179,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1184,6 +1188,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1193,6 +1198,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xb0,
             last_state: 0xb0,
         },
@@ -1202,6 +1208,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
                 ty: SInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xc0,
             last_state: 0xc0,
         },
@@ -1211,6 +1218,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1219,6 +1227,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1227,6 +1236,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1236,6 +1246,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xd0,
             last_state: 0xd0,
         },
@@ -1245,6 +1256,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9),
                 ty: SInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xe0,
             last_state: 0xe0,
         },
@@ -1253,6 +1265,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1261,6 +1274,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1270,6 +1284,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1278,6 +1293,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1286,6 +1302,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1295,6 +1312,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xb0,
             last_state: 0xb0,
         },
@@ -1304,6 +1322,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16),
                 ty: SInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xc0,
             last_state: 0xc0,
         },
@@ -1313,6 +1332,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -1321,6 +1341,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1329,6 +1350,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1338,6 +1360,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xd0,
             last_state: 0xd0,
         },
@@ -1347,6 +1370,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21),
                 ty: SInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xe0,
             last_state: 0xe0,
         },
@@ -1355,6 +1379,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1363,6 +1388,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x1,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1626,5 +1652,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/memories.vcd

@@ -1,408 +1,408 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module memories $end
 $scope struct r $end
-$var wire 4 ! addr $end
+$var wire 4 z&0Qk addr $end
-$var wire 1 " en $end
+$var wire 1 o.T)# en $end
-$var wire 1 # clk $end
+$var wire 1 :XNoK clk $end
 $scope struct data $end
-$var wire 8 $ \0 $end
+$var wire 8 Cq]A% \0 $end
-$var wire 8 % \1 $end
+$var wire 8 avKNj \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct w $end
-$var wire 4 & addr $end
+$var wire 4 p<O.M addr $end
-$var wire 1 ' en $end
+$var wire 1 #9)l8 en $end
-$var wire 1 ( clk $end
+$var wire 1 QX!^| clk $end
 $scope struct data $end
-$var wire 8 ) \0 $end
+$var wire 8 G"IXQ \0 $end
-$var wire 8 * \1 $end
+$var wire 8 h\t:E \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct mask $end
-$var wire 1 + \0 $end
+$var wire 1 FCuNz \0 $end
-$var wire 1 , \1 $end
+$var wire 1 /Y7%J \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct mem $end
 $scope struct contents $end
 $scope struct \[0] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 9 \0 $end
+$var reg 8 4d[cL \0 $end
-$var reg 8 I \1 $end
+$var reg 8 {qEUV \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[1] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 : \0 $end
+$var reg 8 c`NPR \0 $end
-$var reg 8 J \1 $end
+$var reg 8 vK:33 \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[2] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 ; \0 $end
+$var reg 8 ihYp_ \0 $end
-$var reg 8 K \1 $end
+$var reg 8 QZb%P \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[3] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 < \0 $end
+$var reg 8 ,O%<$ \0 $end
-$var reg 8 L \1 $end
+$var reg 8 @?uSf \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[4] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 = \0 $end
+$var reg 8 N[IF& \0 $end
-$var reg 8 M \1 $end
+$var reg 8 Zf9lw \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[5] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 > \0 $end
+$var reg 8 dr6lq \0 $end
-$var reg 8 N \1 $end
+$var reg 8 fc"UR \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[6] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 ? \0 $end
+$var reg 8 xpw5\ \0 $end
-$var reg 8 O \1 $end
+$var reg 8 dd$?K \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[7] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 @ \0 $end
+$var reg 8 vH;}2 \0 $end
-$var reg 8 P \1 $end
+$var reg 8 ILB?4 \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[8] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 A \0 $end
+$var reg 8 /X4v> \0 $end
-$var reg 8 Q \1 $end
+$var reg 8 &V*EE \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[9] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 B \0 $end
+$var reg 8 IczZe \0 $end
-$var reg 8 R \1 $end
+$var reg 8 unX>R \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[10] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 C \0 $end
+$var reg 8 0hTyY \0 $end
-$var reg 8 S \1 $end
+$var reg 8 9K_w) \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[11] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 D \0 $end
+$var reg 8 +C/Sz \0 $end
-$var reg 8 T \1 $end
+$var reg 8 }Y{:o \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[12] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 E \0 $end
+$var reg 8 S6-5u \0 $end
-$var reg 8 U \1 $end
+$var reg 8 9q6)w \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[13] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 F \0 $end
+$var reg 8 !c<w* \0 $end
-$var reg 8 V \1 $end
+$var reg 8 Ve@)M \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[14] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 G \0 $end
+$var reg 8 OiF9* \0 $end
-$var reg 8 W \1 $end
+$var reg 8 Ylyz~ \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[15] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var reg 8 H \0 $end
+$var reg 8 ?+m9D \0 $end
-$var reg 8 X \1 $end
+$var reg 8 A6sb~ \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct r0 $end
-$var wire 4 - addr $end
+$var wire 4 ="2wN addr $end
-$var wire 1 . en $end
+$var wire 1 jy78F en $end
-$var wire 1 / clk $end
+$var wire 1 \o>8T clk $end
 $scope struct data $end
-$var wire 8 0 \0 $end
+$var wire 8 \k#l \0 $end
-$var wire 8 1 \1 $end
+$var wire 8 olx7O \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct w1 $end
-$var wire 4 2 addr $end
+$var wire 4 H,W!J addr $end
-$var wire 1 3 en $end
+$var wire 1 "7?3I en $end
-$var wire 1 4 clk $end
+$var wire 1 DC/;" clk $end
 $scope struct data $end
-$var wire 8 5 \0 $end
+$var wire 8 0DrV' \0 $end
-$var wire 8 6 \1 $end
+$var wire 8 wa!Cx \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct mask $end
-$var wire 1 7 \0 $end
+$var wire 1 u^b&R \0 $end
-$var wire 1 8 \1 $end
+$var wire 1 Ic\|v \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-b1 9
+b1 4d[cL
-b100011 I
+b100011 {qEUV
-b1 :
+b1 c`NPR
-b100011 J
+b100011 vK:33
-b1 ;
+b1 ihYp_
-b100011 K
+b100011 QZb%P
-b1 <
+b1 ,O%<$
-b100011 L
+b100011 @?uSf
-b1 =
+b1 N[IF&
-b100011 M
+b100011 Zf9lw
-b1 >
+b1 dr6lq
-b100011 N
+b100011 fc"UR
-b1 ?
+b1 xpw5\
-b100011 O
+b100011 dd$?K
-b1 @
+b1 vH;}2
-b100011 P
+b100011 ILB?4
-b1 A
+b1 /X4v>
-b100011 Q
+b100011 &V*EE
-b1 B
+b1 IczZe
-b100011 R
+b100011 unX>R
-b1 C
+b1 0hTyY
-b100011 S
+b100011 9K_w)
-b1 D
+b1 +C/Sz
-b100011 T
+b100011 }Y{:o
-b1 E
+b1 S6-5u
-b100011 U
+b100011 9q6)w
-b1 F
+b1 !c<w*
-b100011 V
+b100011 Ve@)M
-b1 G
+b1 OiF9*
-b100011 W
+b100011 Ylyz~
-b1 H
+b1 ?+m9D
-b100011 X
+b100011 A6sb~
-b0 !
+b0 z&0Qk
-0"
+0o.T)#
-0#
+0:XNoK
-b0 $
+b0 Cq]A%
-b0 %
+b0 avKNj
-b0 &
+b0 p<O.M
-0'
+0#9)l8
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b0 )
+b0 G"IXQ
-b0 *
+b0 h\t:E
-0+
+0FCuNz
-0,
+0/Y7%J
-b0 -
+b0 ="2wN
-0.
+0jy78F
-0/
+0\o>8T
-b0 0
+b0 \k#l
-b0 1
+b0 olx7O
-b0 2
+b0 H,W!J
-03
+0"7?3I
-04
+0DC/;"
-b0 5
+b0 0DrV'
-b0 6
+b0 wa!Cx
-07
+0u^b&R
-08
+0Ic\|v
 $end
 #1000000
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #2000000
-1"
+1o.T)#
-0#
+0:XNoK
-b1 $
+b1 Cq]A%
-b100011 %
+b100011 avKNj
-1'
+1#9)l8
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b10000 )
+b10000 G"IXQ
-b100000 *
+b100000 h\t:E
-1+
+1FCuNz
-1,
+1/Y7%J
-1.
+1jy78F
-0/
+0\o>8T
-b1 0
+b1 \k#l
-b100011 1
+b100011 olx7O
-13
+1"7?3I
-04
+0DC/;"
-b10000 5
+b10000 0DrV'
-b100000 6
+b100000 wa!Cx
-17
+1u^b&R
-18
+1Ic\|v
 #3000000
-b10000 9
+b10000 4d[cL
-b100000 I
+b100000 {qEUV
-1#
+1:XNoK
-b10000 $
+b10000 Cq]A%
-b100000 %
+b100000 avKNj
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-b10000 0
+b10000 \k#l
-b100000 1
+b100000 olx7O
-14
+1DC/;"
 #4000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b110000 )
+b110000 G"IXQ
-b1000000 *
+b1000000 h\t:E
-0+
+0FCuNz
-0/
+0\o>8T
-04
+0DC/;"
-b110000 5
+b110000 0DrV'
-b1000000 6
+b1000000 wa!Cx
-07
+0u^b&R
 #5000000
-b10000 9
+b10000 4d[cL
-b1000000 I
+b1000000 {qEUV
-1#
+1:XNoK
-b1000000 %
+b1000000 avKNj
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-b1000000 1
+b1000000 olx7O
-14
+1DC/;"
 #6000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b1010000 )
+b1010000 G"IXQ
-b1100000 *
+b1100000 h\t:E
-1+
+1FCuNz
-0,
+0/Y7%J
-0/
+0\o>8T
-04
+0DC/;"
-b1010000 5
+b1010000 0DrV'
-b1100000 6
+b1100000 wa!Cx
-17
+1u^b&R
-08
+0Ic\|v
 #7000000
-b1010000 9
+b1010000 4d[cL
-b1000000 I
+b1000000 {qEUV
-1#
+1:XNoK
-b1010000 $
+b1010000 Cq]A%
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-b1010000 0
+b1010000 \k#l
-14
+1DC/;"
 #8000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b1110000 )
+b1110000 G"IXQ
-b10000000 *
+b10000000 h\t:E
-0+
+0FCuNz
-0/
+0\o>8T
-04
+0DC/;"
-b1110000 5
+b1110000 0DrV'
-b10000000 6
+b10000000 wa!Cx
-07
+0u^b&R
 #9000000
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #10000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-0'
+0#9)l8
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b10010000 )
+b10010000 G"IXQ
-b10100000 *
+b10100000 h\t:E
-0/
+0\o>8T
-03
+0"7?3I
-04
+0DC/;"
-b10010000 5
+b10010000 0DrV'
-b10100000 6
+b10100000 wa!Cx
 #11000000
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #12000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-b1 &
+b1 p<O.M
-1'
+1#9)l8
-0(
+0QX!^|
-1+
+1FCuNz
-1,
+1/Y7%J
-0/
+0\o>8T
-b1 2
+b1 H,W!J
-13
+1"7?3I
-04
+0DC/;"
-17
+1u^b&R
-18
+1Ic\|v
 #13000000
-b10010000 :
+b10010000 c`NPR
-b10100000 J
+b10100000 vK:33
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #14000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-b10 &
+b10 p<O.M
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b10110000 )
+b10110000 G"IXQ
-b11000000 *
+b11000000 h\t:E
-0/
+0\o>8T
-b10 2
+b10 H,W!J
-04
+0DC/;"
-b10110000 5
+b10110000 0DrV'
-b11000000 6
+b11000000 wa!Cx
 #15000000
-b10110000 ;
+b10110000 ihYp_
-b11000000 K
+b11000000 QZb%P
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #16000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-0'
+0#9)l8
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b11010000 )
+b11010000 G"IXQ
-b11100000 *
+b11100000 h\t:E
-0/
+0\o>8T
-03
+0"7?3I
-04
+0DC/;"
-b11010000 5
+b11010000 0DrV'
-b11100000 6
+b11100000 wa!Cx
 #17000000
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #18000000
-b1 !
+b1 z&0Qk
-0#
+0:XNoK
-b10010000 $
+b10010000 Cq]A%
-b10100000 %
+b10100000 avKNj
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b1 -
+b1 ="2wN
-0/
+0\o>8T
-b10010000 0
+b10010000 \k#l
-b10100000 1
+b10100000 olx7O
-04
+0DC/;"
 #19000000
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #20000000
-b10 !
+b10 z&0Qk
-0#
+0:XNoK
-b10110000 $
+b10110000 Cq]A%
-b11000000 %
+b11000000 avKNj
-0(
+0QX!^|
-b10 -
+b10 ="2wN
-0/
+0\o>8T
-b10110000 0
+b10110000 \k#l
-b11000000 1
+b11000000 olx7O
-04
+0DC/;"
 #21000000
-1#
+1:XNoK
-1(
+1QX!^|
-1/
+1\o>8T
-14
+1DC/;"
 #22000000
-0#
+0:XNoK
-0(
+0QX!^|
-0/
+0\o>8T
-04
+0DC/;"

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/memories2.txt

@@ -526,6 +526,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 52,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [
                 MemoryData {
@@ -607,6 +608,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -943,6 +945,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<3>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -951,6 +954,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -959,6 +963,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -968,6 +973,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -976,6 +982,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -985,6 +992,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5),
                 ty: UInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: false,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -993,6 +1001,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1002,6 +1011,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7),
                 ty: UInt<3>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1010,6 +1020,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1018,6 +1029,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -1030,6 +1042,7 @@ Simulation {
                     HdlSome(Bool),
                 },
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1038,6 +1051,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1046,6 +1060,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1058,6 +1073,7 @@ Simulation {
                     HdlSome(Bool),
                 },
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1066,6 +1082,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1074,6 +1091,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -1269,5 +1287,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/memories2.vcd

@@ -1,363 +1,363 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module memories2 $end
 $scope struct rw $end
-$var wire 3 ! addr $end
+$var wire 3 xkkG> addr $end
-$var wire 1 " en $end
+$var wire 1 HoA{1 en $end
-$var wire 1 # clk $end
+$var wire 1 C*2BQ clk $end
-$var wire 2 $ rdata $end
+$var wire 2 ueF!x rdata $end
-$var wire 1 % wmode $end
+$var wire 1 m\l/p wmode $end
-$var wire 2 & wdata $end
+$var wire 2 WmjEh wdata $end
-$var wire 1 ' wmask $end
+$var wire 1 +3E@H wmask $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct mem $end
 $scope struct contents $end
 $scope struct \[0] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var string 1 1 \$tag $end
+$var string 1 ujd9u \$tag $end
-$var reg 1 6 HdlSome $end
+$var reg 1 *5lV# HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[1] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var string 1 2 \$tag $end
+$var string 1 *qL|n \$tag $end
-$var reg 1 7 HdlSome $end
+$var reg 1 ^/FDC HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[2] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var string 1 3 \$tag $end
+$var string 1 r*7|@ \$tag $end
-$var reg 1 8 HdlSome $end
+$var reg 1 YMY"3 HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[3] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var string 1 4 \$tag $end
+$var string 1 jj/6F \$tag $end
-$var reg 1 9 HdlSome $end
+$var reg 1 S+Uy} HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct \[4] $end
 $scope struct mem $end
-$var string 1 5 \$tag $end
+$var string 1 H72IP \$tag $end
-$var reg 1 : HdlSome $end
+$var reg 1 vH{({ HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct rw0 $end
-$var wire 3 ( addr $end
+$var wire 3 uabMI addr $end
-$var wire 1 ) en $end
+$var wire 1 LEn[l en $end
-$var wire 1 * clk $end
+$var wire 1 OpH)U clk $end
 $scope struct rdata $end
-$var string 1 + \$tag $end
+$var string 1 [}rcZ \$tag $end
-$var wire 1 , HdlSome $end
+$var wire 1 5f=Y~ HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
-$var wire 1 - wmode $end
+$var wire 1 6c_9_ wmode $end
 $scope struct wdata $end
-$var string 1 . \$tag $end
+$var string 1 $hfRN \$tag $end
-$var wire 1 / HdlSome $end
+$var wire 1 rop,b HdlSome $end
 $upscope $end
-$var wire 1 0 wmask $end
+$var wire 1 Ly=US wmask $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 1
+sHdlSome\x20(1) ujd9u
-16
+1*5lV#
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 2
+sHdlSome\x20(1) *qL|n
-17
+1^/FDC
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 3
+sHdlSome\x20(1) r*7|@
-18
+1YMY"3
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 4
+sHdlSome\x20(1) jj/6F
-19
+1S+Uy}
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 5
+sHdlSome\x20(1) H72IP
-1:
+1vH{({
-b0 !
+b0 xkkG>
-0"
+0HoA{1
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-b0 $
+b0 ueF!x
-0%
+0m\l/p
-b0 &
+b0 WmjEh
-0'
+0+3E@H
-b0 (
+b0 uabMI
-0)
+0LEn[l
-0*
+0OpH)U
-sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) [}rcZ
-0,
+05f=Y~
-0-
+06c_9_
-sHdlNone\x20(0) .
+sHdlNone\x20(0) $hfRN
-0/
+0rop,b
-00
+0Ly=US
 $end
 #250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #500000
 #750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #1000000
-1"
+1HoA{1
-1)
+1LEn[l
 #1250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-b11 $
+b11 ueF!x
-1*
+1OpH)U
-sHdlSome\x20(1) +
+sHdlSome\x20(1) [}rcZ
-1,
+15f=Y~
 #1500000
 #1750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #2000000
-0"
+0HoA{1
-0)
+0LEn[l
 #2250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-b0 $
+b0 ueF!x
-1*
+1OpH)U
-sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) [}rcZ
-0,
+05f=Y~
 #2500000
 #2750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #3000000
-1"
+1HoA{1
-1%
+1m\l/p
-1'
+1+3E@H
-1)
+1LEn[l
-1-
+16c_9_
-10
+1Ly=US
 #3250000
-sHdlNone\x20(0) 1
+sHdlNone\x20(0) ujd9u
-06
+0*5lV#
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #3500000
 #3750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #4000000
-0%
+0m\l/p
-0'
+0+3E@H
-0-
+06c_9_
-00
+0Ly=US
 #4250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #4500000
 #4750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #5000000
-1%
+1m\l/p
-b11 &
+b11 WmjEh
-1-
+16c_9_
-sHdlSome\x20(1) .
+sHdlSome\x20(1) $hfRN
-1/
+1rop,b
 #5250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #5500000
 #5750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #6000000
-b1 !
+b1 xkkG>
-b1 &
+b1 WmjEh
-1'
+1+3E@H
-b1 (
+b1 uabMI
-0/
+0rop,b
-10
+1Ly=US
 #6250000
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 2
+sHdlSome\x20(1) *qL|n
-07
+0^/FDC
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #6500000
 #6750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #7000000
-b10 !
+b10 xkkG>
-b10 &
+b10 WmjEh
-b10 (
+b10 uabMI
-sHdlNone\x20(0) .
+sHdlNone\x20(0) $hfRN
 #7250000
-sHdlNone\x20(0) 3
+sHdlNone\x20(0) r*7|@
-08
+0YMY"3
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #7500000
 #7750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #8000000
-b11 !
+b11 xkkG>
-b11 &
+b11 WmjEh
-b11 (
+b11 uabMI
-sHdlSome\x20(1) .
+sHdlSome\x20(1) $hfRN
-1/
+1rop,b
 #8250000
-sHdlSome\x20(1) 4
+sHdlSome\x20(1) jj/6F
-19
+1S+Uy}
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #8500000
 #8750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #9000000
-b100 !
+b100 xkkG>
-b10 &
+b10 WmjEh
-b100 (
+b100 uabMI
-sHdlNone\x20(0) .
+sHdlNone\x20(0) $hfRN
-0/
+0rop,b
 #9250000
-sHdlNone\x20(0) 5
+sHdlNone\x20(0) H72IP
-0:
+0vH{({
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #9500000
 #9750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #10000000
-b101 !
+b101 xkkG>
-b1 &
+b1 WmjEh
-b101 (
+b101 uabMI
-sHdlSome\x20(1) .
+sHdlSome\x20(1) $hfRN
 #10250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #10500000
 #10750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #11000000
-b110 !
+b110 xkkG>
-b110 (
+b110 uabMI
 #11250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #11500000
 #11750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #12000000
-b111 !
+b111 xkkG>
-b111 (
+b111 uabMI
 #12250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #12500000
 #12750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #13000000
-0%
+0m\l/p
-b0 &
+b0 WmjEh
-0'
+0+3E@H
-0-
+06c_9_
-sHdlNone\x20(0) .
+sHdlNone\x20(0) $hfRN
-00
+0Ly=US
 #13250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #13500000
 #13750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #14000000
-b110 !
+b110 xkkG>
-b110 (
+b110 uabMI
 #14250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #14500000
 #14750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #15000000
-b101 !
+b101 xkkG>
-b101 (
+b101 uabMI
 #15250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #15500000
 #15750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #16000000
-b100 !
+b100 xkkG>
-b100 (
+b100 uabMI
 #16250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #16500000
 #16750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #17000000
-b11 !
+b11 xkkG>
-b11 (
+b11 uabMI
 #17250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-b11 $
+b11 ueF!x
-1*
+1OpH)U
-sHdlSome\x20(1) +
+sHdlSome\x20(1) [}rcZ
-1,
+15f=Y~
 #17500000
 #17750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #18000000
-b10 !
+b10 xkkG>
-b10 (
+b10 uabMI
 #18250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-b0 $
+b0 ueF!x
-1*
+1OpH)U
-sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) [}rcZ
-0,
+05f=Y~
 #18500000
 #18750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #19000000
-b0 !
+b0 xkkG>
-b0 (
+b0 uabMI
 #19250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-1*
+1OpH)U
 #19500000
 #19750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #20000000
-b1 !
+b1 xkkG>
-b1 (
+b1 uabMI
 #20250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-b1 $
+b1 ueF!x
-1*
+1OpH)U
-sHdlSome\x20(1) +
+sHdlSome\x20(1) [}rcZ
 #20500000
 #20750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #21000000
-b0 !
+b0 xkkG>
-0"
+0HoA{1
-b0 (
+b0 uabMI
-0)
+0LEn[l
 #21250000
-1#
+1C*2BQ
-b0 $
+b0 ueF!x
-1*
+1OpH)U
-sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) [}rcZ
 #21500000
 #21750000
-0#
+0C*2BQ
-0*
+0OpH)U
 #22000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/memories3.txt

@@ -1336,6 +1336,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 129,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [
                 MemoryData {
@@ -1495,6 +1496,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -2391,6 +2393,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<3>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2399,6 +2402,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2407,6 +2411,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -2416,6 +2421,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2425,6 +2431,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2434,6 +2441,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2443,6 +2451,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2452,6 +2461,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2461,6 +2471,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2470,6 +2481,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2479,6 +2491,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2488,6 +2501,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11),
                 ty: UInt<3>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2496,6 +2510,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(12),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2504,6 +2519,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(13),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -2513,6 +2529,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(14),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2522,6 +2539,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(15),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2531,6 +2549,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(16),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2540,6 +2559,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(17),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2549,6 +2569,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(18),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2558,6 +2579,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(19),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2567,6 +2589,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(20),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2576,6 +2599,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(21),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2584,6 +2608,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(22),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2592,6 +2617,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(23),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2600,6 +2626,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(24),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2608,6 +2635,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(25),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2616,6 +2644,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(26),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2624,6 +2653,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(27),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2632,6 +2662,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(28),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2640,6 +2671,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(29),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2649,6 +2681,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(30),
                 ty: UInt<3>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2657,6 +2690,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(31),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2665,6 +2699,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(32),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -2674,6 +2709,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(33),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2683,6 +2719,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(34),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2692,6 +2729,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(35),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2701,6 +2739,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(36),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2710,6 +2749,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(37),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2719,6 +2759,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(38),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2728,6 +2769,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(39),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2737,6 +2779,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(40),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2746,6 +2789,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(57),
                 ty: UInt<3>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2754,6 +2798,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(58),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2762,6 +2807,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(59),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x1,
         },
@@ -2771,6 +2817,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(60),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2780,6 +2827,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(61),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2789,6 +2837,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(62),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2798,6 +2847,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(63),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2807,6 +2857,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(64),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2816,6 +2867,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(65),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2825,6 +2877,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(66),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2834,6 +2887,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(67),
                 ty: UInt<8>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x00,
             last_state: 0x00,
         },
@@ -2842,6 +2896,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(68),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2850,6 +2905,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(69),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2858,6 +2914,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(70),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2866,6 +2923,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(71),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2874,6 +2932,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(72),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2882,6 +2941,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(73),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2890,6 +2950,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(74),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -2898,6 +2959,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(75),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -3285,5 +3347,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/mod1.txt

@@ -187,6 +187,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 17,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [],
         },
@@ -225,6 +226,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -445,6 +447,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xa,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -454,6 +457,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -463,6 +467,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -472,6 +477,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(3),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf,
             last_state: 0xe,
         },
@@ -481,6 +487,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(8),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xa,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -490,6 +497,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(9),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -499,6 +507,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(10),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -508,6 +517,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(11),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf,
             last_state: 0xe,
         },
@@ -517,6 +527,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(4),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xa,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -526,6 +537,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(5),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x3,
         },
@@ -535,6 +547,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(6),
                 ty: SInt<2>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x2,
             last_state: 0x2,
         },
@@ -544,6 +557,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(7),
                 ty: UInt<4>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0xf,
             last_state: 0xe,
         },
@@ -565,5 +579,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/mod1.vcd

@@ -1,47 +1,34 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module mod1 $end
 $scope struct o $end
-$var wire 4 ! i $end
+$var wire 4 avK(^ i $end
-$var wire 2 " o $end
+$var wire 2 Q2~aG o $end
-$var wire 2 # i2 $end
+$var wire 2 DXK'| i2 $end
-$var wire 4 $ o2 $end
+$var wire 4 cPuix o2 $end
 $upscope $end
-$scope struct child $end
+$scope module child $end
-$var wire 4 ) i $end
+$var wire 4 ($5K7 i $end
-$var wire 2 * o $end
+$var wire 2 %6Wv" o $end
-$var wire 2 + i2 $end
+$var wire 2 +|-AU i2 $end
-$var wire 4 , o2 $end
+$var wire 4 Hw?%j o2 $end
-$upscope $end
-$scope module mod1_child $end
-$var wire 4 % i $end
-$var wire 2 & o $end
-$var wire 2 ' i2 $end
-$var wire 4 ( o2 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-b11 !
+b11 avK(^
-b11 "
+b11 Q2~aG
-b10 #
+b10 DXK'|
-b1110 $
+b1110 cPuix
-b11 %
+b11 ($5K7
-b11 &
+b11 %6Wv"
-b10 '
+b10 +|-AU
-b1110 (
+b1110 Hw?%j
-b11 )
-b11 *
-b10 +
-b1110 ,
 $end
 #1000000
-b1010 !
+b1010 avK(^
-b10 "
+b10 Q2~aG
-b1111 $
+b1111 cPuix
-b1010 %
+b1010 ($5K7
-b10 &
+b10 %6Wv"
-b1111 (
+b1111 Hw?%j
-b1010 )
-b10 *
-b1111 ,
 #2000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/phantom_const.txt

@@ -172,6 +172,7 @@ Simulation {
         },
         pc: 16,
         memory_write_log: [],
+        assert_failed_log: [],
         memories: StatePart {
             value: [
                 MemoryData {
@@ -215,6 +216,7 @@ Simulation {
             ..
         },
     },
+    global_io: {},
     main_module: SimulationModuleState {
         base_targets: [
             Instance {
@@ -373,6 +375,7 @@ Simulation {
                     ["a","b"],
                 ),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: PhantomConst,
             last_state: PhantomConst,
         },
@@ -383,6 +386,7 @@ Simulation {
                     ["a","b"],
                 ),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: PhantomConst,
             last_state: PhantomConst,
         },
@@ -392,6 +396,7 @@ Simulation {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(0),
                 ty: UInt<0>,
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -400,6 +405,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigBool {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(1),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -408,6 +414,7 @@ Simulation {
             kind: BigClock {
                 index: StatePartIndex<BigSlots>(2),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: 0x0,
             last_state: 0x0,
         },
@@ -418,6 +425,7 @@ Simulation {
                     "mem_element",
                 ),
             },
+            maybe_changed: true,
             state: PhantomConst,
             last_state: PhantomConst,
         },
@@ -521,5 +529,6 @@ Simulation {
     }),
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_address: {},
     waiting_sensitivity_sets_by_compiled_value: {},
+    asserts: [],
     ..
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/phantom_const.vcd

@@ -1,31 +1,31 @@
 $timescale 1 ps $end
 $scope module phantom_const $end
 $scope struct out $end
-$var string 1 ! \[0] $end
+$var string 1 Ru)8A \[0] $end
-$var string 1 " \[1] $end
+$var string 1 y&ssi \[1] $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct mem $end
 $scope struct contents $end
 $scope struct \[0] $end
-$var string 1 ' mem $end
+$var string 1 =+olp mem $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct r0 $end
-$var string 0 # addr $end
+$var string 0 U5SS1 addr $end
-$var wire 1 $ en $end
+$var wire 1 rx@_T en $end
-$var wire 1 % clk $end
+$var wire 1 o[(us clk $end
-$var string 1 & data $end
+$var string 1 %Bg(6 data $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $enddefinitions $end
 $dumpvars
-s0 '
+s0 =+olp
-sPhantomConst([\"a\",\"b\"]) !
+sPhantomConst([\"a\",\"b\"]) Ru)8A
-sPhantomConst([\"a\",\"b\"]) "
+sPhantomConst([\"a\",\"b\"]) y&ssi
-s0 #
+s0 U5SS1
-0$
+0rx@_T
-0%
+0o[(us
-sPhantomConst(\"mem_element\") &
+sPhantomConst(\"mem_element\") %Bg(6
 $end
 #1000000