implement [de]serializing BaseTypes, SimValues, and support PhantomConst<T> in #[hdl] struct S<T>

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/fold.rs

@@ -220,6 +220,7 @@ forward_fold!(syn::ExprArray => fold_expr_array);
 forward_fold!(syn::ExprCall => fold_expr_call);
 forward_fold!(syn::ExprIf => fold_expr_if);
 forward_fold!(syn::ExprMatch => fold_expr_match);
+forward_fold!(syn::ExprMethodCall => fold_expr_method_call);
 forward_fold!(syn::ExprPath => fold_expr_path);
 forward_fold!(syn::ExprRepeat => fold_expr_repeat);
 forward_fold!(syn::ExprStruct => fold_expr_struct);

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_bundle.rs

@@ -30,7 +30,9 @@ pub(crate) struct ParsedBundle {
     pub(crate) field_flips: Vec<Option<HdlAttr<kw::flip, kw::hdl>>>,
     pub(crate) mask_type_ident: Ident,
     pub(crate) mask_type_match_variant_ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) mask_type_sim_value_ident: Ident,
     pub(crate) match_variant_ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) sim_value_ident: Ident,
     pub(crate) builder_ident: Ident,
     pub(crate) mask_type_builder_ident: Ident,
 }
@@ -125,7 +127,9 @@ impl ParsedBundle {
             field_flips,
             mask_type_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType", ident),
             mask_type_match_variant_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType__MatchVariant", ident),
+            mask_type_sim_value_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType__SimValue", ident),
             match_variant_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MatchVariant", ident),
+            sim_value_ident: format_ident!("__{}__SimValue", ident),
             mask_type_builder_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MaskType__Builder", ident),
             builder_ident: format_ident!("__{}__Builder", ident),
             ident,
@@ -427,7 +431,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             field_flips,
             mask_type_ident,
             mask_type_match_variant_ident,
+            mask_type_sim_value_ident,
             match_variant_ident,
+            sim_value_ident,
             builder_ident,
             mask_type_builder_ident,
         } = self;
@@ -523,7 +529,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             semi_token: None,
         }
         .to_tokens(tokens);
-        let mut mask_type_match_variant_fields = mask_type_fields;
+        let mut mask_type_match_variant_fields = mask_type_fields.clone();
         for Field { ty, .. } in &mut mask_type_match_variant_fields.named {
             *ty = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
                 ::fayalite::expr::Expr<#ty>
@@ -565,6 +571,58 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             semi_token: None,
         }
         .to_tokens(tokens);
+        let mut mask_type_sim_value_fields = mask_type_fields;
+        for Field { ty, .. } in &mut mask_type_sim_value_fields.named {
+            *ty = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#ty>
+            };
+        }
+        ItemStruct {
+            attrs: vec![
+                parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
+                        ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
+                        ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone,
+                    )]
+                },
+                parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[allow(non_camel_case_types, dead_code)]
+                },
+            ],
+            vis: vis.clone(),
+            struct_token: *struct_token,
+            ident: mask_type_sim_value_ident.clone(),
+            generics: generics.into(),
+            fields: Fields::Named(mask_type_sim_value_fields),
+            semi_token: None,
+        }
+        .to_tokens(tokens);
+        let mut sim_value_fields = FieldsNamed::from(fields.clone());
+        for Field { ty, .. } in &mut sim_value_fields.named {
+            *ty = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#ty>
+            };
+        }
+        ItemStruct {
+            attrs: vec![
+                parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
+                        ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
+                        ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone,
+                    )]
+                },
+                parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[allow(non_camel_case_types, dead_code)]
+                },
+            ],
+            vis: vis.clone(),
+            struct_token: *struct_token,
+            ident: sim_value_ident.clone(),
+            generics: generics.into(),
+            fields: Fields::Named(sim_value_fields),
+            semi_token: None,
+        }
+        .to_tokens(tokens);
         let this_token = Ident::new("__this", span);
         let fields_token = Ident::new("__fields", span);
         let self_token = Token![self](span);
@@ -615,6 +673,31 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 }
             },
         ));
+        let sim_value_from_bits_fields = Vec::from_iter(fields.named().into_iter().map(|field| {
+            let ident: &Ident = field.ident().as_ref().unwrap();
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #ident: v.field_from_bits(),
+            }
+        }));
+        let sim_value_clone_from_bits_fields =
+            Vec::from_iter(fields.named().into_iter().map(|field| {
+                let ident: &Ident = field.ident().as_ref().unwrap();
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    v.field_clone_from_bits(&mut value.#ident);
+                }
+            }));
+        let sim_value_to_bits_fields = Vec::from_iter(fields.named().into_iter().map(|field| {
+            let ident: &Ident = field.ident().as_ref().unwrap();
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                v.field_to_bits(&value.#ident);
+            }
+        }));
+        let to_sim_value_fields = Vec::from_iter(fields.named().into_iter().map(|field| {
+            let ident: &Ident = field.ident().as_ref().unwrap();
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #ident: ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::ty(&self.#ident),
+            }
+        }));
         let fields_len = fields.named().into_iter().len();
         quote_spanned! {span=>
             #[automatically_derived]
@@ -623,6 +706,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             {
                 type BaseType = ::fayalite::bundle::Bundle;
                 type MaskType = #mask_type_ident #type_generics;
+                type SimValue = #mask_type_sim_value_ident #type_generics;
                 type MatchVariant = #mask_type_match_variant_ident #type_generics;
                 type MatchActiveScope = ();
                 type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantWithoutScope<
@@ -660,6 +744,34 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 fn source_location() -> ::fayalite::source_location::SourceLocation {
                     ::fayalite::source_location::SourceLocation::caller()
                 }
+                fn sim_value_from_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    bits: &::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) -> <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue {
+                    #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                    let mut v = ::fayalite::bundle::BundleSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    #mask_type_sim_value_ident {
+                        #(#sim_value_from_bits_fields)*
+                    }
+                }
+                fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    value: &mut <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                    bits: &::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) {
+                    #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                    let mut v = ::fayalite::bundle::BundleSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    #(#sim_value_clone_from_bits_fields)*
+                }
+                fn sim_value_to_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    value: &<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                    bits: &mut ::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) {
+                    #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                    let mut v = ::fayalite::bundle::BundleSimValueToBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    #(#sim_value_to_bits_fields)*
+                }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::bundle::BundleType for #mask_type_ident #type_generics
@@ -691,11 +803,57 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue for #mask_type_sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                type Type = #mask_type_ident #type_generics;
+
+                fn to_sim_value(
+                    &self,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<
+                    <Self as ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue>::Type,
+                > {
+                    let ty = #mask_type_ident {
+                        #(#to_sim_value_fields)*
+                    };
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone::clone(self))
+                }
+                fn into_sim_value(
+                    self,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<
+                    <Self as ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue>::Type,
+                > {
+                    let ty = #mask_type_ident {
+                        #(#to_sim_value_fields)*
+                    };
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValueWithType<#mask_type_ident #type_generics>
+            for #mask_type_sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn to_sim_value_with_type(
+                    &self,
+                    ty: #mask_type_ident #type_generics,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#mask_type_ident #type_generics> {
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone::clone(self))
+                }
+                fn into_sim_value_with_type(
+                    self,
+                    ty: #mask_type_ident #type_generics,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#mask_type_ident #type_generics> {
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::ty::Type for #target #type_generics
             #where_clause
             {
                 type BaseType = ::fayalite::bundle::Bundle;
                 type MaskType = #mask_type_ident #type_generics;
+                type SimValue = #sim_value_ident #type_generics;
                 type MatchVariant = #match_variant_ident #type_generics;
                 type MatchActiveScope = ();
                 type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantWithoutScope<
@@ -735,6 +893,34 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 fn source_location() -> ::fayalite::source_location::SourceLocation {
                     ::fayalite::source_location::SourceLocation::caller()
                 }
+                fn sim_value_from_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    bits: &::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) -> <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue {
+                    #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                    let mut v = ::fayalite::bundle::BundleSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    #sim_value_ident {
+                        #(#sim_value_from_bits_fields)*
+                    }
+                }
+                fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    value: &mut <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                    bits: &::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) {
+                    #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                    let mut v = ::fayalite::bundle::BundleSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    #(#sim_value_clone_from_bits_fields)*
+                }
+                fn sim_value_to_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    value: &<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                    bits: &mut ::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) {
+                    #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                    let mut v = ::fayalite::bundle::BundleSimValueToBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    #(#sim_value_to_bits_fields)*
+                }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::bundle::BundleType for #target #type_generics
@@ -765,26 +951,81 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                     ::fayalite::intern::Interned::into_inner(::fayalite::intern::Intern::intern_sized(__retval))
                 }
             }
+            #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                type Type = #target #type_generics;
+
+                fn to_sim_value(
+                    &self,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<
+                    <Self as ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue>::Type,
+                > {
+                    let ty = #target {
+                        #(#to_sim_value_fields)*
+                    };
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone::clone(self))
+                }
+                fn into_sim_value(
+                    self,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<
+                    <Self as ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue>::Type,
+                > {
+                    let ty = #target {
+                        #(#to_sim_value_fields)*
+                    };
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValueWithType<#target #type_generics>
+            for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn to_sim_value_with_type(
+                    &self,
+                    ty: #target #type_generics,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#target #type_generics> {
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone::clone(self))
+                }
+                fn into_sim_value_with_type(
+                    self,
+                    ty: #target #type_generics,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#target #type_generics> {
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+                }
+            }
         }
         .to_tokens(tokens);
         if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
-            let mut where_clause =
+            let mut expr_where_clause =
                 Generics::from(generics)
                     .where_clause
                     .unwrap_or_else(|| syn::WhereClause {
                         where_token: Token![where](span),
                         predicates: Punctuated::new(),
                     });
+            let mut sim_value_where_clause = expr_where_clause.clone();
+            let mut fields_sim_value_eq = vec![];
             let mut fields_cmp_eq = vec![];
             let mut fields_cmp_ne = vec![];
             for field in fields.named() {
                 let field_ident = field.ident();
                 let field_ty = field.ty();
-                where_clause
+                expr_where_clause
                     .predicates
                     .push(parse_quote_spanned! {cmp_eq.span=>
                         #field_ty: ::fayalite::expr::ops::ExprPartialEq<#field_ty>
                     });
+                sim_value_where_clause
+                    .predicates
+                    .push(parse_quote_spanned! {cmp_eq.span=>
+                        #field_ty: ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValuePartialEq<#field_ty>
+                    });
+                fields_sim_value_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValuePartialEq::sim_value_eq(&__lhs.#field_ident, &__rhs.#field_ident)
+                });
                 fields_cmp_eq.push(quote_spanned! {span=>
                     ::fayalite::expr::ops::ExprPartialEq::cmp_eq(__lhs.#field_ident, __rhs.#field_ident)
                 });
@@ -792,9 +1033,13 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                     ::fayalite::expr::ops::ExprPartialEq::cmp_ne(__lhs.#field_ident, __rhs.#field_ident)
                 });
             }
+            let sim_value_eq_body;
             let cmp_eq_body;
             let cmp_ne_body;
             if fields_len == 0 {
+                sim_value_eq_body = quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    true
+                };
                 cmp_eq_body = quote_spanned! {span=>
                     ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&true)
                 };
@@ -802,6 +1047,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                     ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&false)
                 };
             } else {
+                sim_value_eq_body = quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #(#fields_sim_value_eq)&&*
+                };
                 cmp_eq_body = quote_spanned! {span=>
                     #(#fields_cmp_eq)&*
                 };
@@ -812,7 +1060,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             quote_spanned! {span=>
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::expr::ops::ExprPartialEq<Self> for #target #type_generics
-                #where_clause
+                #expr_where_clause
                 {
                     fn cmp_eq(
                         __lhs: ::fayalite::expr::Expr<Self>,
@@ -827,6 +1075,17 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                         #cmp_ne_body
                     }
                 }
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValuePartialEq<Self> for #target #type_generics
+                #sim_value_where_clause
+                {
+                    fn sim_value_eq(
+                        __lhs: &::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<Self>,
+                        __rhs: &::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<Self>,
+                    ) -> bool {
+                        #sim_value_eq_body
+                    }
+                }
             }
             .to_tokens(tokens);
         }
@@ -865,6 +1124,14 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                 }
             }));
             quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::default::Default for #mask_type_ident #static_type_generics
+                #static_where_clause
+                {
+                    fn default() -> Self {
+                        <Self as ::fayalite::ty::StaticType>::TYPE
+                    }
+                }
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::ty::StaticType for #mask_type_ident #static_type_generics
                 #static_where_clause
@@ -887,6 +1154,15 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
                     };
                 }
                 #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::default::Default
+                for #target #static_type_generics
+                #static_where_clause
+                {
+                    fn default() -> Self {
+                        <Self as ::fayalite::ty::StaticType>::TYPE
+                    }
+                }
+                #[automatically_derived]
                 impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::ty::StaticType for #target #static_type_generics
                 #static_where_clause
                 {

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_enum.rs

@@ -129,6 +129,9 @@ pub(crate) struct ParsedEnum {
     pub(crate) brace_token: Brace,
     pub(crate) variants: Punctuated<ParsedVariant, Token![,]>,
     pub(crate) match_variant_ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) sim_value_ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) sim_builder_ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) sim_builder_ty_field_ident: Ident,
 }
 
 impl ParsedEnum {
@@ -190,6 +193,9 @@ impl ParsedEnum {
             brace_token,
             variants,
             match_variant_ident: format_ident!("__{}__MatchVariant", ident),
+            sim_value_ident: format_ident!("__{}__SimValue", ident),
+            sim_builder_ident: format_ident!("__{}__SimBuilder", ident),
+            sim_builder_ty_field_ident: format_ident!("__ty", span = ident.span()),
             ident,
         })
     }
@@ -207,6 +213,9 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
             brace_token,
             variants,
             match_variant_ident,
+            sim_value_ident,
+            sim_builder_ident,
+            sim_builder_ty_field_ident,
         } = self;
         let span = ident.span();
         let ItemOptions {
@@ -409,6 +418,133 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
             )),
         }
         .to_tokens(tokens);
+        let mut struct_attrs = attrs.clone();
+        struct_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+            #[allow(dead_code, non_camel_case_types)]
+        });
+        ItemStruct {
+            attrs: struct_attrs,
+            vis: vis.clone(),
+            struct_token: Token![struct](enum_token.span),
+            ident: sim_builder_ident.clone(),
+            generics: generics.into(),
+            fields: FieldsNamed {
+                brace_token: *brace_token,
+                named: Punctuated::from_iter([Field {
+                    attrs: vec![],
+                    vis: Visibility::Inherited,
+                    mutability: FieldMutability::None,
+                    ident: Some(sim_builder_ty_field_ident.clone()),
+                    colon_token: Some(Token![:](span)),
+                    ty: parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        #target #type_generics
+                    },
+                }]),
+            }
+            .into(),
+            semi_token: None,
+        }
+        .to_tokens(tokens);
+        let mut enum_attrs = attrs.clone();
+        enum_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+            #[::fayalite::__std::prelude::v1::derive(
+                ::fayalite::__std::fmt::Debug,
+                ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone,
+            )]
+        });
+        enum_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+            #[allow(dead_code, non_camel_case_types)]
+        });
+        let sim_value_has_unknown_variant = !variants.len().is_power_of_two();
+        let sim_value_unknown_variant_name = sim_value_has_unknown_variant.then(|| {
+            let mut name = String::new();
+            let unknown = "Unknown";
+            loop {
+                let orig_len = name.len();
+                name.push_str(unknown);
+                if variants.iter().all(|v| v.ident != name) {
+                    break Ident::new(&name, span);
+                }
+                name.truncate(orig_len);
+                name.push('_');
+            }
+        });
+        let sim_value_unknown_variant =
+            sim_value_unknown_variant_name
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|unknown_variant_name| {
+                    Pair::End(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        #unknown_variant_name(::fayalite::enum_::UnknownVariantSimValue)
+                    })
+                });
+        ItemEnum {
+            attrs: enum_attrs,
+            vis: vis.clone(),
+            enum_token: *enum_token,
+            ident: sim_value_ident.clone(),
+            generics: generics.into(),
+            brace_token: *brace_token,
+            variants: Punctuated::from_iter(
+                variants
+                    .pairs()
+                    .map_pair_value_ref(
+                        |ParsedVariant {
+                             attrs,
+                             options: _,
+                             ident,
+                             field,
+                         }| Variant {
+                            attrs: attrs.clone(),
+                            ident: ident.clone(),
+                            fields: match field {
+                                Some(ParsedVariantField {
+                                    paren_token,
+                                    attrs,
+                                    options: _,
+                                    ty,
+                                    comma_token,
+                                }) => Fields::Unnamed(FieldsUnnamed {
+                                    paren_token: *paren_token,
+                                    unnamed: Punctuated::from_iter([
+                                        Pair::new(
+                                            Field {
+                                                attrs: attrs.clone(),
+                                                vis: Visibility::Inherited,
+                                                mutability: FieldMutability::None,
+                                                ident: None,
+                                                colon_token: None,
+                                                ty: parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#ty>
+                                                },
+                                            },
+                                            Some(comma_token.unwrap_or(Token![,](ident.span()))),
+                                        ),
+                                        Pair::new(
+                                            Field {
+                                                attrs: vec![],
+                                                vis: Visibility::Inherited,
+                                                mutability: FieldMutability::None,
+                                                ident: None,
+                                                colon_token: None,
+                                                ty: parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                                    ::fayalite::enum_::EnumPaddingSimValue
+                                                },
+                                            },
+                                            None,
+                                        ),
+                                    ]),
+                                }),
+                                None => Fields::Unnamed(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                    (::fayalite::enum_::EnumPaddingSimValue)
+                                }),
+                            },
+                            discriminant: None,
+                        },
+                    )
+                    .chain(sim_value_unknown_variant),
+            ),
+        }
+        .to_tokens(tokens);
         let self_token = Token![self](span);
         for (index, ParsedVariant { ident, field, .. }) in variants.iter().enumerate() {
             if let Some(ParsedVariantField { ty, .. }) = field {
@@ -435,6 +571,25 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                             )
                         }
                     }
+                    #[automatically_derived]
+                    impl #impl_generics #sim_builder_ident #type_generics
+                    #where_clause
+                    {
+                        #[allow(non_snake_case, dead_code)]
+                        #vis fn #ident<__V: ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValueWithType<#ty>>(
+                            #self_token,
+                            v: __V,
+                        ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#target #type_generics> {
+                            let v = ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValueWithType::into_sim_value_with_type(
+                                v,
+                                #self_token.#sim_builder_ty_field_ident.#ident,
+                            );
+                            ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(
+                                #self_token.#sim_builder_ty_field_ident,
+                                #sim_value_ident::#ident(v, ::fayalite::enum_::EnumPaddingSimValue::new()),
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             } else {
                 quote_spanned! {span=>
@@ -453,6 +608,18 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                             )
                         }
                     }
+                    #[automatically_derived]
+                    impl #impl_generics #sim_builder_ident #type_generics
+                    #where_clause
+                    {
+                        #[allow(non_snake_case, dead_code)]
+                        #vis fn #ident(#self_token) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#target #type_generics> {
+                            ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(
+                                #self_token.#sim_builder_ty_field_ident,
+                                #sim_value_ident::#ident(::fayalite::enum_::EnumPaddingSimValue::new()),
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
                 }
             }
             .to_tokens(tokens);
@@ -534,6 +701,142 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                 }
             },
         ));
+        let sim_value_from_bits_unknown_match_arm = if let Some(sim_value_unknown_variant_name) =
+            &sim_value_unknown_variant_name
+        {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                _ => #sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(v.unknown_variant_from_bits()),
+            }
+        } else {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                _ => ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!(),
+            }
+        };
+        let sim_value_from_bits_match_arms = Vec::from_iter(
+            variants
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(
+                    |(
+                        index,
+                        ParsedVariant {
+                            attrs: _,
+                            options: _,
+                            ident,
+                            field,
+                        },
+                    )| {
+                        if let Some(_) = field {
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #index => {
+                                    let (field, padding) = v.variant_with_field_from_bits();
+                                    #sim_value_ident::#ident(field, padding)
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #index => #sim_value_ident::#ident(
+                                    v.variant_no_field_from_bits(),
+                                ),
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                )
+                .chain([sim_value_from_bits_unknown_match_arm]),
+        );
+        let sim_value_clone_from_bits_unknown_match_arm =
+            if let Some(sim_value_unknown_variant_name) = &sim_value_unknown_variant_name {
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    _ => if let #sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(value) = value {
+                        v.unknown_variant_clone_from_bits(value);
+                    } else {
+                        *value = #sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(
+                            v.unknown_variant_from_bits(),
+                        );
+                    },
+                }
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    _ => ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!(),
+                }
+            };
+        let sim_value_clone_from_bits_match_arms = Vec::from_iter(
+            variants
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(
+                    |(
+                        index,
+                        ParsedVariant {
+                            attrs: _,
+                            options: _,
+                            ident,
+                            field,
+                        },
+                    )| {
+                        if let Some(_) = field {
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #index => if let #sim_value_ident::#ident(field, padding) = value {
+                                    v.variant_with_field_clone_from_bits(field, padding);
+                                } else {
+                                    let (field, padding) = v.variant_with_field_from_bits();
+                                    *value = #sim_value_ident::#ident(field, padding);
+                                },
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #index => if let #sim_value_ident::#ident(padding) = value {
+                                    v.variant_no_field_clone_from_bits(padding);
+                                } else {
+                                    *value = #sim_value_ident::#ident(
+                                        v.variant_no_field_from_bits(),
+                                    );
+                                },
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                )
+                .chain([sim_value_clone_from_bits_unknown_match_arm]),
+        );
+        let sim_value_to_bits_match_arms = Vec::from_iter(
+            variants
+                .iter()
+                .enumerate()
+                .map(
+                    |(
+                        index,
+                        ParsedVariant {
+                            attrs: _,
+                            options: _,
+                            ident,
+                            field,
+                        },
+                    )| {
+                        if let Some(_) = field {
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #sim_value_ident::#ident(field, padding) => {
+                                    v.variant_with_field_to_bits(#index, field, padding);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        } else {
+                            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                                #sim_value_ident::#ident(padding) => {
+                                    v.variant_no_field_to_bits(#index, padding);
+                                }
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                )
+                .chain(sim_value_unknown_variant_name.as_ref().map(
+                    |sim_value_unknown_variant_name| {
+                        quote_spanned! {span=>
+                            #sim_value_ident::#sim_value_unknown_variant_name(value) => {
+                                v.unknown_variant_to_bits(value);
+                            }
+                        }
+                    },
+                )),
+        );
         let variants_len = variants.len();
         quote_spanned! {span=>
             #[automatically_derived]
@@ -542,6 +845,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
             {
                 type BaseType = ::fayalite::enum_::Enum;
                 type MaskType = ::fayalite::int::Bool;
+                type SimValue = #sim_value_ident #type_generics;
                 type MatchVariant = #match_variant_ident #type_generics;
                 type MatchActiveScope = ::fayalite::module::Scope;
                 type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = ::fayalite::enum_::EnumMatchVariantAndInactiveScope<Self>;
@@ -574,11 +878,41 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                 fn source_location() -> ::fayalite::source_location::SourceLocation {
                     ::fayalite::source_location::SourceLocation::caller()
                 }
+                fn sim_value_from_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    bits: &::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) -> <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue {
+                    let v = ::fayalite::enum_::EnumSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    match v.discriminant() {
+                        #(#sim_value_from_bits_match_arms)*
+                    }
+                }
+                fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    value: &mut <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                    bits: &::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) {
+                    let v = ::fayalite::enum_::EnumSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    match v.discriminant() {
+                        #(#sim_value_clone_from_bits_match_arms)*
+                    }
+                }
+                fn sim_value_to_bits(
+                    &self,
+                    value: &<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue,
+                    bits: &mut ::fayalite::bitvec::slice::BitSlice,
+                ) {
+                    let v = ::fayalite::enum_::EnumSimValueToBits::new(*self, bits);
+                    match value {
+                        #(#sim_value_to_bits_match_arms)*
+                    }
+                }
             }
             #[automatically_derived]
             impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::enum_::EnumType for #target #type_generics
             #where_clause
             {
+                type SimBuilder = #sim_builder_ident #type_generics;
                 fn match_activate_scope(
                     v: <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope,
                 ) -> (<Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchVariant, <Self as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchActiveScope) {
@@ -597,6 +931,33 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                     ][..])
                 }
             }
+            #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValueWithType<#target #type_generics>
+            for #sim_value_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn to_sim_value_with_type(
+                    &self,
+                    ty: #target #type_generics,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#target #type_generics> {
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone::clone(self))
+                }
+                fn into_sim_value_with_type(
+                    self,
+                    ty: #target #type_generics,
+                ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#target #type_generics> {
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+                }
+            }
+            #[automatically_derived]
+            impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::convert::From<#target #type_generics>
+            for #sim_builder_ident #type_generics
+            #where_clause
+            {
+                fn from(#sim_builder_ty_field_ident: #target #type_generics) -> Self {
+                    Self { #sim_builder_ty_field_ident }
+                }
+            }
         }
         .to_tokens(tokens);
         if let (None, MaybeParsed::Parsed(generics)) = (no_static, &self.generics) {
@@ -634,6 +995,15 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                     }
                 }));
             quote_spanned! {span=>
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::default::Default
+                for #target #static_type_generics
+                #static_where_clause
+                {
+                    fn default() -> Self {
+                        <Self as ::fayalite::ty::StaticType>::TYPE
+                    }
+                }
                 #[automatically_derived]
                 impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::ty::StaticType
                 for #target #static_type_generics
@@ -652,6 +1022,34 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
                     const MASK_TYPE_PROPERTIES: ::fayalite::ty::TypeProperties =
                         <::fayalite::int::Bool as ::fayalite::ty::StaticType>::TYPE_PROPERTIES;
                 }
+                #[automatically_derived]
+                impl #static_impl_generics ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue
+                for #sim_value_ident #static_type_generics
+                #static_where_clause
+                {
+                    type Type = #target #static_type_generics;
+
+                    fn to_sim_value(
+                        &self,
+                    ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<
+                        <Self as ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue>::Type,
+                    > {
+                        ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(
+                            ::fayalite::ty::StaticType::TYPE,
+                            ::fayalite::__std::clone::Clone::clone(self),
+                        )
+                    }
+                    fn into_sim_value(
+                        self,
+                    ) -> ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<
+                        <Self as ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue>::Type,
+                    > {
+                        ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::from_value(
+                            ::fayalite::ty::StaticType::TYPE,
+                            self,
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
             }
             .to_tokens(tokens);
         }

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/lib.rs

@@ -93,6 +93,7 @@ mod kw {
     custom_keyword!(output);
     custom_keyword!(reg_builder);
     custom_keyword!(reset);
+    custom_keyword!(sim);
     custom_keyword!(skip);
     custom_keyword!(target);
     custom_keyword!(wire);

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/module.rs

@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ impl ModuleFn {
             module_kind,
             vis,
             sig,
-            block,
+            mut block,
             struct_generics,
             the_struct,
         } = match self.0 {
@@ -439,6 +439,12 @@ impl ModuleFn {
         body_sig
             .inputs
             .insert(0, parse_quote! { m: &::fayalite::module::ModuleBuilder });
+        block.stmts.insert(
+            0,
+            parse_quote! {
+                let _ = m;
+            },
+        );
         let body_fn = ItemFn {
             attrs: vec![],
             vis: Visibility::Inherited,

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/module/transform_body.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ use std::{borrow::Borrow, convert::Infallible};
 use syn::{
     fold::{fold_expr, fold_expr_lit, fold_expr_unary, fold_local, fold_stmt, Fold},
     parenthesized,
-    parse::{Nothing, Parse, ParseStream},
+    parse::{Parse, ParseStream},
     parse_quote, parse_quote_spanned,
     spanned::Spanned,
     token::Paren,
@@ -27,6 +27,13 @@ use syn::{
 mod expand_aggregate_literals;
 mod expand_match;
 
+options! {
+    #[options = ExprOptions]
+    pub(crate) enum ExprOption {
+        Sim(sim),
+    }
+}
+
 options! {
     pub(crate) enum LetFnKind {
         Input(input),
@@ -952,7 +959,7 @@ with_debug_clone_and_fold! {
     #[allow(dead_code)]
     pub(crate) struct HdlLet<Kind = HdlLetKind> {
         pub(crate) attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
-        pub(crate) hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
+        pub(crate) hdl_attr: HdlAttr<syn::parse::Nothing, kw::hdl>,
         pub(crate) let_token: Token![let],
         pub(crate) mut_token: Option<Token![mut]>,
         pub(crate) name: Ident,
@@ -1173,7 +1180,7 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
             Some(_) => {}
         }
     }
-    fn process_hdl_if(&mut self, hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>, expr_if: ExprIf) -> Expr {
+    fn process_hdl_if(&mut self, hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>, expr_if: ExprIf) -> Expr {
         let ExprIf {
             attrs,
             if_token,
@@ -1181,10 +1188,10 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
             then_branch,
             else_branch,
         } = expr_if;
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(if_token);
-        let else_expr = else_branch.unzip().1.map(|else_expr| match *else_expr {
-            Expr::If(expr_if) => self.process_hdl_if(hdl_attr.clone(), expr_if),
-            expr => expr,
+        let (else_token, else_expr) = else_branch.unzip();
+        let else_expr = else_expr.map(|else_expr| match *else_expr {
+            Expr::If(expr_if) => Box::new(self.process_hdl_if(hdl_attr.clone(), expr_if)),
+            _ => else_expr,
         });
         if let Expr::Let(ExprLet {
             attrs: let_attrs,
@@ -1206,7 +1213,19 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
                 },
             );
         }
-        if let Some(else_expr) = else_expr {
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
+        if sim.is_some() {
+            ExprIf {
+                attrs,
+                if_token,
+                cond: parse_quote_spanned! {if_token.span=>
+                    *::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::<::fayalite::int::Bool>::value(&::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::into_sim_value(#cond))
+                },
+                then_branch,
+                else_branch: else_token.zip(else_expr),
+            }
+            .into()
+        } else if let Some(else_expr) = else_expr {
             parse_quote_spanned! {if_token.span=>
                 #(#attrs)*
                 {
@@ -1668,6 +1687,8 @@ impl Fold for Visitor<'_> {
                 Repeat => process_hdl_repeat,
                 Struct => process_hdl_struct,
                 Tuple => process_hdl_tuple,
+                MethodCall => process_hdl_method_call,
+                Call => process_hdl_call,
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1675,7 +1696,7 @@ impl Fold for Visitor<'_> {
     fn fold_local(&mut self, mut let_stmt: Local) -> Local {
         match self
             .errors
-            .ok(HdlAttr::<Nothing, kw::hdl>::parse_and_leave_attr(
+            .ok(HdlAttr::<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>::parse_and_leave_attr(
                 &let_stmt.attrs,
             )) {
             None => return empty_let(),
@@ -1694,10 +1715,11 @@ impl Fold for Visitor<'_> {
             subpat: None,
         }) = pat
         else {
-            let hdl_attr = HdlAttr::<Nothing, kw::hdl>::parse_and_take_attr(&mut let_stmt.attrs)
-                .ok()
-                .flatten()
-                .expect("already checked above");
+            let hdl_attr =
+                HdlAttr::<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>::parse_and_take_attr(&mut let_stmt.attrs)
+                    .ok()
+                    .flatten()
+                    .expect("already checked above");
             let let_stmt = fold_local(self, let_stmt);
             return self.process_hdl_let_pat(hdl_attr, let_stmt);
         };

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/module/transform_body/expand_aggregate_literals.rs

@@ -1,45 +1,103 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
-use crate::{kw, module::transform_body::Visitor, HdlAttr};
+
+use crate::{
+    kw,
+    module::transform_body::{
+        expand_match::{parse_enum_path, EnumPath},
+        ExprOptions, Visitor,
+    },
+    HdlAttr,
+};
 use quote::{format_ident, quote_spanned};
+use std::mem;
 use syn::{
-    parse::Nothing, parse_quote, parse_quote_spanned, spanned::Spanned, Expr, ExprArray, ExprPath,
-    ExprRepeat, ExprStruct, ExprTuple, FieldValue, TypePath,
+    parse_quote_spanned, punctuated::Punctuated, spanned::Spanned, token::Paren, Expr, ExprArray,
+    ExprCall, ExprGroup, ExprMethodCall, ExprParen, ExprPath, ExprRepeat, ExprStruct, ExprTuple,
+    FieldValue, Token, TypePath,
 };
 
 impl Visitor<'_> {
     pub(crate) fn process_hdl_array(
         &mut self,
-        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
         mut expr_array: ExprArray,
     ) -> Expr {
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(hdl_attr);
-        for elem in &mut expr_array.elems {
-            *elem = parse_quote_spanned! {elem.span()=>
-                ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#elem))
-            };
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
+        let span = hdl_attr.kw.span;
+        if sim.is_some() {
+            for elem in &mut expr_array.elems {
+                *elem = parse_quote_spanned! {elem.span()=>
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::to_sim_value(&(#elem))
+                };
+            }
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::into_sim_value(#expr_array)
+            }
+        } else {
+            for elem in &mut expr_array.elems {
+                *elem = parse_quote_spanned! {elem.span()=>
+                    ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#elem))
+                };
+            }
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&#expr_array)
+            }
         }
-        parse_quote! {::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&#expr_array)}
     }
     pub(crate) fn process_hdl_repeat(
         &mut self,
-        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
         mut expr_repeat: ExprRepeat,
     ) -> Expr {
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(hdl_attr);
         let repeated_value = &expr_repeat.expr;
-        *expr_repeat.expr = parse_quote_spanned! {repeated_value.span()=>
-            ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#repeated_value))
-        };
-        parse_quote! {::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&#expr_repeat)}
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
+        let span = hdl_attr.kw.span;
+        if sim.is_some() {
+            *expr_repeat.expr = parse_quote_spanned! {repeated_value.span()=>
+                ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::to_sim_value(&(#repeated_value))
+            };
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::into_sim_value(#expr_repeat)
+            }
+        } else {
+            *expr_repeat.expr = parse_quote_spanned! {repeated_value.span()=>
+                ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#repeated_value))
+            };
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&#expr_repeat)
+            }
+        }
     }
     pub(crate) fn process_hdl_struct(
         &mut self,
-        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
-        expr_struct: ExprStruct,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        mut expr_struct: ExprStruct,
     ) -> Expr {
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(&hdl_attr);
         let name_span = expr_struct.path.segments.last().unwrap().ident.span();
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
+        if sim.is_some() {
+            let ty_path = TypePath {
+                qself: expr_struct.qself.take(),
+                path: expr_struct.path,
+            };
+            expr_struct.path = parse_quote_spanned! {name_span=>
+                __SimValue::<#ty_path>
+            };
+            for field in &mut expr_struct.fields {
+                let expr = &field.expr;
+                field.expr = parse_quote_spanned! {field.member.span()=>
+                    ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::to_sim_value(&(#expr))
+                };
+            }
+            return parse_quote_spanned! {name_span=>
+                {
+                    type __SimValue<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue;
+                    let value: ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue<#ty_path> = ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::into_sim_value(#expr_struct);
+                    value
+                }
+            };
+        }
         let builder_ident = format_ident!("__builder", span = name_span);
         let empty_builder = if expr_struct.qself.is_some()
             || expr_struct
@@ -91,12 +149,126 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
     }
     pub(crate) fn process_hdl_tuple(
         &mut self,
-        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
-        expr_tuple: ExprTuple,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        mut expr_tuple: ExprTuple,
     ) -> Expr {
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(hdl_attr);
-        parse_quote_spanned! {expr_tuple.span()=>
-            ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&#expr_tuple)
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
+        if sim.is_some() {
+            for element in &mut expr_tuple.elems {
+                *element = parse_quote_spanned! {element.span()=>
+                    &(#element)
+                };
+            }
+            parse_quote_spanned! {expr_tuple.span()=>
+                ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::into_sim_value(#expr_tuple)
+            }
+        } else {
+            parse_quote_spanned! {expr_tuple.span()=>
+                ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&#expr_tuple)
+            }
         }
     }
+    pub(crate) fn process_hdl_call(
+        &mut self,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        mut expr_call: ExprCall,
+    ) -> Expr {
+        let span = hdl_attr.kw.span;
+        let mut func = &mut *expr_call.func;
+        let EnumPath {
+            variant_path: _,
+            enum_path,
+            variant_name,
+        } = loop {
+            match func {
+                Expr::Group(ExprGroup { expr, .. }) | Expr::Paren(ExprParen { expr, .. }) => {
+                    func = &mut **expr;
+                }
+                Expr::Path(_) => {
+                    let Expr::Path(ExprPath { attrs, qself, path }) =
+                        mem::replace(func, Expr::PLACEHOLDER)
+                    else {
+                        unreachable!();
+                    };
+                    match parse_enum_path(TypePath { qself, path }) {
+                        Ok(path) => break path,
+                        Err(path) => {
+                            self.errors.error(&path, "unsupported enum variant path");
+                            let TypePath { qself, path } = path;
+                            *func = ExprPath { attrs, qself, path }.into();
+                            return expr_call.into();
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => {
+                    self.errors.error(
+                        &expr_call.func,
+                        "#[hdl] function call -- function must be a possibly-parenthesized path",
+                    );
+                    return expr_call.into();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        self.process_hdl_method_call(
+            hdl_attr,
+            ExprMethodCall {
+                attrs: expr_call.attrs,
+                receiver: parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    <#enum_path as ::fayalite::ty::StaticType>::TYPE
+                },
+                dot_token: Token![.](span),
+                method: variant_name,
+                turbofish: None,
+                paren_token: expr_call.paren_token,
+                args: expr_call.args,
+            },
+        )
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn process_hdl_method_call(
+        &mut self,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        mut expr_method_call: ExprMethodCall,
+    ) -> Expr {
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
+        let span = hdl_attr.kw.span;
+        // remove any number of groups and up to one paren
+        let mut receiver = &mut *expr_method_call.receiver;
+        let mut has_group = false;
+        let receiver = loop {
+            match receiver {
+                Expr::Group(ExprGroup { expr, .. }) => {
+                    has_group = true;
+                    receiver = expr;
+                }
+                Expr::Paren(ExprParen { expr, .. }) => break &mut **expr,
+                receiver @ Expr::Path(_) => break receiver,
+                _ => {
+                    if !has_group {
+                        self.errors.error(
+                            &expr_method_call.receiver,
+                            "#[hdl] on a method call needs parenthesized receiver",
+                        );
+                    }
+                    break &mut *expr_method_call.receiver;
+                }
+            }
+        };
+        let func = if sim.is_some() {
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::enum_::enum_type_to_sim_builder
+            }
+        } else {
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                ::fayalite::enum_::assert_is_enum_type
+            }
+        };
+        *expr_method_call.receiver = ExprCall {
+            attrs: vec![],
+            func,
+            paren_token: Paren(span),
+            args: Punctuated::from_iter([mem::replace(receiver, Expr::PLACEHOLDER)]),
+        }
+        .into();
+        expr_method_call.into()
+    }
 }

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/module/transform_body/expand_match.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@
 use crate::{
     fold::{impl_fold, DoFold},
     kw,
-    module::transform_body::{empty_let, with_debug_clone_and_fold, wrap_ty_with_expr, Visitor},
+    module::transform_body::{
+        empty_let, with_debug_clone_and_fold, wrap_ty_with_expr, ExprOptions, Visitor,
+    },
     Errors, HdlAttr, PairsIterExt,
 };
 use proc_macro2::{Span, TokenStream};
@@ -11,7 +13,6 @@ use quote::{format_ident, quote_spanned, ToTokens, TokenStreamExt};
 use std::collections::BTreeSet;
 use syn::{
     fold::{fold_arm, fold_expr_match, fold_local, fold_pat, Fold},
-    parse::Nothing,
     parse_quote_spanned,
     punctuated::Punctuated,
     spanned::Spanned,
@@ -82,7 +83,14 @@ visit_trait! {
         }
     }
     fn visit_match_pat_enum_variant(state: _, v: &MatchPatEnumVariant) {
-        let MatchPatEnumVariant {match_span:_, variant_path: _, enum_path: _, variant_name: _, field } = v;
+        let MatchPatEnumVariant {
+            match_span:_,
+            sim:_,
+            variant_path: _,
+            enum_path: _,
+            variant_name: _,
+            field,
+        } = v;
         if let Some((_, v)) = field {
             state.visit_match_pat_simple(v);
         }
@@ -292,6 +300,7 @@ impl ToTokens for MatchPatTuple {
 with_debug_clone_and_fold! {
     struct MatchPatEnumVariant<> {
         match_span: Span,
+        sim: Option<(kw::sim,)>,
         variant_path: Path,
         enum_path: Path,
         variant_name: Ident,
@@ -303,6 +312,7 @@ impl ToTokens for MatchPatEnumVariant {
     fn to_tokens(&self, tokens: &mut TokenStream) {
         let Self {
             match_span,
+            sim,
             variant_path: _,
             enum_path,
             variant_name,
@@ -312,7 +322,28 @@ impl ToTokens for MatchPatEnumVariant {
             __MatchTy::<#enum_path>::#variant_name
         }
         .to_tokens(tokens);
-        if let Some((paren_token, field)) = field {
+        if sim.is_some() {
+            if let Some((paren_token, field)) = field {
+                paren_token.surround(tokens, |tokens| {
+                    field.to_tokens(tokens);
+                    match field {
+                        MatchPatSimple::Paren(_)
+                        | MatchPatSimple::Or(_)
+                        | MatchPatSimple::Binding(_)
+                        | MatchPatSimple::Wild(_) => quote_spanned! {*match_span=>
+                            , _
+                        }
+                        .to_tokens(tokens),
+                        MatchPatSimple::Rest(_) => {}
+                    }
+                });
+            } else {
+                quote_spanned! {*match_span=>
+                    (_)
+                }
+                .to_tokens(tokens);
+            }
+        } else if let Some((paren_token, field)) = field {
             paren_token.surround(tokens, |tokens| field.to_tokens(tokens));
         }
     }
@@ -349,13 +380,13 @@ impl ToTokens for MatchPatSimple {
     }
 }
 
-struct EnumPath {
-    variant_path: Path,
-    enum_path: Path,
-    variant_name: Ident,
+pub(crate) struct EnumPath {
+    pub(crate) variant_path: Path,
+    pub(crate) enum_path: Path,
+    pub(crate) variant_name: Ident,
 }
 
-fn parse_enum_path(variant_path: TypePath) -> Result<EnumPath, TypePath> {
+pub(crate) fn parse_enum_path(variant_path: TypePath) -> Result<EnumPath, TypePath> {
     let TypePath {
         qself: None,
         path: variant_path,
@@ -447,6 +478,7 @@ trait ParseMatchPat: Sized {
                         state,
                         MatchPatEnumVariant {
                             match_span: state.match_span,
+                            sim: state.sim,
                             variant_path,
                             enum_path,
                             variant_name,
@@ -493,6 +525,7 @@ trait ParseMatchPat: Sized {
                     state,
                     MatchPatEnumVariant {
                         match_span: state.match_span,
+                        sim: state.sim,
                         variant_path,
                         enum_path,
                         variant_name,
@@ -577,6 +610,7 @@ trait ParseMatchPat: Sized {
                     state,
                     MatchPatEnumVariant {
                         match_span: state.match_span,
+                        sim: state.sim,
                         variant_path,
                         enum_path,
                         variant_name,
@@ -939,6 +973,7 @@ impl Fold for RewriteAsCheckMatch {
 }
 
 struct HdlMatchParseState<'a> {
+    sim: Option<(kw::sim,)>,
     match_span: Span,
     errors: &'a mut Errors,
 }
@@ -981,10 +1016,11 @@ impl<'a> VisitMatchPat<'a> for HdlLetPatVisitState<'a> {
 impl Visitor<'_> {
     pub(crate) fn process_hdl_let_pat(
         &mut self,
-        _hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
         mut let_stmt: Local,
     ) -> Local {
         let span = let_stmt.let_token.span();
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
         if let Pat::Type(pat) = &mut let_stmt.pat {
             *pat.ty = wrap_ty_with_expr((*pat.ty).clone());
         }
@@ -996,7 +1032,6 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
             init,
             semi_token,
         } = let_stmt;
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(let_token);
         let Some(syn::LocalInit {
             eq_token,
             expr,
@@ -1015,6 +1050,7 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
         }
         let Ok(pat) = MatchPat::parse(
             &mut HdlMatchParseState {
+                sim,
                 match_span: span,
                 errors: &mut self.errors,
             },
@@ -1031,29 +1067,47 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
             errors: _,
             bindings,
         } = state;
-        let retval = parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
-            let (#(#bindings,)* __scope,) = {
-                type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchVariant;
-                let __match_expr = ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#expr));
-                ::fayalite::expr::check_match_expr(__match_expr, |__match_value, __infallible| {
-                    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-                    #check_let_stmt
-                    match __infallible {}
-                });
-                let mut __match_iter = ::fayalite::module::match_(__match_expr);
-                let ::fayalite::__std::option::Option::Some(__match_variant) = ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::next(&mut __match_iter) else {
-                    ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!("#[hdl] let with uninhabited type");
+        let retval = if sim.is_some() {
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                let (#(#bindings,)*) = {
+                    type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue;
+                    let __match_value = ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::to_sim_value(&(#expr));
+                    #let_token #pat #eq_token ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::into_value(__match_value) #semi_token
+                    (#(#bindings,)*)
                 };
-                let ::fayalite::__std::option::Option::None = ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::next(&mut __match_iter) else {
-                    ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!("#[hdl] let with refutable pattern");
-                };
-                let (__match_variant, __scope) =
-                    ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
-                        __match_variant,
+            }
+        } else {
+            parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                let (#(#bindings,)* __scope,) = {
+                    type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchVariant;
+                    let __match_expr = ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#expr));
+                    ::fayalite::expr::check_match_expr(
+                        __match_expr,
+                        |__match_value, __infallible| {
+                            #[allow(unused_variables)]
+                            #check_let_stmt
+                            match __infallible {}
+                        },
                     );
-                #let_token #pat #eq_token __match_variant #semi_token
-                (#(#bindings,)* __scope,)
-            };
+                    let mut __match_iter = ::fayalite::module::match_(__match_expr);
+                    let ::fayalite::__std::option::Option::Some(__match_variant) =
+                        ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::next(&mut __match_iter)
+                    else {
+                        ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!("#[hdl] let with uninhabited type");
+                    };
+                    let ::fayalite::__std::option::Option::None =
+                        ::fayalite::__std::iter::Iterator::next(&mut __match_iter)
+                    else {
+                        ::fayalite::__std::unreachable!("#[hdl] let with refutable pattern");
+                    };
+                    let (__match_variant, __scope) =
+                        ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
+                            __match_variant,
+                        );
+                    #let_token #pat #eq_token __match_variant #semi_token
+                    (#(#bindings,)* __scope,)
+                };
+            }
         };
         match retval {
             syn::Stmt::Local(retval) => retval,
@@ -1062,7 +1116,7 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
     }
     pub(crate) fn process_hdl_match(
         &mut self,
-        _hdl_attr: HdlAttr<Nothing, kw::hdl>,
+        hdl_attr: HdlAttr<ExprOptions, kw::hdl>,
         expr_match: ExprMatch,
     ) -> Expr {
         let span = expr_match.match_token.span();
@@ -1074,8 +1128,9 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
             brace_token: _,
             arms,
         } = expr_match;
-        self.require_normal_module_or_fn(match_token);
+        let ExprOptions { sim } = hdl_attr.body;
         let mut state = HdlMatchParseState {
+            sim,
             match_span: span,
             errors: &mut self.errors,
         };
@@ -1083,24 +1138,36 @@ impl Visitor<'_> {
             arms.into_iter()
                 .filter_map(|arm| MatchArm::parse(&mut state, arm).ok()),
         );
-        let expr = quote_spanned! {span=>
-            {
-                type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchVariant;
-                let __match_expr = ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#expr));
-                ::fayalite::expr::check_match_expr(__match_expr, |__match_value, __infallible| {
-                    #[allow(unused_variables)]
-                    #check_match
-                });
-                for __match_variant in ::fayalite::module::match_(__match_expr) {
-                    let (__match_variant, __scope) =
-                        ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
-                            __match_variant,
-                        );
-                    #match_token __match_variant {
+        let expr = if sim.is_some() {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                {
+                    type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::SimValue;
+                    let __match_expr = ::fayalite::sim::value::ToSimValue::to_sim_value(&(#expr));
+                    #match_token ::fayalite::sim::value::SimValue::into_value(__match_expr) {
                         #(#arms)*
                     }
                 }
             }
+        } else {
+            quote_spanned! {span=>
+                {
+                    type __MatchTy<T> = <T as ::fayalite::ty::Type>::MatchVariant;
+                    let __match_expr = ::fayalite::expr::ToExpr::to_expr(&(#expr));
+                    ::fayalite::expr::check_match_expr(__match_expr, |__match_value, __infallible| {
+                        #[allow(unused_variables)]
+                        #check_match
+                    });
+                    for __match_variant in ::fayalite::module::match_(__match_expr) {
+                        let (__match_variant, __scope) =
+                            ::fayalite::ty::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope::match_activate_scope(
+                                __match_variant,
+                            );
+                        #match_token __match_variant {
+                            #(#arms)*
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
         };
         syn::parse2(expr).unwrap()
     }

crates/fayalite/src/array.rs

@@ -9,12 +9,16 @@ use crate::{
     int::{Bool, DynSize, KnownSize, Size, SizeType, DYN_SIZE},
     intern::{Intern, Interned, LazyInterned},
     module::transform::visit::{Fold, Folder, Visit, Visitor},
+    sim::value::{SimValue, SimValuePartialEq},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
-        CanonicalType, MatchVariantWithoutScope, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref,
+        serde_impls::SerdeCanonicalType, CanonicalType, MatchVariantWithoutScope, StaticType, Type,
+        TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref,
     },
     util::ConstUsize,
 };
+use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
+use serde::{de::Error, Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
 use std::{iter::FusedIterator, ops::Index};
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -94,6 +98,12 @@ impl<T: Type, Len: KnownSize + Size<SizeType = Len>> ArrayType<T, Len> {
     }
 }
 
+impl<T: StaticType, Len: KnownSize> Default for ArrayType<T, Len> {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::TYPE
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: StaticType, Len: KnownSize> StaticType for ArrayType<T, Len> {
     const TYPE: Self = Self {
         element: LazyInterned::new_lazy(&|| T::TYPE.intern_sized()),
@@ -142,6 +152,7 @@ impl<T: Type + Visit<State>, Len: Size, State: Visitor + ?Sized> Visit<State>
 impl<T: Type, Len: Size> Type for ArrayType<T, Len> {
     type BaseType = Array;
     type MaskType = ArrayType<T::MaskType, Len>;
+    type SimValue = Len::ArraySimValue<T>;
     type MatchVariant = Len::ArrayMatch<T>;
     type MatchActiveScope = ();
     type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = MatchVariantWithoutScope<Len::ArrayMatch<T>>;
@@ -178,9 +189,92 @@ impl<T: Type, Len: Size> Type for ArrayType<T, Len> {
             Len::from_usize(array.len()),
         )
     }
+
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties.bit_width);
+        let element = self.element();
+        let element_bit_width = element.canonical().bit_width();
+        TryFrom::try_from(Vec::from_iter((0..self.len()).map(|i| {
+            SimValue::from_bitslice(element, &bits[i * element_bit_width..][..element_bit_width])
+        })))
+        .ok()
+        .expect("used correct length")
+    }
+
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties.bit_width);
+        let element_ty = self.element();
+        let element_bit_width = element_ty.canonical().bit_width();
+        let value: &mut [SimValue<T>] = value.as_mut();
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), value.len());
+        for (i, element_value) in value.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(element_value), element_ty);
+            SimValue::bits_mut(element_value)
+                .bits_mut()
+                .copy_from_bitslice(&bits[i * element_bit_width..][..element_bit_width]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties.bit_width);
+        let element_ty = self.element();
+        let element_bit_width = element_ty.canonical().bit_width();
+        let value: &[SimValue<T>] = value.as_ref();
+        assert_eq!(self.len(), value.len());
+        for (i, element_value) in value.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(element_value), element_ty);
+            bits[i * element_bit_width..][..element_bit_width]
+                .copy_from_bitslice(SimValue::bits(element_value).bits());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type + Serialize, Len: Size> Serialize for ArrayType<T, Len> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        SerdeCanonicalType::<T>::Array {
+            element: self.element(),
+            len: self.len(),
+        }
+        .serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, T: Type + Deserialize<'de>, Len: Size> Deserialize<'de> for ArrayType<T, Len> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let name = |len| -> String {
+            if let Some(len) = len {
+                format!("an Array<_, {len}>")
+            } else {
+                "an Array<_>".to_string()
+            }
+        };
+        match SerdeCanonicalType::<T>::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Array { element, len } => {
+                if let Some(len) = Len::try_from_usize(len) {
+                    Ok(Self::new(element, len))
+                } else {
+                    Err(Error::invalid_value(
+                        serde::de::Unexpected::Other(&name(Some(len))),
+                        &&*name(Len::KNOWN_VALUE),
+                    ))
+                }
+            }
+            ty => Err(Error::invalid_value(
+                serde::de::Unexpected::Other(ty.as_serde_unexpected_str()),
+                &&*name(Len::KNOWN_VALUE),
+            )),
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: Type, Len: Size> TypeWithDeref for ArrayType<T, Len> {
@@ -247,6 +341,18 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+impl<Lhs: Type, Rhs: Type, Len: Size> SimValuePartialEq<ArrayType<Rhs, Len>> for ArrayType<Lhs, Len>
+where
+    Lhs: SimValuePartialEq<Rhs>,
+{
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<ArrayType<Rhs, Len>>) -> bool {
+        AsRef::<[_]>::as_ref(&**this)
+            .iter()
+            .zip(AsRef::<[_]>::as_ref(&**other))
+            .all(|(l, r)| SimValuePartialEq::sim_value_eq(l, r))
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Type, Len: Size> ExprIntoIterator for ArrayType<T, Len> {
     type Item = T;
     type ExprIntoIter = ExprArrayIter<T, Len>;

crates/fayalite/src/bundle.rs

@@ -8,18 +8,19 @@ use crate::{
     },
     int::{Bool, DynSize},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
-    sim::{SimValue, ToSimValue},
+    sim::value::{SimValue, SimValuePartialEq, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{
-        impl_match_variant_as_self, CanonicalType, MatchVariantWithoutScope, StaticType, Type,
-        TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref,
+        impl_match_variant_as_self, CanonicalType, MatchVariantWithoutScope, OpaqueSimValue,
+        StaticType, Type, TypeProperties, TypeWithDeref,
     },
 };
-use bitvec::vec::BitVec;
+use bitvec::{slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{fmt, marker::PhantomData};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct BundleField {
     pub name: Interned<str>,
     pub flipped: bool,
@@ -216,6 +217,7 @@ impl Bundle {
 impl Type for Bundle {
     type BaseType = Bundle;
     type MaskType = Bundle;
+    type SimValue = OpaqueSimValue;
     impl_match_variant_as_self!();
     fn mask_type(&self) -> Self::MaskType {
         Self::new(Interned::from_iter(self.0.fields.into_iter().map(
@@ -239,6 +241,20 @@ impl Type for Bundle {
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        OpaqueSimValue::from_bitslice(bits)
+    }
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        assert_eq!(value.bit_width(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        value.bits_mut().bits_mut().copy_from_bitslice(bits);
+    }
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        assert_eq!(value.bit_width(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        bits.copy_from_bitslice(value.bits().bits());
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait BundleType: Type<BaseType = Bundle> {
@@ -247,6 +263,93 @@ pub trait BundleType: Type<BaseType = Bundle> {
     fn fields(&self) -> Interned<[BundleField]>;
 }
 
+pub struct BundleSimValueFromBits<'a> {
+    fields: std::slice::Iter<'static, BundleField>,
+    bits: &'a BitSlice,
+}
+
+impl<'a> BundleSimValueFromBits<'a> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new<T: BundleType>(bundle_ty: T, bits: &'a BitSlice) -> Self {
+        let fields = bundle_ty.fields();
+        assert_eq!(
+            bits.len(),
+            fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|BundleField { ty, .. }| ty.bit_width())
+                .sum::<usize>()
+        );
+        Self {
+            fields: Interned::into_inner(fields).iter(),
+            bits,
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn field_ty_and_bits<T: Type>(&mut self) -> (T, &'a BitSlice) {
+        let Some(&BundleField {
+            name: _,
+            flipped: _,
+            ty,
+        }) = self.fields.next()
+        else {
+            panic!("tried to read too many fields from BundleSimValueFromBits");
+        };
+        let (field_bits, rest) = self.bits.split_at(ty.bit_width());
+        self.bits = rest;
+        (T::from_canonical(ty), field_bits)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn field_from_bits<T: Type>(&mut self) -> SimValue<T> {
+        let (field_ty, field_bits) = self.field_ty_and_bits::<T>();
+        SimValue::from_bitslice(field_ty, field_bits)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn field_clone_from_bits<T: Type>(&mut self, field_value: &mut SimValue<T>) {
+        let (field_ty, field_bits) = self.field_ty_and_bits::<T>();
+        assert_eq!(field_ty, SimValue::ty(field_value));
+        SimValue::bits_mut(field_value)
+            .bits_mut()
+            .copy_from_bitslice(field_bits);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct BundleSimValueToBits<'a> {
+    fields: std::slice::Iter<'static, BundleField>,
+    bits: &'a mut BitSlice,
+}
+
+impl<'a> BundleSimValueToBits<'a> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new<T: BundleType>(bundle_ty: T, bits: &'a mut BitSlice) -> Self {
+        let fields = bundle_ty.fields();
+        assert_eq!(
+            bits.len(),
+            fields
+                .iter()
+                .map(|BundleField { ty, .. }| ty.bit_width())
+                .sum::<usize>()
+        );
+        Self {
+            fields: Interned::into_inner(fields).iter(),
+            bits,
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn field_to_bits<T: Type>(&mut self, field_value: &SimValue<T>) {
+        let Some(&BundleField {
+            name: _,
+            flipped: _,
+            ty,
+        }) = self.fields.next()
+        else {
+            panic!("tried to read too many fields from BundleSimValueFromBits");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(T::from_canonical(ty), SimValue::ty(field_value));
+        self.bits[..ty.bit_width()].copy_from_bitslice(SimValue::bits(field_value).bits());
+        self.bits = &mut std::mem::take(&mut self.bits)[ty.bit_width()..];
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct NoBuilder;
 
@@ -353,6 +456,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuples {
         impl<$($T: Type,)*> Type for ($($T,)*) {
             type BaseType = Bundle;
             type MaskType = ($($T::MaskType,)*);
+            type SimValue = ($(SimValue<$T>,)*);
             type MatchVariant = ($(Expr<$T>,)*);
             type MatchActiveScope = ();
             type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = MatchVariantWithoutScope<Self::MatchVariant>;
@@ -391,6 +495,24 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuples {
             fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
                 SourceLocation::builtin()
             }
+            fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+                #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                let mut v = BundleSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                $(let $var = v.field_from_bits();)*
+                ($($var,)*)
+            }
+            fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+                #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                let mut v = BundleSimValueFromBits::new(*self, bits);
+                let ($($var,)*) = value;
+                $(v.field_clone_from_bits($var);)*
+            }
+            fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+                #![allow(unused_mut, unused_variables)]
+                let mut v = BundleSimValueToBits::new(*self, bits);
+                let ($($var,)*) = value;
+                $(v.field_to_bits($var);)*
+            }
         }
         impl<$($T: Type,)*> BundleType for ($($T,)*) {
             type Builder = TupleBuilder<($(Unfilled<$T>,)*)>;
@@ -441,77 +563,72 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuples {
                 BundleLiteral::new(ty, field_values[..].intern()).to_expr()
             }
         }
-        impl<$($T: ToSimValue<CanonicalType>,)*> ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for ($($T,)*) {
+        impl<$($T: ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>,)*> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for ($($T,)*) {
             #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-                ToSimValue::<Bundle>::to_sim_value(self, Bundle::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+                SimValue::into_canonical(ToSimValueWithType::<Bundle>::to_sim_value_with_type(self, Bundle::from_canonical(ty)))
             }
             #[track_caller]
-            fn into_sim_value(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType>
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType>
             {
-                ToSimValue::<Bundle>::into_sim_value(self, Bundle::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-            }
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-                ToSimValue::<Bundle>::box_into_sim_value(self, Bundle::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
+                SimValue::into_canonical(ToSimValueWithType::<Bundle>::into_sim_value_with_type(self, Bundle::from_canonical(ty)))
             }
         }
-        impl<$($T: ToSimValue<CanonicalType>,)*> ToSimValue<Bundle> for ($($T,)*) {
+        impl<$($T: ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>,)*> ToSimValueWithType<Bundle> for ($($T,)*) {
             #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
                 let ($($var,)*) = self;
                 let [$($ty_var,)*] = *ty.fields() else {
                     panic!("bundle has wrong number of fields");
                 };
-                $(let $var = $var.to_sim_value($ty_var.ty);)*
-                ToSimValue::into_sim_value(($($var,)*), ty)
+                $(let $var = $var.to_sim_value_with_type($ty_var.ty);)*
+                ToSimValueWithType::into_sim_value_with_type(($($var,)*), ty)
             }
             #[track_caller]
-            fn into_sim_value(self, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
                 #![allow(unused_mut)]
                 #![allow(clippy::unused_unit)]
                 let ($($var,)*) = self;
                 let [$($ty_var,)*] = *ty.fields() else {
                     panic!("bundle has wrong number of fields");
                 };
-                let mut bits: Option<BitVec> = None;
-                $(let $var = $var.into_sim_value($ty_var.ty);
-                assert_eq!($var.ty(), $ty_var.ty);
-                if !$var.bits().is_empty() {
-                    if let Some(bits) = &mut bits {
-                        bits.extend_from_bitslice($var.bits());
-                    } else {
-                        let mut $var = $var.into_bits();
-                        $var.reserve(ty.type_properties().bit_width - $var.len());
-                        bits = Some($var);
-                    }
-                }
+                let mut bits = BitVec::new();
+                $(let $var = $var.into_sim_value_with_type($ty_var.ty);
+                assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(&$var), $ty_var.ty);
+                bits.extend_from_bitslice(SimValue::bits(&$var).bits());
                 )*
-                bits.unwrap_or_else(BitVec::new).into_sim_value(ty)
-            }
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
-                Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
+                bits.into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
             }
         }
-        impl<$($T: ToSimValue<$Ty>, $Ty: Type,)*> ToSimValue<($($Ty,)*)> for ($($T,)*) {
+        impl<$($T: ToSimValueWithType<$Ty>, $Ty: Type,)*> ToSimValueWithType<($($Ty,)*)> for ($($T,)*) {
             #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: ($($Ty,)*)) -> SimValue<($($Ty,)*)> {
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: ($($Ty,)*)) -> SimValue<($($Ty,)*)> {
                 let ($($var,)*) = self;
                 let ($($ty_var,)*) = ty;
-                $(let $var = $var.to_sim_value($ty_var).into_canonical();)*
-                SimValue::from_canonical(ToSimValue::into_sim_value(($($var,)*), ty.canonical()))
+                $(let $var = $var.to_sim_value_with_type($ty_var);)*
+                SimValue::from_value(ty, ($($var,)*))
             }
             #[track_caller]
-            fn into_sim_value(self, ty: ($($Ty,)*)) -> SimValue<($($Ty,)*)> {
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: ($($Ty,)*)) -> SimValue<($($Ty,)*)> {
                 let ($($var,)*) = self;
                 let ($($ty_var,)*) = ty;
-                $(let $var = $var.into_sim_value($ty_var).into_canonical();)*
-                SimValue::from_canonical(ToSimValue::into_sim_value(($($var,)*), ty.canonical()))
+                $(let $var = $var.into_sim_value_with_type($ty_var);)*
+                SimValue::from_value(ty, ($($var,)*))
+            }
+        }
+        impl<$($T: ToSimValue,)*> ToSimValue for ($($T,)*) {
+            type Type = ($($T::Type,)*);
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+                let ($($var,)*) = self;
+                $(let $var = $var.to_sim_value();)*
+                SimValue::from_value(($(SimValue::ty(&$var),)*), ($($var,)*))
             }
             #[track_caller]
-            fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: ($($Ty,)*)) -> SimValue<($($Ty,)*)> {
-                Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
+            fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+                let ($($var,)*) = self;
+                $(let $var = $var.to_sim_value();)*
+                SimValue::from_value(($(SimValue::ty(&$var),)*), ($($var,)*))
             }
         }
         impl<$($Lhs: Type + ExprPartialEq<$Rhs>, $Rhs: Type,)*> ExprPartialEq<($($Rhs,)*)> for ($($Lhs,)*) {
@@ -537,6 +654,15 @@ macro_rules! impl_tuples {
                 .any_one_bits()
             }
         }
+        impl<$($Lhs: SimValuePartialEq<$Rhs>, $Rhs: Type,)*> SimValuePartialEq<($($Rhs,)*)> for ($($Lhs,)*) {
+            fn sim_value_eq(lhs: &SimValue<Self>, rhs: &SimValue<($($Rhs,)*)>) -> bool {
+                let ($($lhs_var,)*) = &**lhs;
+                let ($($rhs_var,)*) = &**rhs;
+                let retval = true;
+                $(let retval = retval && $lhs_var == $rhs_var;)*
+                retval
+            }
+        }
     };
     ([$($lhs:tt)*] [$rhs_first:tt $($rhs:tt)*]) => {
         impl_tuples!([$($lhs)*] []);
@@ -564,6 +690,7 @@ impl_tuples! {
 impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Type for PhantomData<T> {
     type BaseType = Bundle;
     type MaskType = ();
+    type SimValue = PhantomData<T>;
     type MatchVariant = PhantomData<T>;
     type MatchActiveScope = ();
     type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = MatchVariantWithoutScope<Self::MatchVariant>;
@@ -596,6 +723,16 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> Type for PhantomData<T> {
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert!(bits.is_empty());
+        *self
+    }
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, _value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert!(bits.is_empty());
+    }
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, _value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert!(bits.is_empty());
+    }
 }
 
 pub struct PhantomDataBuilder<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static>(PhantomData<T>);
@@ -643,26 +780,38 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> ToExpr for PhantomData<T> {
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> ToSimValue<Self> for PhantomData<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> ToSimValue for PhantomData<T> {
+    type Type = PhantomData<T>;
+
     #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Self) -> SimValue<Self> {
-        ToSimValue::into_sim_value(BitVec::new(), ty)
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self> {
+        SimValue::from_value(*self, *self)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> ToSimValue<Bundle> for PhantomData<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized + Send + Sync + 'static> ToSimValueWithType<Self> for PhantomData<T> {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Self) -> SimValue<Self> {
+        SimValue::from_value(ty, *self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> ToSimValueWithType<Bundle> for PhantomData<T> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Bundle) -> SimValue<Bundle> {
         assert!(ty.fields().is_empty());
-        ToSimValue::into_sim_value(BitVec::new(), ty)
+        ToSimValueWithType::into_sim_value_with_type(BitVec::new(), ty)
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized> ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for PhantomData<T> {
+impl<T: ?Sized> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for PhantomData<T> {
     #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
         let ty = Bundle::from_canonical(ty);
         assert!(ty.fields().is_empty());
-        ToSimValue::into_sim_value(BitVec::new(), ty).into_canonical()
+        SimValue::into_canonical(ToSimValueWithType::into_sim_value_with_type(
+            BitVec::new(),
+            ty,
+        ))
     }
 }

crates/fayalite/src/clock.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{impl_match_variant_as_self, CanonicalType, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties},
 };
+use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Clock;
@@ -15,6 +16,7 @@ pub struct Clock;
 impl Type for Clock {
     type BaseType = Clock;
     type MaskType = Bool;
+    type SimValue = bool;
 
     impl_match_variant_as_self!();
 
@@ -36,6 +38,21 @@ impl Type for Clock {
         };
         retval
     }
+
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+        bits[0]
+    }
+
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+        *value = bits[0];
+    }
+
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+        bits.set(0, *value);
+    }
 }
 
 impl Clock {

crates/fayalite/src/enum_.rs

@@ -7,19 +7,25 @@ use crate::{
         Expr, ToExpr,
     },
     hdl,
-    int::Bool,
+    int::{Bool, UIntValue},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
     module::{
         connect, enum_match_variants_helper, incomplete_wire, wire,
         EnumMatchVariantAndInactiveScopeImpl, EnumMatchVariantsIterImpl, Scope,
     },
+    sim::value::{SimValue, SimValuePartialEq},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    ty::{CanonicalType, MatchVariantAndInactiveScope, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties},
+    ty::{
+        CanonicalType, MatchVariantAndInactiveScope, OpaqueSimValue, StaticType, Type,
+        TypeProperties,
+    },
 };
+use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, slice::BitSlice, view::BitView};
 use hashbrown::HashMap;
-use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt, iter::FusedIterator};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+use std::{convert::Infallible, fmt, iter::FusedIterator, sync::Arc};
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
 pub struct EnumVariant {
     pub name: Interned<str>,
     pub ty: Option<CanonicalType>,
@@ -152,6 +158,12 @@ impl EnumTypePropertiesBuilder {
             variant_count: variant_count + 1,
         }
     }
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn variants(self, variants: impl IntoIterator<Item = EnumVariant>) -> Self {
+        variants.into_iter().fold(self, |this, variant| {
+            this.variant(variant.ty.map(CanonicalType::type_properties))
+        })
+    }
     pub const fn finish(self) -> TypeProperties {
         assert!(
             self.variant_count != 0,
@@ -248,6 +260,7 @@ pub trait EnumType:
     MatchVariantsIter = EnumMatchVariantsIter<Self>,
 >
 {
+    type SimBuilder: From<Self>;
     fn variants(&self) -> Interned<[EnumVariant]>;
     fn match_activate_scope(
         v: Self::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope,
@@ -310,7 +323,18 @@ impl<T: EnumType> DoubleEndedIterator for EnumMatchVariantsIter<T> {
     }
 }
 
+pub struct NoBuilder {
+    _ty: Enum,
+}
+
+impl From<Enum> for NoBuilder {
+    fn from(_ty: Enum) -> Self {
+        Self { _ty }
+    }
+}
+
 impl EnumType for Enum {
+    type SimBuilder = NoBuilder;
     fn match_activate_scope(
         v: Self::MatchVariantAndInactiveScope,
     ) -> (Self::MatchVariant, Self::MatchActiveScope) {
@@ -325,6 +349,7 @@ impl EnumType for Enum {
 impl Type for Enum {
     type BaseType = Enum;
     type MaskType = Bool;
+    type SimValue = OpaqueSimValue;
     type MatchVariant = Option<Expr<CanonicalType>>;
     type MatchActiveScope = Scope;
     type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope = EnumMatchVariantAndInactiveScope<Self>;
@@ -355,6 +380,309 @@ impl Type for Enum {
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        OpaqueSimValue::from_bitslice(bits)
+    }
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        assert_eq!(value.bit_width(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        value.bits_mut().bits_mut().copy_from_bitslice(bits);
+    }
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        assert_eq!(value.bit_width(), self.type_properties().bit_width);
+        bits.copy_from_bitslice(value.bits().bits());
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct EnumPaddingSimValue {
+    bits: Option<UIntValue>,
+}
+
+impl EnumPaddingSimValue {
+    pub const fn new() -> Self {
+        Self { bits: None }
+    }
+    pub fn bit_width(&self) -> Option<usize> {
+        self.bits.as_ref().map(UIntValue::width)
+    }
+    pub fn bits(&self) -> &Option<UIntValue> {
+        &self.bits
+    }
+    pub fn bits_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Option<UIntValue> {
+        &mut self.bits
+    }
+    pub fn into_bits(self) -> Option<UIntValue> {
+        self.bits
+    }
+    pub fn from_bits(bits: Option<UIntValue>) -> Self {
+        Self { bits }
+    }
+    pub fn from_bitslice(v: &BitSlice) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bits: Some(UIntValue::new(Arc::new(v.to_bitvec()))),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub struct UnknownVariantSimValue {
+    discriminant: usize,
+    body_bits: UIntValue,
+}
+
+impl UnknownVariantSimValue {
+    pub fn discriminant(&self) -> usize {
+        self.discriminant
+    }
+    pub fn body_bits(&self) -> &UIntValue {
+        &self.body_bits
+    }
+    pub fn body_bits_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UIntValue {
+        &mut self.body_bits
+    }
+    pub fn into_body_bits(self) -> UIntValue {
+        self.body_bits
+    }
+    pub fn into_parts(self) -> (usize, UIntValue) {
+        (self.discriminant, self.body_bits)
+    }
+    pub fn new(discriminant: usize, body_bits: UIntValue) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            discriminant,
+            body_bits,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EnumSimValueFromBits<'a> {
+    variants: Interned<[EnumVariant]>,
+    discriminant: usize,
+    body_bits: &'a BitSlice,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EnumSimValueFromBits<'a> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new<T: EnumType>(ty: T, bits: &'a BitSlice) -> Self {
+        let variants = ty.variants();
+        let bit_width = EnumTypePropertiesBuilder::new()
+            .variants(variants)
+            .finish()
+            .bit_width;
+        assert_eq!(bit_width, bits.len());
+        let (discriminant_bits, body_bits) =
+            bits.split_at(discriminant_bit_width_impl(variants.len()));
+        let mut discriminant = 0usize;
+        discriminant.view_bits_mut::<Lsb0>()[..discriminant_bits.len()]
+            .copy_from_bitslice(discriminant_bits);
+        Self {
+            variants,
+            discriminant,
+            body_bits,
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn discriminant(&self) -> usize {
+        self.discriminant
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    #[cold]
+    fn usage_error(&self, clone: bool) -> ! {
+        let clone = if clone { "clone_" } else { "" };
+        match self.variants.get(self.discriminant) {
+            None => {
+                panic!("should have called EnumSimValueFromBits::unknown_variant_{clone}from_bits");
+            }
+            Some(EnumVariant { ty: None, .. }) => {
+                panic!(
+                    "should have called EnumSimValueFromBits::variant_no_field_{clone}from_bits"
+                );
+            }
+            Some(EnumVariant { ty: Some(_), .. }) => {
+                panic!(
+                    "should have called EnumSimValueFromBits::variant_with_field_{clone}from_bits"
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn known_variant(&self, clone: bool) -> (Option<CanonicalType>, &'a BitSlice, &'a BitSlice) {
+        let Some(EnumVariant { ty, .. }) = self.variants.get(self.discriminant) else {
+            self.usage_error(clone);
+        };
+        let variant_bit_width = ty.map_or(0, CanonicalType::bit_width);
+        let (variant_bits, padding_bits) = self.body_bits.split_at(variant_bit_width);
+        (*ty, variant_bits, padding_bits)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn unknown_variant_from_bits(self) -> UnknownVariantSimValue {
+        let None = self.variants.get(self.discriminant) else {
+            self.usage_error(false);
+        };
+        UnknownVariantSimValue::new(
+            self.discriminant,
+            UIntValue::new(Arc::new(self.body_bits.to_bitvec())),
+        )
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn unknown_variant_clone_from_bits(self, value: &mut UnknownVariantSimValue) {
+        let None = self.variants.get(self.discriminant) else {
+            self.usage_error(true);
+        };
+        value.discriminant = self.discriminant;
+        assert_eq!(value.body_bits.width(), self.body_bits.len());
+        value
+            .body_bits
+            .bits_mut()
+            .copy_from_bitslice(self.body_bits);
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn variant_no_field_from_bits(self) -> EnumPaddingSimValue {
+        let (None, _variant_bits, padding_bits) = self.known_variant(false) else {
+            self.usage_error(false);
+        };
+        EnumPaddingSimValue::from_bitslice(padding_bits)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn variant_with_field_from_bits<T: Type>(self) -> (SimValue<T>, EnumPaddingSimValue) {
+        let (Some(variant_ty), variant_bits, padding_bits) = self.known_variant(false) else {
+            self.usage_error(false);
+        };
+        (
+            SimValue::from_bitslice(T::from_canonical(variant_ty), variant_bits),
+            EnumPaddingSimValue::from_bitslice(padding_bits),
+        )
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn clone_padding_from_bits(padding: &mut EnumPaddingSimValue, padding_bits: &BitSlice) {
+        match padding.bits_mut() {
+            None => *padding = EnumPaddingSimValue::from_bitslice(padding_bits),
+            Some(padding) => {
+                assert_eq!(padding.width(), padding_bits.len());
+                padding.bits_mut().copy_from_bitslice(padding_bits);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn variant_no_field_clone_from_bits(self, padding: &mut EnumPaddingSimValue) {
+        let (None, _variant_bits, padding_bits) = self.known_variant(true) else {
+            self.usage_error(true);
+        };
+        Self::clone_padding_from_bits(padding, padding_bits);
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn variant_with_field_clone_from_bits<T: Type>(
+        self,
+        value: &mut SimValue<T>,
+        padding: &mut EnumPaddingSimValue,
+    ) {
+        let (Some(variant_ty), variant_bits, padding_bits) = self.known_variant(true) else {
+            self.usage_error(true);
+        };
+        assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(value), T::from_canonical(variant_ty));
+        SimValue::bits_mut(value)
+            .bits_mut()
+            .copy_from_bitslice(variant_bits);
+        Self::clone_padding_from_bits(padding, padding_bits);
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct EnumSimValueToBits<'a> {
+    variants: Interned<[EnumVariant]>,
+    bit_width: usize,
+    discriminant_bit_width: usize,
+    bits: &'a mut BitSlice,
+}
+
+impl<'a> EnumSimValueToBits<'a> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new<T: EnumType>(ty: T, bits: &'a mut BitSlice) -> Self {
+        let variants = ty.variants();
+        let bit_width = EnumTypePropertiesBuilder::new()
+            .variants(variants)
+            .finish()
+            .bit_width;
+        assert_eq!(bit_width, bits.len());
+        Self {
+            variants,
+            bit_width,
+            discriminant_bit_width: discriminant_bit_width_impl(variants.len()),
+            bits,
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn discriminant_to_bits(&mut self, mut discriminant: usize) {
+        let orig_discriminant = discriminant;
+        let discriminant_bits =
+            &mut discriminant.view_bits_mut::<Lsb0>()[..self.discriminant_bit_width];
+        self.bits[..self.discriminant_bit_width].copy_from_bitslice(discriminant_bits);
+        discriminant_bits.fill(false);
+        assert!(
+            discriminant == 0,
+            "{orig_discriminant:#x} is too big to fit in enum discriminant bits",
+        );
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn unknown_variant_to_bits(mut self, value: &UnknownVariantSimValue) {
+        self.discriminant_to_bits(value.discriminant);
+        let None = self.variants.get(value.discriminant) else {
+            panic!("can't use UnknownVariantSimValue to set known discriminant");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            self.bit_width - self.discriminant_bit_width,
+            value.body_bits.width()
+        );
+        self.bits[self.discriminant_bit_width..].copy_from_bitslice(value.body_bits.bits());
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn known_variant(
+        mut self,
+        discriminant: usize,
+        padding: &EnumPaddingSimValue,
+    ) -> (Option<CanonicalType>, &'a mut BitSlice) {
+        self.discriminant_to_bits(discriminant);
+        let variant_ty = self.variants[discriminant].ty;
+        let variant_bit_width = variant_ty.map_or(0, CanonicalType::bit_width);
+        let padding_bits = &mut self.bits[self.discriminant_bit_width..][variant_bit_width..];
+        if let Some(padding) = padding.bits() {
+            assert_eq!(padding.width(), padding_bits.len());
+            padding_bits.copy_from_bitslice(padding.bits());
+        } else {
+            padding_bits.fill(false);
+        }
+        let variant_bits = &mut self.bits[self.discriminant_bit_width..][..variant_bit_width];
+        (variant_ty, variant_bits)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn variant_no_field_to_bits(self, discriminant: usize, padding: &EnumPaddingSimValue) {
+        let (None, _variant_bits) = self.known_variant(discriminant, padding) else {
+            panic!("expected variant to have no field");
+        };
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn variant_with_field_to_bits<T: Type>(
+        self,
+        discriminant: usize,
+        value: &SimValue<T>,
+        padding: &EnumPaddingSimValue,
+    ) {
+        let (Some(variant_ty), variant_bits) = self.known_variant(discriminant, padding) else {
+            panic!("expected variant to have a field");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(value), T::from_canonical(variant_ty));
+        variant_bits.copy_from_bitslice(SimValue::bits(value).bits());
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn assert_is_enum_type<T: EnumType>(v: T) -> T {
+    v
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn enum_type_to_sim_builder<T: EnumType>(v: T) -> T::SimBuilder {
+    v.into()
 }
 
 #[hdl]
@@ -417,6 +745,25 @@ impl<Lhs: Type + ExprPartialEq<Rhs>, Rhs: Type> ExprPartialEq<HdlOption<Rhs>> fo
     }
 }
 
+impl<Lhs: SimValuePartialEq<Rhs>, Rhs: Type> SimValuePartialEq<HdlOption<Rhs>> for HdlOption<Lhs> {
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<HdlOption<Rhs>>) -> bool {
+        type SimValueMatch<T> = <T as Type>::SimValue;
+        match (&**this, &**other) {
+            (SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlNone(_), SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlNone(_)) => {
+                true
+            }
+            (SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlSome(..), SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlNone(_))
+            | (SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlNone(_), SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlSome(..)) => {
+                false
+            }
+            (
+                SimValueMatch::<Self>::HdlSome(l, _),
+                SimValueMatch::<HdlOption<Rhs>>::HdlSome(r, _),
+            ) => l == r,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 #[allow(non_snake_case)]
 pub fn HdlNone<T: StaticType>() -> Expr<HdlOption<T>> {
     HdlOption[T::TYPE].HdlNone()

crates/fayalite/src/expr.rs

@@ -700,6 +700,7 @@ impl<T: ToExpr + ?Sized> CastToBits for T {
 }
 
 pub trait CastBitsTo {
+    #[track_caller]
     fn cast_bits_to<T: Type>(&self, ty: T) -> Expr<T>;
 }
 

crates/fayalite/src/int.rs

@@ -2,24 +2,31 @@
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 
 use crate::{
+    array::ArrayType,
     expr::{
         target::{GetTarget, Target},
         Expr, NotALiteralExpr, ToExpr, ToLiteralBits,
     },
     intern::{Intern, Interned, Memoize},
+    sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{impl_match_variant_as_self, CanonicalType, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties},
     util::{interned_bit, ConstBool, ConstUsize, GenericConstBool, GenericConstUsize},
 };
-use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};
+use bitvec::{order::Lsb0, slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec, view::BitView};
 use num_bigint::{BigInt, BigUint, Sign};
-use num_traits::{Signed, Zero};
+use num_traits::{One, Signed, Zero};
+use serde::{
+    de::{DeserializeOwned, Error, Visitor},
+    Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer,
+};
 use std::{
     borrow::{BorrowMut, Cow},
     fmt,
     marker::PhantomData,
     num::NonZero,
     ops::{Bound, Index, Not, Range, RangeBounds, RangeInclusive},
+    str::FromStr,
     sync::Arc,
 };
 
@@ -49,6 +56,16 @@ pub trait KnownSize:
         + IntoIterator<Item = Expr<Element>>
         + TryFrom<Vec<Expr<Element>>>
         + Into<Vec<Expr<Element>>>;
+    type ArraySimValue<Element: Type>: AsRef<[SimValue<Element>]>
+        + AsMut<[SimValue<Element>]>
+        + BorrowMut<[SimValue<Element>]>
+        + 'static
+        + Clone
+        + std::fmt::Debug
+        + IntoIterator<Item = SimValue<Element>>
+        + TryFrom<Vec<SimValue<Element>>>
+        + Into<Vec<SimValue<Element>>>
+        + ToSimValueWithType<ArrayType<Element, Self>>;
 }
 
 macro_rules! known_widths {
@@ -60,6 +77,7 @@ macro_rules! known_widths {
         }> {
             const SIZE: Self = Self;
             type ArrayMatch<Element: Type> = [Expr<Element>; Self::VALUE];
+            type ArraySimValue<Element: Type> = [SimValue<Element>; Self::VALUE];
         }
     };
     ([2 $($rest:tt)*] $($bits:literal)+) => {
@@ -72,6 +90,7 @@ macro_rules! known_widths {
         impl KnownSize for ConstUsize<{2 $(* $rest)*}> {
             const SIZE: Self = Self;
             type ArrayMatch<Element: Type> = [Expr<Element>; Self::VALUE];
+            type ArraySimValue<Element: Type> = [SimValue<Element>; Self::VALUE];
         }
     };
 }
@@ -79,13 +98,31 @@ macro_rules! known_widths {
 known_widths!([2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2]);
 
 pub trait SizeType:
-    sealed::SizeTypeSealed + Copy + Ord + std::hash::Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + 'static
+    sealed::SizeTypeSealed
+    + Copy
+    + Ord
+    + std::hash::Hash
+    + std::fmt::Debug
+    + Send
+    + Sync
+    + 'static
+    + Serialize
+    + DeserializeOwned
 {
     type Size: Size<SizeType = Self>;
 }
 
 pub trait Size:
-    sealed::SizeSealed + Copy + Ord + std::hash::Hash + std::fmt::Debug + Send + Sync + 'static
+    sealed::SizeSealed
+    + Copy
+    + Ord
+    + std::hash::Hash
+    + std::fmt::Debug
+    + Send
+    + Sync
+    + 'static
+    + Serialize
+    + DeserializeOwned
 {
     type ArrayMatch<Element: Type>: AsRef<[Expr<Element>]>
         + AsMut<[Expr<Element>]>
@@ -100,6 +137,16 @@ pub trait Size:
         + IntoIterator<Item = Expr<Element>>
         + TryFrom<Vec<Expr<Element>>>
         + Into<Vec<Expr<Element>>>;
+    type ArraySimValue<Element: Type>: AsRef<[SimValue<Element>]>
+        + AsMut<[SimValue<Element>]>
+        + BorrowMut<[SimValue<Element>]>
+        + 'static
+        + Clone
+        + std::fmt::Debug
+        + IntoIterator<Item = SimValue<Element>>
+        + TryFrom<Vec<SimValue<Element>>>
+        + Into<Vec<SimValue<Element>>>
+        + ToSimValueWithType<ArrayType<Element, Self>>;
     const KNOWN_VALUE: Option<usize>;
     type SizeType: SizeType<Size = Self>
         + Copy
@@ -125,6 +172,7 @@ impl SizeType for usize {
 
 impl Size for DynSize {
     type ArrayMatch<Element: Type> = Box<[Expr<Element>]>;
+    type ArraySimValue<Element: Type> = Box<[SimValue<Element>]>;
     const KNOWN_VALUE: Option<usize> = None;
     type SizeType = usize;
 
@@ -147,6 +195,7 @@ impl<T: KnownSize> SizeType for T {
 
 impl<T: KnownSize> Size for T {
     type ArrayMatch<Element: Type> = <T as KnownSize>::ArrayMatch<Element>;
+    type ArraySimValue<Element: Type> = <T as KnownSize>::ArraySimValue<Element>;
 
     const KNOWN_VALUE: Option<usize> = Some(T::VALUE);
 
@@ -165,6 +214,305 @@ impl<T: KnownSize> Size for T {
     }
 }
 
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
+pub enum ParseIntValueError {
+    Empty,
+    InvalidDigit,
+    MissingDigits,
+    InvalidRadix,
+    MissingType,
+    InvalidType,
+    TypeMismatch {
+        parsed_signed: bool,
+        parsed_width: usize,
+        expected_signed: bool,
+        expected_width: usize,
+    },
+    PosOverflow,
+    NegOverflow,
+    WidthOverflow,
+    MissingWidth,
+}
+
+impl std::error::Error for ParseIntValueError {}
+
+impl fmt::Display for ParseIntValueError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(match self {
+            Self::Empty => "can't parse integer from empty string",
+            Self::InvalidDigit => "invalid digit",
+            Self::MissingDigits => "missing digits",
+            Self::InvalidRadix => "invalid radix",
+            Self::MissingType => "missing type",
+            Self::InvalidType => "invalid type",
+            Self::TypeMismatch {
+                parsed_signed,
+                parsed_width,
+                expected_signed,
+                expected_width,
+            } => {
+                return write!(
+                    f,
+                    "type mismatch: parsed type {parsed_signed_str}{parsed_width}, \
+                    expected type {expected_signed_str}{expected_width}",
+                    parsed_signed_str = if *parsed_signed { "i" } else { "u" },
+                    expected_signed_str = if *expected_signed { "i" } else { "u" },
+                );
+            }
+            Self::PosOverflow => "value too large to fit in type",
+            Self::NegOverflow => "value too small to fit in type",
+            Self::WidthOverflow => "width is too large",
+            Self::MissingWidth => "missing width",
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_int_value(
+    s: &str,
+    type_is_signed: bool,
+    type_width: Option<usize>,
+    parse_type: bool,
+) -> Result<Arc<BitVec>, ParseIntValueError> {
+    if !parse_type && type_width.is_none() {
+        return Err(ParseIntValueError::MissingWidth);
+    }
+    let mut s = s.trim();
+    if s.is_empty() {
+        return Err(ParseIntValueError::Empty);
+    }
+    let negative = match s.bytes().next() {
+        Some(ch @ (b'+' | b'-')) => {
+            s = s[1..].trim_start();
+            ch == b'-'
+        }
+        _ => false,
+    };
+    let radix = match s.bytes().next() {
+        Some(b'0') => match s.bytes().nth(1) {
+            Some(b'x' | b'X') => {
+                s = &s[2..];
+                16
+            }
+            Some(b'b' | b'B') => {
+                s = &s[2..];
+                2
+            }
+            Some(b'o' | b'O') => {
+                s = &s[2..];
+                8
+            }
+            _ => 10,
+        },
+        Some(b'1'..=b'9') => 10,
+        _ => return Err(ParseIntValueError::InvalidDigit),
+    };
+    let mut any_digits = false;
+    let digits_end = s
+        .as_bytes()
+        .iter()
+        .position(|&ch| {
+            if ch == b'_' {
+                false
+            } else if (ch as char).to_digit(radix).is_some() {
+                any_digits = true;
+                false
+            } else {
+                true
+            }
+        })
+        .unwrap_or(s.len());
+    let digits = &s[..digits_end];
+    s = &s[digits_end..];
+    if !any_digits {
+        return Err(ParseIntValueError::MissingDigits);
+    }
+    let width = if parse_type {
+        const HDL_PREFIX: &[u8] = b"hdl_";
+        let mut missing_type = ParseIntValueError::MissingType;
+        if s.as_bytes()
+            .get(..HDL_PREFIX.len())
+            .is_some_and(|bytes| bytes.eq_ignore_ascii_case(HDL_PREFIX))
+        {
+            s = &s[HDL_PREFIX.len()..];
+            missing_type = ParseIntValueError::InvalidType;
+        }
+        let signed = match s.bytes().next() {
+            Some(b'u' | b'U') => false,
+            Some(b'i' | b'I') => true,
+            Some(_) => return Err(ParseIntValueError::InvalidType),
+            None => return Err(missing_type),
+        };
+        s = &s[1..];
+        let mut width = 0usize;
+        let mut any_digits = false;
+        for ch in s.bytes() {
+            let digit = (ch as char)
+                .to_digit(10)
+                .ok_or(ParseIntValueError::InvalidDigit)?;
+            any_digits = true;
+            width = width
+                .checked_mul(10)
+                .and_then(|v| v.checked_add(digit as usize))
+                .ok_or(ParseIntValueError::WidthOverflow)?;
+        }
+        if !any_digits {
+            return Err(ParseIntValueError::MissingDigits);
+        }
+        if width > <BitSlice>::MAX_BITS {
+            return Err(ParseIntValueError::WidthOverflow);
+        }
+        let expected_width = type_width.unwrap_or(width);
+        if type_is_signed != signed || expected_width != width {
+            let expected_width = type_width.unwrap_or(width);
+            return Err(ParseIntValueError::TypeMismatch {
+                parsed_signed: signed,
+                parsed_width: width,
+                expected_signed: type_is_signed,
+                expected_width,
+            });
+        }
+        width
+    } else {
+        if !s.is_empty() {
+            return Err(ParseIntValueError::InvalidDigit);
+        }
+        type_width.expect("checked earlier")
+    };
+    if !type_is_signed && negative {
+        return Err(ParseIntValueError::InvalidDigit);
+    }
+    if radix == 10 {
+        let mut value: BigInt = digits
+            .replace("_", "")
+            .parse()
+            .expect("checked that the digits are valid already");
+        if negative {
+            value = -value;
+        }
+        let uint_value: UIntValue = UInt::new(width).from_bigint_wrapping(&value);
+        if value.is_zero() {
+            Ok(uint_value.into_bits())
+        } else {
+            for i in 0..width {
+                value.set_bit(i as u64, type_is_signed && negative);
+            }
+            if value.is_zero() {
+                Ok(uint_value.into_bits())
+            } else if type_is_signed && negative {
+                if value.sign() == Sign::Minus && value.magnitude().is_one() {
+                    Ok(uint_value.into_bits())
+                } else {
+                    Err(ParseIntValueError::NegOverflow)
+                }
+            } else {
+                Err(ParseIntValueError::PosOverflow)
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        let mut value = BitVec::repeat(false, width);
+        let bits_per_digit = match radix {
+            2 => 1,
+            8 => 3,
+            16 => 4,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        };
+        let mut digits = digits
+            .bytes()
+            .rev()
+            .filter_map(|ch| (ch as char).to_digit(radix));
+        let overflow_error = if negative {
+            ParseIntValueError::NegOverflow
+        } else {
+            ParseIntValueError::PosOverflow
+        };
+        for chunk in value.chunks_mut(bits_per_digit) {
+            if let Some(mut digit) = digits.next() {
+                let digit_bits = &mut digit.view_bits_mut::<Lsb0>()[..chunk.len()];
+                chunk.clone_from_bitslice(digit_bits);
+                digit_bits.fill(false);
+                if digit != 0 {
+                    return Err(overflow_error);
+                }
+            } else {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+        for digit in digits {
+            if digit != 0 {
+                return Err(overflow_error);
+            }
+        }
+        let negative_zero = if negative {
+            // negating a value happens in three regions:
+            // * the least-significant zeros, which are left as zeros
+            // * the least-significant one bit, which is left as a one bit
+            // * all the most-significant bits, which are inverted
+            // e.g.:
+            const {
+                let inp = 0b1010_1_000_u8;
+                let out = 0b0101_1_000_u8;
+                assert!(inp.wrapping_neg() == out);
+            };
+            if let Some(first_one) = value.first_one() {
+                let most_significant_bits = &mut value[first_one + 1..];
+                // modifies in-place despite using `Not::not`
+                let _ = Not::not(most_significant_bits);
+                false
+            } else {
+                true
+            }
+        } else {
+            false
+        };
+        if !negative_zero && type_is_signed && negative != value[value.len() - 1] {
+            Err(overflow_error)
+        } else {
+            Ok(Arc::new(value))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn deserialize_int_value<'de, D: Deserializer<'de>>(
+    deserializer: D,
+    type_is_signed: bool,
+    type_width: Option<usize>,
+) -> Result<Arc<BitVec>, D::Error> {
+    struct IntValueVisitor {
+        type_is_signed: bool,
+        type_width: Option<usize>,
+    }
+    impl<'de> Visitor<'de> for IntValueVisitor {
+        type Value = Arc<BitVec>;
+
+        fn expecting(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+            f.write_str(if self.type_is_signed {
+                "SIntValue"
+            } else {
+                "UIntValue"
+            })?;
+            if let Some(type_width) = self.type_width {
+                write!(f, "<{type_width}>")?;
+            }
+            Ok(())
+        }
+
+        fn visit_str<E: Error>(self, v: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            parse_int_value(v, self.type_is_signed, self.type_width, true).map_err(E::custom)
+        }
+
+        fn visit_bytes<E: Error>(self, v: &[u8]) -> Result<Self::Value, E> {
+            match std::str::from_utf8(v) {
+                Ok(v) => self.visit_str(v),
+                Err(_) => Err(Error::invalid_value(serde::de::Unexpected::Bytes(v), &self)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    deserializer.deserialize_str(IntValueVisitor {
+        type_is_signed,
+        type_width,
+    })
+}
+
 macro_rules! impl_int {
     ($pretty_name:ident, $name:ident, $generic_name:ident, $value:ident, $SIGNED:literal) => {
         #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
@@ -263,6 +611,12 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
                 }
                 Expr::from_dyn_int(MemoizeBitsToExpr.get_cow(bits))
             }
+            fn from_str_without_ty(
+                self,
+                s: &str,
+            ) -> Result<Self::Value, <Self::Value as FromStr>::Err> {
+                parse_int_value(s, $SIGNED, Some(self.width()), false).map(Self::Value::new)
+            }
         }
 
         impl<Width: Size> IntType for $name<Width> {
@@ -287,6 +641,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
         impl<Width: Size> Type for $name<Width> {
             type BaseType = $pretty_name;
             type MaskType = Bool;
+            type SimValue = $value<Width>;
             impl_match_variant_as_self!();
             fn mask_type(&self) -> Self::MaskType {
                 Bool
@@ -297,7 +652,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             #[track_caller]
             fn from_canonical(canonical_type: CanonicalType) -> Self {
                 let CanonicalType::$pretty_name(retval) = canonical_type else {
-                    panic!("expected {}", stringify!($name));
+                    panic!("expected {}", stringify!($pretty_name));
                 };
                 $name {
                     width: Width::from_usize(retval.width),
@@ -306,6 +661,26 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
                 SourceLocation::builtin()
             }
+            fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+                assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.width());
+                $value::new(Arc::new(bits.to_bitvec()))
+            }
+            fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+                assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.width());
+                assert_eq!(value.width(), self.width());
+                value.bits_mut().copy_from_bitslice(bits);
+            }
+            fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+                assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.width());
+                assert_eq!(value.width(), self.width());
+                bits.copy_from_bitslice(value.bits());
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: KnownSize> Default for $name<Width> {
+            fn default() -> Self {
+                Self::TYPE
+            }
         }
 
         impl<Width: KnownSize> StaticType for $name<Width> {
@@ -320,6 +695,46 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             const MASK_TYPE_PROPERTIES: TypeProperties = Bool::TYPE_PROPERTIES;
         }
 
+        impl<Width: Size> Serialize for $name<Width> {
+            fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+            where
+                S: Serializer,
+            {
+                self.canonical().serialize(serializer)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<'de, Width: Size> Deserialize<'de> for $name<Width> {
+            fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+            where
+                D: Deserializer<'de>,
+            {
+                let name = |width| -> String {
+                    if let Some(width) = width {
+                        format!("a {}<{width}>", stringify!($pretty_name))
+                    } else {
+                        format!("a {}", stringify!($pretty_name))
+                    }
+                };
+                match CanonicalType::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+                    CanonicalType::$pretty_name(retval) => {
+                        if let Some(width) = Width::try_from_usize(retval.width()) {
+                            Ok($name { width })
+                        } else {
+                            Err(Error::invalid_value(
+                                serde::de::Unexpected::Other(&name(Some(retval.width()))),
+                                &&*name(Width::KNOWN_VALUE),
+                            ))
+                        }
+                    }
+                    ty => Err(Error::invalid_value(
+                        serde::de::Unexpected::Other(ty.as_serde_unexpected_str()),
+                        &&*name(Width::KNOWN_VALUE),
+                    )),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
         #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
         pub struct $generic_name;
 
@@ -331,13 +746,13 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             }
         }
 
-        #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+        #[derive(Clone, Eq, Hash)]
         pub struct $value<Width: Size = DynSize> {
             bits: Arc<BitVec>,
             _phantom: PhantomData<Width>,
         }
 
-        impl<Width: Size> fmt::Debug for $value<Width> {
+        impl<Width: Size> fmt::Display for $value<Width> {
             fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
                 let value = self.to_bigint();
                 let (sign, magnitude) = value.into_parts();
@@ -351,9 +766,41 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             }
         }
 
-        impl<Width: Size> PartialOrd for $value<Width> {
-            fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
-                Some(self.cmp(other))
+        impl<Width: Size> fmt::Debug for $value<Width> {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+                fmt::Display::fmt(self, f)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: Size> std::str::FromStr for $value<Width> {
+            type Err = ParseIntValueError;
+
+            fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+                parse_int_value(s, $SIGNED, Width::KNOWN_VALUE, true).map(Self::new)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: Size> Serialize for $value<Width> {
+            fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+                self.to_string().serialize(serializer)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<'de, Width: Size> Deserialize<'de> for $value<Width> {
+            fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+                deserialize_int_value(deserializer, $SIGNED, Width::KNOWN_VALUE).map(Self::new)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<LhsWidth: Size, RhsWidth: Size> PartialEq<$value<RhsWidth>> for $value<LhsWidth> {
+            fn eq(&self, other: &$value<RhsWidth>) -> bool {
+                self.to_bigint() == other.to_bigint()
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<LhsWidth: Size, RhsWidth: Size> PartialOrd<$value<RhsWidth>> for $value<LhsWidth> {
+            fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &$value<RhsWidth>) -> Option<std::cmp::Ordering> {
+                Some(self.to_bigint().cmp(&other.to_bigint()))
             }
         }
 
@@ -401,6 +848,9 @@ macro_rules! impl_int {
             pub fn bits(&self) -> &Arc<BitVec> {
                 &self.bits
             }
+            pub fn bits_mut(&mut self) -> &mut BitSlice {
+                Arc::<BitVec>::make_mut(&mut self.bits)
+            }
         }
 
         impl<Width: Size> ToLiteralBits for $value<Width> {
@@ -583,11 +1033,13 @@ pub trait BoolOrIntType: Type + sealed::BoolOrIntTypeSealed {
         + Ord
         + std::hash::Hash
         + fmt::Debug
+        + fmt::Display
         + Send
         + Sync
         + 'static
         + ToExpr<Type = Self>
-        + Into<BigInt>;
+        + Into<BigInt>
+        + std::str::FromStr;
     fn width(self) -> usize;
     fn new(width: <Self::Width as Size>::SizeType) -> Self;
     fn new_static() -> Self
@@ -660,9 +1112,12 @@ pub trait BoolOrIntType: Type + sealed::BoolOrIntTypeSealed {
             bytes, bit_width,
         )))
     }
+    fn from_str_without_ty(self, s: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, <Self::Value as FromStr>::Err>;
 }
 
-pub trait IntType: BoolOrIntType<BaseType = <Self as IntType>::Dyn> {
+pub trait IntType:
+    BoolOrIntType<BaseType = <Self as IntType>::Dyn, Value: FromStr<Err = ParseIntValueError>>
+{
     type Dyn: IntType<Dyn = Self::Dyn, Signed = Self::Signed, Width = DynSize>;
     fn as_dyn_int(self) -> Self::Dyn {
         Self::new_dyn(self.width())
@@ -702,7 +1157,7 @@ pub trait IntType: BoolOrIntType<BaseType = <Self as IntType>::Dyn> {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
 pub struct Bool;
 
 impl sealed::BoolOrIntTypeSealed for Bool {}
@@ -734,6 +1189,10 @@ impl BoolOrIntType for Bool {
         assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
         bits[0]
     }
+
+    fn from_str_without_ty(self, s: &str) -> Result<Self::Value, <Self::Value as FromStr>::Err> {
+        FromStr::from_str(s)
+    }
 }
 
 impl Bool {
@@ -748,6 +1207,7 @@ impl Bool {
 impl Type for Bool {
     type BaseType = Bool;
     type MaskType = Bool;
+    type SimValue = bool;
     impl_match_variant_as_self!();
     fn mask_type(&self) -> Self::MaskType {
         Bool
@@ -765,6 +1225,18 @@ impl Type for Bool {
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+        bits[0]
+    }
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+        *value = bits[0];
+    }
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+        bits.set(0, *value);
+    }
 }
 
 impl StaticType for Bool {
@@ -811,4 +1283,104 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(SInt::for_value(3).width, 3);
         assert_eq!(SInt::for_value(4).width, 4);
     }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_serde_round_trip() {
+        use serde_json::json;
+        #[track_caller]
+        fn check<T: Serialize + DeserializeOwned + PartialEq + fmt::Debug>(
+            value: T,
+            expected: serde_json::Value,
+        ) {
+            assert_eq!(serde_json::to_value(&value).unwrap(), expected);
+            assert_eq!(value, T::deserialize(expected).unwrap());
+        }
+        check(UInt[0], json! { { "UInt": { "width": 0 } } });
+        check(UInt::<0>::TYPE, json! { { "UInt": { "width": 0 } } });
+        check(UInt::<35>::TYPE, json! { { "UInt": { "width": 35 } } });
+        check(SInt[0], json! { { "SInt": { "width": 0 } } });
+        check(SInt::<0>::TYPE, json! { { "SInt": { "width": 0 } } });
+        check(SInt::<35>::TYPE, json! { { "SInt": { "width": 35 } } });
+        check(Bool, json! { "Bool" });
+        check(UIntValue::from(0u8), json! { "0x0_u8" });
+        check(SIntValue::from(-128i8), json! { "-0x80_i8" });
+        check(UInt[3].from_int_wrapping(5), json! { "0x5_u3" });
+        check(UInt[12].from_int_wrapping(0x1123), json! { "0x123_u12" });
+        check(SInt[12].from_int_wrapping(0xFEE), json! { "-0x12_i12" });
+        check(SInt[12].from_int_wrapping(0x7EE), json! { "0x7EE_i12" });
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn test_deserialize() {
+        use serde_json::json;
+        #[track_caller]
+        fn check<T: DeserializeOwned + fmt::Debug + PartialEq>(
+            expected: Result<T, &str>,
+            input: serde_json::Value,
+        ) {
+            let mut error = String::new();
+            let value = T::deserialize(input).map_err(|e| -> &str {
+                error = e.to_string();
+                &error
+            });
+            assert_eq!(value, expected);
+        }
+        check::<UInt<0>>(
+            Err("invalid value: a UInt<2>, expected a UInt<0>"),
+            json! { { "UInt": { "width": 2 } } },
+        );
+        check::<UInt<0>>(
+            Err("invalid value: a Bool, expected a UInt<0>"),
+            json! { "Bool" },
+        );
+        check::<SInt<0>>(
+            Err("invalid value: a Bool, expected a SInt<0>"),
+            json! { "Bool" },
+        );
+        check::<UInt>(
+            Err("invalid value: a Bool, expected a UInt"),
+            json! { "Bool" },
+        );
+        check::<SInt>(
+            Err("invalid value: a Bool, expected a SInt"),
+            json! { "Bool" },
+        );
+        check::<UIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "2_u1" });
+        check::<UIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "10_u1" });
+        check::<UIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "0x2_u1" });
+        check::<UIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "0b10_u1" });
+        check::<UIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "0o2_u1" });
+        check::<SIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "0o377_i8" });
+        check::<SIntValue>(Err("value too large to fit in type"), json! { "0o200_i8" });
+        check(Ok(SInt[8].from_int_wrapping(i8::MAX)), json! { "0o177_i8" });
+        check::<SIntValue>(Err("value too small to fit in type"), json! { "-0o201_i8" });
+        check::<SIntValue>(Err("value too small to fit in type"), json! { "-0o377_i8" });
+        check::<SIntValue>(Err("value too small to fit in type"), json! { "-0o400_i8" });
+        check::<SIntValue>(
+            Err("value too small to fit in type"),
+            json! { "-0o4000_i8" },
+        );
+        check(Ok(UIntValue::from(0u8)), json! { "0_u8" });
+        check(Ok(UIntValue::from(0u8)), json! { "0b0_u8" });
+        check(Ok(UIntValue::from(0u8)), json! { "00_u8" });
+        check(Ok(UIntValue::from(0u8)), json! { "0x0_u8" });
+        check(Ok(UIntValue::from(0u8)), json! { "0o0_u8" });
+        check(Ok(SIntValue::from(-128i8)), json! { "-0x000_80_i8" });
+        check(Ok(SIntValue::from(-128i8)), json! { "-0o002_00_hdl_i8" });
+        check(Ok(SIntValue::from(-128i8)), json! { "-0b1__000_0000_i8" });
+        check(Ok(UInt[3].from_int_wrapping(5)), json! { " + 0x5_u3 " });
+        check(
+            Ok(UInt[12].from_int_wrapping(0x1123)),
+            json! { "0x1_2_3_hdl_u12" },
+        );
+        check(Ok(SInt[12].from_int_wrapping(0xFEE)), json! { "-0x12_i12" });
+        check(
+            Ok(SInt[12].from_int_wrapping(0x7EE)),
+            json! { " + \t0x7__E_e_i012\n" },
+        );
+        check(Ok(SInt[0].from_int_wrapping(0)), json! { "-0i0" });
+        check(Ok(SInt[1].from_int_wrapping(0)), json! { "-0i1" });
+        check(Ok(SInt[0].from_int_wrapping(0)), json! { "-0x0i0" });
+        check(Ok(SInt[1].from_int_wrapping(0)), json! { "-0x0i1" });
+    }
 }

crates/fayalite/src/lib.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@ pub use fayalite_proc_macros::hdl_module;
 #[doc(inline)]
 pub use fayalite_proc_macros::hdl;
 
+pub use bitvec;
+
 /// struct used as a placeholder when applying defaults
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Default)]
 pub struct __;

crates/fayalite/src/phantom_const.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 
-use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Serialize};
-
 use crate::{
     expr::{
         ops::{ExprPartialEq, ExprPartialOrd},
@@ -10,14 +8,25 @@ use crate::{
     },
     int::Bool,
     intern::{Intern, Interned, InternedCompare, LazyInterned, Memoize},
+    sim::value::{SimValue, SimValuePartialEq, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    ty::{impl_match_variant_as_self, CanonicalType, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties},
+    ty::{
+        impl_match_variant_as_self,
+        serde_impls::{SerdeCanonicalType, SerdePhantomConst},
+        CanonicalType, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties,
+    },
+};
+use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
+use serde::{
+    de::{DeserializeOwned, Error},
+    Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer,
 };
 use std::{
     any::Any,
     fmt,
     hash::{Hash, Hasher},
     marker::PhantomData,
+    ops::Index,
 };
 
 #[derive(Clone)]
@@ -113,6 +122,20 @@ pub struct PhantomConst<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue = PhantomConstCanonicalVal
     value: LazyInterned<T>,
 }
 
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Default)]
+pub struct PhantomConstWithoutGenerics;
+
+#[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+pub const PhantomConst: PhantomConstWithoutGenerics = PhantomConstWithoutGenerics;
+
+impl<T: Type + PhantomConstValue> Index<T> for PhantomConstWithoutGenerics {
+    type Output = PhantomConst<T>;
+
+    fn index(&self, value: T) -> &Self::Output {
+        Interned::into_inner(PhantomConst::new(value.intern()).intern_sized())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> fmt::Debug for PhantomConst<T> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         f.debug_tuple("PhantomConst").field(&self.get()).finish()
@@ -199,17 +222,6 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Memoize for PhantomConstCanonicalMemoize<T,
     }
 }
 
-impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> PhantomConst<T>
-where
-    Interned<T>: Default,
-{
-    pub const fn default() -> Self {
-        PhantomConst {
-            value: LazyInterned::new_lazy(&Interned::<T>::default),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> PhantomConst<T> {
     pub fn new(value: Interned<T>) -> Self {
         Self {
@@ -246,6 +258,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> PhantomConst<T> {
 impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Type for PhantomConst<T> {
     type BaseType = PhantomConst;
     type MaskType = ();
+    type SimValue = PhantomConst<T>;
     impl_match_variant_as_self!();
 
     fn mask_type(&self) -> Self::MaskType {
@@ -266,18 +279,70 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Type for PhantomConst<T> {
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert!(bits.is_empty());
+        *self
+    }
+
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert!(bits.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(*value, *self);
+    }
+
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert!(bits.is_empty());
+        assert_eq!(*value, *self);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Default for PhantomConst<T>
+where
+    Interned<T>: Default,
+{
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::TYPE
+    }
 }
 
 impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> StaticType for PhantomConst<T>
 where
     Interned<T>: Default,
 {
-    const TYPE: Self = Self::default();
+    const TYPE: Self = PhantomConst {
+        value: LazyInterned::new_lazy(&Interned::<T>::default),
+    };
     const MASK_TYPE: Self::MaskType = ();
     const TYPE_PROPERTIES: TypeProperties = <()>::TYPE_PROPERTIES;
     const MASK_TYPE_PROPERTIES: TypeProperties = <()>::TYPE_PROPERTIES;
 }
 
+type SerdeType<T> = SerdeCanonicalType<CanonicalType, SerdePhantomConst<Interned<T>>>;
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Serialize for PhantomConst<T> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        SerdeType::<T>::PhantomConst(SerdePhantomConst(self.get())).serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Deserialize<'de> for PhantomConst<T> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        match SerdeType::<T>::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+            SerdeCanonicalType::PhantomConst(SerdePhantomConst(value)) => Ok(Self::new(value)),
+            ty => Err(Error::invalid_value(
+                serde::de::Unexpected::Other(ty.as_serde_unexpected_str()),
+                &"a PhantomConst",
+            )),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> ExprPartialEq<Self> for PhantomConst<T> {
     fn cmp_eq(lhs: Expr<Self>, rhs: Expr<Self>) -> Expr<Bool> {
         assert_eq!(Expr::ty(lhs), Expr::ty(rhs));
@@ -311,3 +376,30 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> ExprPartialOrd<Self> for PhantomConst<T> {
         true.to_expr()
     }
 }
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> SimValuePartialEq<Self> for PhantomConst<T> {
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<Self>) -> bool {
+        assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(this), SimValue::ty(other));
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> ToSimValue for PhantomConst<T> {
+    type Type = PhantomConst<T>;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_value(*self, *self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> ToSimValueWithType<PhantomConst<T>> for PhantomConst<T> {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: PhantomConst<T>) -> SimValue<PhantomConst<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_value(ty, *self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for PhantomConst<T> {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_value(Self::from_canonical(ty), *self))
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/prelude.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub use crate::{
         hdl_cover_with_enable, MakeFormalExpr,
     },
     hdl, hdl_module,
-    int::{Bool, DynSize, KnownSize, SInt, SIntType, Size, UInt, UIntType},
+    int::{Bool, DynSize, KnownSize, SInt, SIntType, SIntValue, Size, UInt, UIntType, UIntValue},
     memory::{Mem, MemBuilder, ReadUnderWrite},
     module::{
         annotate, connect, connect_any, incomplete_wire, instance, memory, memory_array,
@@ -29,9 +29,15 @@ pub use crate::{
     phantom_const::PhantomConst,
     reg::Reg,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, SyncReset, ToAsyncReset, ToReset, ToSyncReset},
+    sim::{
+        time::{SimDuration, SimInstant},
+        value::{SimValue, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
+        ExternModuleSimulationState, Simulation,
+    },
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{AsMask, CanonicalType, Type},
     util::{ConstUsize, GenericConstUsize},
     wire::Wire,
     __,
 };
+pub use bitvec::{slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};

crates/fayalite/src/reset.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::{
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     ty::{impl_match_variant_as_self, CanonicalType, StaticType, Type, TypeProperties},
 };
+use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
 
 mod sealed {
     pub trait ResetTypeSealed {}
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ macro_rules! reset_type {
         impl Type for $name {
             type BaseType = $name;
             type MaskType = Bool;
+            type SimValue = bool;
 
             impl_match_variant_as_self!();
 
@@ -66,6 +68,21 @@ macro_rules! reset_type {
                 };
                 retval
             }
+
+            fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+                assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+                bits[0]
+            }
+
+            fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+                assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+                *value = bits[0];
+            }
+
+            fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+                assert_eq!(bits.len(), 1);
+                bits.set(0, *value);
+            }
         }
 
         impl $name {

crates/fayalite/src/sim.rs

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ use crate::{
         },
         ExprEnum, Flow, ToLiteralBits,
     },
-    int::{BoolOrIntType, IntType, SIntValue, UIntValue},
+    int::{BoolOrIntType, UIntValue},
     intern::{
         Intern, Interned, InternedCompare, Memoize, PtrEqWithTypeId, SupportsPtrEqWithTypeId,
     },
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ use crate::{
             TypeIndexRange, TypeLayout, TypeLen, TypeParts,
         },
         time::{SimDuration, SimInstant},
+        value::SimValue,
     },
     ty::StaticType,
     util::{BitSliceWriteWithBase, DebugAsDisplay},
@@ -72,6 +73,7 @@ use std::{
 
 mod interpreter;
 pub mod time;
+pub mod value;
 pub mod vcd;
 
 #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -5904,635 +5906,6 @@ impl SimTraceKind {
     }
 }
 
-#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
-pub struct SimValue<T: Type> {
-    ty: T,
-    bits: BitVec,
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> fmt::Debug for SimValue<T> {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.debug_struct("SimValue")
-            .field("ty", &self.ty)
-            .field("bits", &BitSliceWriteWithBase(&self.bits))
-            .finish()
-    }
-}
-
-impl SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_expr_impl(ty: CanonicalType, bits: &BitSlice) -> Expr<CanonicalType> {
-        match ty {
-            CanonicalType::UInt(_) => Expr::canonical(<UInt>::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits))),
-            CanonicalType::SInt(_) => Expr::canonical(<SInt>::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits))),
-            CanonicalType::Bool(_) => Expr::canonical(Bool::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits))),
-            CanonicalType::Array(ty) => {
-                let element_bit_width = ty.element().bit_width();
-                Expr::<Array>::canonical(
-                    crate::expr::ops::ArrayLiteral::new(
-                        ty.element(),
-                        (0..ty.len())
-                            .map(|array_index| {
-                                let start = element_bit_width * array_index;
-                                let end = start + element_bit_width;
-                                Self::to_expr_impl(ty.element(), &bits[start..end])
-                            })
-                            .collect(),
-                    )
-                    .to_expr(),
-                )
-            }
-            CanonicalType::Enum(ty) => {
-                let discriminant_bit_width = ty.discriminant_bit_width();
-                let mut variant_index = [0; mem::size_of::<usize>()];
-                variant_index.view_bits_mut::<Lsb0>()[0..discriminant_bit_width]
-                    .clone_from_bitslice(&bits[..discriminant_bit_width]);
-                let variant_index = usize::from_le_bytes(variant_index);
-                if let Some(variant) = ty.variants().get(variant_index) {
-                    let data_bit_width = variant.ty.map_or(0, CanonicalType::bit_width);
-                    Expr::canonical(
-                        crate::expr::ops::EnumLiteral::new_by_index(
-                            ty,
-                            variant_index,
-                            variant.ty.map(|ty| {
-                                Self::to_expr_impl(
-                                    ty,
-                                    &bits[discriminant_bit_width
-                                        ..discriminant_bit_width + data_bit_width],
-                                )
-                            }),
-                        )
-                        .to_expr(),
-                    )
-                } else {
-                    Expr::canonical(<UInt>::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits)).cast_bits_to(ty))
-                }
-            }
-            CanonicalType::Bundle(ty) => Expr::canonical(
-                crate::expr::ops::BundleLiteral::new(
-                    ty,
-                    ty.fields()
-                        .iter()
-                        .zip(ty.field_offsets().iter())
-                        .map(|(field, &field_offset)| {
-                            Self::to_expr_impl(
-                                field.ty,
-                                &bits[field_offset..field_offset + field.ty.bit_width()],
-                            )
-                        })
-                        .collect(),
-                )
-                .to_expr(),
-            ),
-            CanonicalType::AsyncReset(ty) => {
-                Expr::canonical(Bool::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits)).cast_to(ty))
-            }
-            CanonicalType::SyncReset(ty) => {
-                Expr::canonical(Bool::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits)).cast_to(ty))
-            }
-            CanonicalType::Reset(_) => panic!(
-                "can't convert SimValue<Reset> to Expr<Reset> -- \
-                can't deduce whether reset value should be sync or async"
-            ),
-            CanonicalType::Clock(ty) => {
-                Expr::canonical(Bool::bits_to_expr(Cow::Borrowed(bits)).cast_to(ty))
-            }
-            CanonicalType::PhantomConst(ty) => Expr::canonical(ty.to_expr()),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> ToExpr for SimValue<T> {
-    type Type = T;
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
-        Expr::from_canonical(SimValue::to_expr_impl(self.ty.canonical(), &self.bits))
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for SimValue<T> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(self.ty, ty);
-        self.clone()
-    }
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(self.ty, ty);
-        self
-    }
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(self.ty, ty);
-        *self
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for BitVec {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        self.clone().into_sim_value(ty)
-    }
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(ty.canonical().bit_width(), self.len());
-        SimValue { ty, bits: self }
-    }
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for bitvec::boxed::BitBox {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        self.clone().into_sim_value(ty)
-    }
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(ty.canonical().bit_width(), self.len());
-        SimValue {
-            ty,
-            bits: self.into_bitvec(),
-        }
-    }
-
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for BitSlice {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(ty.canonical().bit_width(), self.len());
-        SimValue {
-            ty,
-            bits: self.to_bitvec(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> SimValue<T> {
-    pub fn ty(&self) -> T {
-        self.ty
-    }
-    pub fn bits(&self) -> &BitSlice {
-        &self.bits
-    }
-    pub fn into_bits(self) -> BitVec {
-        self.bits
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub fn from_canonical(v: SimValue<CanonicalType>) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            ty: T::from_canonical(v.ty),
-            bits: v.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn into_canonical(self) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue {
-            ty: self.ty.canonical(),
-            bits: self.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub fn from_dyn_int(v: SimValue<T::Dyn>) -> Self
-    where
-        T: IntType,
-    {
-        Self {
-            ty: T::from_dyn_int(v.ty),
-            bits: v.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn into_dyn_int(self) -> SimValue<T::Dyn>
-    where
-        T: IntType,
-    {
-        SimValue {
-            ty: self.ty.as_dyn_int(),
-            bits: self.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub fn from_bundle(v: SimValue<Bundle>) -> Self
-    where
-        T: BundleType,
-    {
-        Self {
-            ty: T::from_canonical(CanonicalType::Bundle(v.ty)),
-            bits: v.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn into_bundle(self) -> SimValue<Bundle>
-    where
-        T: BundleType,
-    {
-        SimValue {
-            ty: Bundle::from_canonical(self.ty.canonical()),
-            bits: self.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub fn from_enum(v: SimValue<Enum>) -> Self
-    where
-        T: EnumType,
-    {
-        Self {
-            ty: T::from_canonical(CanonicalType::Enum(v.ty)),
-            bits: v.bits,
-        }
-    }
-    pub fn into_enum(self) -> SimValue<Enum>
-    where
-        T: EnumType,
-    {
-        SimValue {
-            ty: Enum::from_canonical(self.ty.canonical()),
-            bits: self.bits,
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-pub trait ToSimValue<T: Type> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T>;
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T>
-    where
-        Self: Sized,
-    {
-        self.to_sim_value(ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        self.to_sim_value(ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue<T>, T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for &'_ This {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        This::to_sim_value(self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue<T>, T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for &'_ mut This {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        This::to_sim_value(self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue<T>, T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for Box<This> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        This::to_sim_value(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        This::box_into_sim_value(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        This::box_into_sim_value(*self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue<T> + Send + Sync + 'static, T: Type> ToSimValue<T>
-    for Interned<This>
-{
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        This::to_sim_value(self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type, Len: Size> SimValue<ArrayType<T, Len>> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    pub fn from_array_elements<
-        I: IntoIterator<Item: ToSimValue<T>, IntoIter: ExactSizeIterator>,
-    >(
-        elements: I,
-        ty: ArrayType<T, Len>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let mut iter = elements.into_iter();
-        assert_eq!(iter.len(), ty.len());
-        let Some(first) = iter.next() else {
-            return SimValue {
-                ty,
-                bits: BitVec::new(),
-            };
-        };
-        let SimValue {
-            ty: element_ty,
-            mut bits,
-        } = first.into_sim_value(ty.element());
-        assert_eq!(element_ty, ty.element());
-        bits.reserve(ty.type_properties().bit_width - bits.len());
-        for element in iter {
-            let SimValue {
-                ty: element_ty,
-                bits: element_bits,
-            } = element.into_sim_value(ty.element());
-            assert_eq!(element_ty, ty.element());
-            bits.extend_from_bitslice(&element_bits);
-        }
-        SimValue { ty, bits }
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<T>, T: Type> ToSimValue<Array<T>> for [Element] {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<CanonicalType>> ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for [Element] {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<T>, T: Type, const N: usize> ToSimValue<Array<T, N>> for [Element; N]
-where
-    ConstUsize<N>: KnownSize,
-{
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Array<T, N>) -> SimValue<Array<T, N>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: Array<T, N>) -> SimValue<Array<T, N>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: Array<T, N>) -> SimValue<Array<T, N>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(<Vec<Element> as From<Box<[Element]>>>::from(self), ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<T>, T: Type, const N: usize> ToSimValue<Array<T>> for [Element; N]
-where
-    ConstUsize<N>: KnownSize,
-{
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(<Vec<Element> as From<Box<[Element]>>>::from(self), ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<CanonicalType>, const N: usize> ToSimValue<CanonicalType>
-    for [Element; N]
-{
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(
-            <Vec<Element> as From<Box<[Element]>>>::from(self),
-            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
-        )
-        .into_canonical()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<T>, T: Type> ToSimValue<Array<T>> for Vec<Element> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, ty)
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(*self, ty)
-    }
-}
-
-impl<Element: ToSimValue<CanonicalType>> ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for Vec<Element> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn into_sim_value(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        SimValue::from_array_elements(*self, <Array>::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-    }
-}
-
-impl<T: Type> ToSimValue<T> for Expr<T> {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
-        assert_eq!(Expr::ty(*self), ty);
-        SimValue {
-            ty,
-            bits: self
-                .to_literal_bits()
-                .expect("must be a literal expression")
-                .to_bitvec(),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like {
-    ($ty:ident) => {
-        impl ToSimValue<$ty> for bool {
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: $ty) -> SimValue<$ty> {
-                SimValue {
-                    ty,
-                    bits: BitVec::repeat(*self, 1),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(Bool);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(AsyncReset);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(SyncReset);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(Reset);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(Clock);
-
-impl ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for bool {
-    #[track_caller]
-    fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        match ty {
-            CanonicalType::UInt(_)
-            | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
-            | CanonicalType::Array(_)
-            | CanonicalType::Enum(_)
-            | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
-            | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_) => {
-                panic!("can't create SimValue from bool: expected value of type: {ty:?}");
-            }
-            CanonicalType::Bool(_)
-            | CanonicalType::AsyncReset(_)
-            | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
-            | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
-            | CanonicalType::Clock(_) => SimValue {
-                ty,
-                bits: BitVec::repeat(*self, 1),
-            },
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int {
-    ($prim:ident) => {
-        impl ToSimValue<<$prim as ToExpr>::Type> for $prim {
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(
-                &self,
-                ty: <$prim as ToExpr>::Type,
-            ) -> SimValue<<$prim as ToExpr>::Type> {
-                SimValue {
-                    ty,
-                    bits: <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as BoolOrIntType>::le_bytes_to_bits_wrapping(
-                        &self.to_le_bytes(),
-                        ty.width(),
-                    ),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl ToSimValue<<<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn> for $prim {
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(
-                &self,
-                ty: <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn,
-            ) -> SimValue<<<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn> {
-                SimValue {
-                    ty,
-                    bits: <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as BoolOrIntType>::le_bytes_to_bits_wrapping(
-                        &self.to_le_bytes(),
-                        ty.width(),
-                    ),
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for $prim {
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-                let ty: <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn = Type::from_canonical(ty);
-                self.to_sim_value(ty).into_canonical()
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u8);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u16);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u32);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u64);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u128);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(usize);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i8);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i16);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i32);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i64);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i128);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(isize);
-
-macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value {
-    ($IntValue:ident, $Int:ident, $IntType:ident) => {
-        impl<Width: KnownSize> ToSimValue<$IntType<Width>> for $IntValue<Width> {
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: $IntType<Width>) -> SimValue<$IntType<Width>> {
-                self.bits().to_bitvec().into_sim_value(ty)
-            }
-
-            fn into_sim_value(self, ty: $IntType<Width>) -> SimValue<$IntType<Width>> {
-                Arc::try_unwrap(self.into_bits())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|v: Arc<BitVec>| v.to_bitvec())
-                    .into_sim_value(ty)
-            }
-
-            fn box_into_sim_value(
-                self: Box<Self>,
-                ty: $IntType<Width>,
-            ) -> SimValue<$IntType<Width>> {
-                Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<Width: Size> ToSimValue<$Int> for $IntValue<Width> {
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: $Int) -> SimValue<$Int> {
-                self.bits().to_bitvec().into_sim_value(ty)
-            }
-
-            fn into_sim_value(self, ty: $Int) -> SimValue<$Int> {
-                Arc::try_unwrap(self.into_bits())
-                    .unwrap_or_else(|v: Arc<BitVec>| v.to_bitvec())
-                    .into_sim_value(ty)
-            }
-
-            fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: $Int) -> SimValue<$Int> {
-                Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
-            }
-        }
-
-        impl<Width: Size> ToSimValue<CanonicalType> for $IntValue<Width> {
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn to_sim_value(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-                ToSimValue::<$Int>::to_sim_value(self, $Int::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-            }
-
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn into_sim_value(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-                ToSimValue::<$Int>::into_sim_value(self, $Int::from_canonical(ty)).into_canonical()
-            }
-
-            #[track_caller]
-            fn box_into_sim_value(self: Box<Self>, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-                Self::into_sim_value(*self, ty)
-            }
-        }
-    };
-}
-
-impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value!(UIntValue, UInt, UIntType);
-impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value!(SIntValue, SInt, SIntType);
-
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
 enum MaybeNeedsSettle<S, N = S> {
     NeedsSettle(S),
@@ -6698,6 +6071,11 @@ impl SimulationModuleState {
         mut target: Target,
         which_module: WhichModule,
     ) -> CompiledValue<CanonicalType> {
+        assert!(
+            target.canonical_ty().is_passive(),
+            "simulator read/write expression must have a passive type \
+            (recursively contains no fields with `#[hdl(flip)]`)"
+        );
         if let Some(&retval) = self.io_targets.get(&target) {
             return retval;
         }
@@ -7019,19 +6397,19 @@ impl<I: BoolOrIntType> MaybeNeedsSettleFn<&'_ mut interpreter::State> for ReadBo
 struct ReadFn {
     compiled_value: CompiledValue<CanonicalType>,
     io: Expr<CanonicalType>,
-    bits: BitVec,
 }
 
 impl MaybeNeedsSettleFn<&'_ mut interpreter::State> for ReadFn {
     type Output = SimValue<CanonicalType>;
 
     fn call(self, state: &mut interpreter::State) -> Self::Output {
-        let Self {
-            compiled_value,
+        let Self { compiled_value, io } = self;
+        SimulationImpl::read_no_settle_helper(
+            state,
             io,
-            bits,
-        } = self;
-        SimulationImpl::read_no_settle_helper(state, io, compiled_value, bits)
+            compiled_value,
+            UIntValue::new(Arc::new(BitVec::repeat(false, Expr::ty(io).bit_width()))),
+        )
     }
 }
 
@@ -7385,7 +6763,7 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
                 (WaitTarget::Instant(instant), None) => Some(instant),
                 (WaitTarget::Instant(instant), Some(retval)) => Some(instant.min(retval)),
                 (WaitTarget::Change { key, value }, retval) => {
-                    if Self::value_changed(&mut self.state, key, &value.bits) {
+                    if Self::value_changed(&mut self.state, key, SimValue::bits(value).bits()) {
                         Some(self.instant)
                     } else {
                         retval
@@ -7683,7 +7061,7 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
         }
     }
     #[track_caller]
-    fn read_write_sim_value_helper<Bits>(
+    fn read_write_sim_value_helper<Bits: ?Sized>(
         state: &mut interpreter::State,
         compiled_value: CompiledValue<CanonicalType>,
         start_bit_index: usize,
@@ -7778,15 +7156,13 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
         state: &mut interpreter::State,
         io: Expr<CanonicalType>,
         compiled_value: CompiledValue<CanonicalType>,
-        mut bits: BitVec,
+        mut bits: UIntValue,
     ) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
-        bits.clear();
-        bits.resize(compiled_value.layout.ty.bit_width(), false);
         SimulationImpl::read_write_sim_value_helper(
             state,
             compiled_value,
             0,
-            &mut bits,
+            bits.bits_mut(),
             |_signed, bit_range, bits, value| {
                 <UInt>::copy_bits_from_bigint_wrapping(value, &mut bits[bit_range]);
             },
@@ -7797,10 +7173,7 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
                 bits[bit_range].clone_from_bitslice(bitslice);
             },
         );
-        SimValue {
-            ty: Expr::ty(io),
-            bits,
-        }
+        SimValue::from_bits(Expr::ty(io), bits)
     }
     /// doesn't modify `bits`
     fn value_changed(
@@ -7842,11 +7215,7 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
     ) {
         let compiled_value = self.get_module(which_module).read_helper(io, which_module);
         let value = compiled_value
-            .map(|compiled_value| ReadFn {
-                compiled_value,
-                io,
-                bits: BitVec::new(),
-            })
+            .map(|compiled_value| ReadFn { compiled_value, io })
             .apply_no_settle(&mut self.state);
         let (MaybeNeedsSettle::NeedsSettle(compiled_value)
         | MaybeNeedsSettle::NoSettleNeeded(compiled_value)) = compiled_value;
@@ -7863,12 +7232,12 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
             .get_module_mut(which_module)
             .write_helper(io, which_module);
         self.state_ready_to_run = true;
-        assert_eq!(Expr::ty(io), value.ty());
+        assert_eq!(Expr::ty(io), SimValue::ty(value));
         Self::read_write_sim_value_helper(
             &mut self.state,
             compiled_value,
             0,
-            &mut value.bits(),
+            &mut value.bits().bits(),
             |signed, bit_range, bits, value| {
                 if signed {
                     *value = SInt::bits_to_bigint(&bits[bit_range]);
@@ -8162,10 +7531,10 @@ macro_rules! impl_simulation_methods {
             SimValue::from_canonical($self.settle_if_needed(retval)$(.$await)?)
         }
         $(#[$track_caller])?
-        pub $($async)? fn write<IO: Type, V: ToSimValue<IO>>(&mut $self, io: Expr<IO>, value: V) {
+        pub $($async)? fn write<IO: Type, V: value::ToSimValueWithType<IO>>(&mut $self, io: Expr<IO>, value: V) {
             $self.sim_impl.borrow_mut().write(
                 Expr::canonical(io),
-                &value.into_sim_value(Expr::ty(io)).into_canonical(),
+                &SimValue::into_canonical(value.into_sim_value_with_type(Expr::ty(io))),
                 $which_module,
             );
         }

crates/fayalite/src/sim/value.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,913 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
+use crate::{
+    array::{Array, ArrayType},
+    bundle::{Bundle, BundleType},
+    clock::Clock,
+    enum_::{Enum, EnumType},
+    expr::{CastBitsTo, Expr, ToExpr},
+    int::{Bool, IntType, KnownSize, SInt, SIntType, SIntValue, Size, UInt, UIntType, UIntValue},
+    reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, SyncReset},
+    ty::{CanonicalType, StaticType, Type},
+    util::{
+        alternating_cell::{AlternatingCell, AlternatingCellMethods},
+        ConstUsize,
+    },
+};
+use bitvec::{slice::BitSlice, vec::BitVec};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    ops::{Deref, DerefMut},
+    sync::Arc,
+};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+enum ValidFlags {
+    BothValid = 0,
+    OnlyValueValid = 1,
+    OnlyBitsValid = 2,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct SimValueInner<T: Type> {
+    value: T::SimValue,
+    bits: UIntValue,
+    valid_flags: ValidFlags,
+    ty: T,
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> SimValueInner<T> {
+    fn fill_bits(&mut self) {
+        match self.valid_flags {
+            ValidFlags::BothValid | ValidFlags::OnlyBitsValid => {}
+            ValidFlags::OnlyValueValid => {
+                self.ty.sim_value_to_bits(&self.value, self.bits.bits_mut());
+                self.valid_flags = ValidFlags::BothValid;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn into_bits(mut self) -> UIntValue {
+        self.fill_bits();
+        self.bits
+    }
+    fn bits_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UIntValue {
+        self.fill_bits();
+        self.valid_flags = ValidFlags::OnlyBitsValid;
+        &mut self.bits
+    }
+    fn fill_value(&mut self) {
+        match self.valid_flags {
+            ValidFlags::BothValid | ValidFlags::OnlyValueValid => {}
+            ValidFlags::OnlyBitsValid => {
+                self.ty
+                    .sim_value_clone_from_bits(&mut self.value, self.bits.bits());
+                self.valid_flags = ValidFlags::BothValid;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    fn into_value(mut self) -> T::SimValue {
+        self.fill_value();
+        self.value
+    }
+    fn value_mut(&mut self) -> &mut T::SimValue {
+        self.fill_value();
+        self.valid_flags = ValidFlags::OnlyValueValid;
+        &mut self.value
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> AlternatingCellMethods for SimValueInner<T> {
+    fn unique_to_shared(&mut self) {
+        match self.valid_flags {
+            ValidFlags::BothValid => return,
+            ValidFlags::OnlyValueValid => {
+                self.ty.sim_value_to_bits(&self.value, self.bits.bits_mut())
+            }
+            ValidFlags::OnlyBitsValid => self
+                .ty
+                .sim_value_clone_from_bits(&mut self.value, self.bits.bits()),
+        }
+        self.valid_flags = ValidFlags::BothValid;
+    }
+
+    fn shared_to_unique(&mut self) {}
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename = "SimValue")]
+#[serde(bound(
+    serialize = "T: Type<SimValue: Serialize> + Serialize",
+    deserialize = "T: Type<SimValue: Deserialize<'de>> + Deserialize<'de>"
+))]
+struct SerdeSimValue<'a, T: Type> {
+    ty: T,
+    value: std::borrow::Cow<'a, T::SimValue>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Type<SimValue: Serialize> + Serialize> Serialize for SimValue<T> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        SerdeSimValue {
+            ty: SimValue::ty(self),
+            value: std::borrow::Cow::Borrowed(&*self),
+        }
+        .serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, T: Type<SimValue: Deserialize<'de>> + Deserialize<'de>> Deserialize<'de> for SimValue<T> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let SerdeSimValue { ty, value } = SerdeSimValue::<T>::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        Ok(SimValue::from_value(ty, value.into_owned()))
+    }
+}
+
+pub struct SimValue<T: Type> {
+    inner: AlternatingCell<SimValueInner<T>>,
+}
+
+impl<T: Type + Clone> Clone for SimValue<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            inner: AlternatingCell::new_unique(self.inner.share().clone()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> SimValue<T> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_bits(ty: T, bits: UIntValue) -> Self {
+        assert_eq!(ty.canonical().bit_width(), bits.width());
+        let inner = SimValueInner {
+            value: ty.sim_value_from_bits(bits.bits()),
+            bits,
+            valid_flags: ValidFlags::BothValid,
+            ty,
+        };
+        Self {
+            inner: AlternatingCell::new_shared(inner),
+        }
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_bitslice(ty: T, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self {
+        Self::from_bits(ty, UIntValue::new(Arc::new(bits.to_bitvec())))
+    }
+    pub fn from_value(ty: T, value: T::SimValue) -> Self {
+        let inner = SimValueInner {
+            bits: UIntValue::new_dyn(Arc::new(BitVec::repeat(false, ty.canonical().bit_width()))),
+            value,
+            valid_flags: ValidFlags::OnlyValueValid,
+            ty,
+        };
+        Self {
+            inner: AlternatingCell::new_unique(inner),
+        }
+    }
+    pub fn ty(this: &Self) -> T {
+        this.inner.share().ty
+    }
+    pub fn into_bits(this: Self) -> UIntValue {
+        this.inner.into_inner().into_bits()
+    }
+    pub fn into_ty_and_bits(this: Self) -> (T, UIntValue) {
+        let inner = this.inner.into_inner();
+        (inner.ty, inner.into_bits())
+    }
+    pub fn bits(this: &Self) -> &UIntValue {
+        &this.inner.share().bits
+    }
+    pub fn bits_mut(this: &mut Self) -> &mut UIntValue {
+        this.inner.unique().bits_mut()
+    }
+    pub fn into_value(this: Self) -> T::SimValue {
+        this.inner.into_inner().into_value()
+    }
+    pub fn value(this: &Self) -> &T::SimValue {
+        &this.inner.share().value
+    }
+    pub fn value_mut(this: &mut Self) -> &mut T::SimValue {
+        this.inner.unique().value_mut()
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_canonical(v: SimValue<CanonicalType>) -> Self {
+        let (ty, bits) = SimValue::into_ty_and_bits(v);
+        Self::from_bits(T::from_canonical(ty), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn into_canonical(this: Self) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        let (ty, bits) = Self::into_ty_and_bits(this);
+        SimValue::from_bits(ty.canonical(), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn canonical(this: &Self) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::from_bits(Self::ty(this).canonical(), Self::bits(this).clone())
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_dyn_int(v: SimValue<T::Dyn>) -> Self
+    where
+        T: IntType,
+    {
+        let (ty, bits) = SimValue::into_ty_and_bits(v);
+        SimValue::from_bits(T::from_dyn_int(ty), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn into_dyn_int(this: Self) -> SimValue<T::Dyn>
+    where
+        T: IntType,
+    {
+        let (ty, bits) = Self::into_ty_and_bits(this);
+        SimValue::from_bits(ty.as_dyn_int(), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn to_dyn_int(this: &Self) -> SimValue<T::Dyn>
+    where
+        T: IntType,
+    {
+        SimValue::from_bits(Self::ty(this).as_dyn_int(), Self::bits(&this).clone())
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_bundle(v: SimValue<Bundle>) -> Self
+    where
+        T: BundleType,
+    {
+        let (ty, bits) = SimValue::into_ty_and_bits(v);
+        SimValue::from_bits(T::from_canonical(CanonicalType::Bundle(ty)), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn into_bundle(this: Self) -> SimValue<Bundle>
+    where
+        T: BundleType,
+    {
+        let (ty, bits) = Self::into_ty_and_bits(this);
+        SimValue::from_bits(Bundle::from_canonical(ty.canonical()), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn to_bundle(this: &Self) -> SimValue<Bundle>
+    where
+        T: BundleType,
+    {
+        SimValue::from_bits(
+            Bundle::from_canonical(Self::ty(this).canonical()),
+            Self::bits(&this).clone(),
+        )
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_enum(v: SimValue<Enum>) -> Self
+    where
+        T: EnumType,
+    {
+        let (ty, bits) = SimValue::into_ty_and_bits(v);
+        SimValue::from_bits(T::from_canonical(CanonicalType::Enum(ty)), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn into_enum(this: Self) -> SimValue<Enum>
+    where
+        T: EnumType,
+    {
+        let (ty, bits) = Self::into_ty_and_bits(this);
+        SimValue::from_bits(Enum::from_canonical(ty.canonical()), bits)
+    }
+    pub fn to_enum(this: &Self) -> SimValue<Enum>
+    where
+        T: EnumType,
+    {
+        SimValue::from_bits(
+            Enum::from_canonical(Self::ty(this).canonical()),
+            Self::bits(&this).clone(),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> Deref for SimValue<T> {
+    type Target = T::SimValue;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        Self::value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> DerefMut for SimValue<T> {
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        Self::value_mut(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> fmt::Debug for SimValue<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        let inner = self.inner.share();
+        f.debug_struct("SimValue")
+            .field("ty", &inner.ty)
+            .field("value", &inner.value)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToExpr for SimValue<T> {
+    type Type = T;
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_expr(&self) -> Expr<Self::Type> {
+        let inner = self.inner.share();
+        inner.bits.cast_bits_to(inner.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait SimValuePartialEq<T: Type = Self>: Type {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<T>) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl<T: SimValuePartialEq<U>, U: Type> PartialEq<SimValue<U>> for SimValue<T> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn eq(&self, other: &SimValue<U>) -> bool {
+        T::sim_value_eq(self, other)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<LhsWidth: Size, RhsWidth: Size> SimValuePartialEq<UIntType<RhsWidth>> for UIntType<LhsWidth> {
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<UIntType<RhsWidth>>) -> bool {
+        **this == **other
+    }
+}
+
+impl<LhsWidth: Size, RhsWidth: Size> SimValuePartialEq<SIntType<RhsWidth>> for SIntType<LhsWidth> {
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<SIntType<RhsWidth>>) -> bool {
+        **this == **other
+    }
+}
+
+impl SimValuePartialEq<Bool> for Bool {
+    fn sim_value_eq(this: &SimValue<Self>, other: &SimValue<Bool>) -> bool {
+        **this == **other
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ToSimValue: ToSimValueWithType<<Self as ToSimValue>::Type> {
+    type Type: Type;
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type>;
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.to_sim_value()
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn arc_into_sim_value(self: Arc<Self>) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        self.to_sim_value()
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn arc_to_sim_value(self: &Arc<Self>) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        self.to_sim_value()
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait ToSimValueWithType<T: Type> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T>;
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.to_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn arc_into_sim_value_with_type(self: Arc<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        self.to_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn arc_to_sim_value_with_type(self: &Arc<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        self.to_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! forward_to_sim_value_with_type {
+    ([$($generics:tt)*] $ty:ty) => {
+        impl<$($generics)*> ToSimValueWithType<<Self as ToSimValue>::Type> for $ty {
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: <Self as ToSimValue>::Type) -> SimValue<<Self as ToSimValue>::Type> {
+                let retval = Self::to_sim_value(self);
+                assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(&retval), ty);
+                retval
+            }
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: <Self as ToSimValue>::Type) -> SimValue<<Self as ToSimValue>::Type>
+            where
+                Self: Sized,
+            {
+                let retval = Self::into_sim_value(self);
+                assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(&retval), ty);
+                retval
+            }
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn arc_into_sim_value_with_type(self: Arc<Self>, ty: <Self as ToSimValue>::Type) -> SimValue<<Self as ToSimValue>::Type> {
+                let retval = Self::arc_into_sim_value(self);
+                assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(&retval), ty);
+                retval
+            }
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn arc_to_sim_value_with_type(self: &Arc<Self>, ty: <Self as ToSimValue>::Type) -> SimValue<<Self as ToSimValue>::Type> {
+                let retval = Self::arc_to_sim_value(self);
+                assert_eq!(SimValue::ty(&retval), ty);
+                retval
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToSimValue for SimValue<T> {
+    type Type = T;
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+forward_to_sim_value_with_type!([T: Type] SimValue<T>);
+
+impl<T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for BitVec {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        self.clone().into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        Arc::new(self).arc_into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn arc_into_sim_value_with_type(self: Arc<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        SimValue::from_bits(ty, UIntValue::new_dyn(self))
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn arc_to_sim_value_with_type(self: &Arc<Self>, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        SimValue::from_bits(ty, UIntValue::new_dyn(self.clone()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for bitvec::boxed::BitBox {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        self.clone().into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        self.into_bitvec().into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for BitSlice {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        self.to_bitvec().into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue> ToSimValue for &'_ This {
+    type Type = This::Type;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::to_sim_value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for &'_ This {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::to_sim_value_with_type(self, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue> ToSimValue for &'_ mut This {
+    type Type = This::Type;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::to_sim_value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for &'_ mut This {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::to_sim_value_with_type(self, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue> ToSimValue for Arc<This> {
+    type Type = This::Type;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::arc_to_sim_value(self)
+    }
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::arc_into_sim_value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for Arc<This> {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::arc_to_sim_value_with_type(self, ty)
+    }
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::arc_into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValue + Send + Sync + 'static> ToSimValue
+    for crate::intern::Interned<This>
+{
+    type Type = This::Type;
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::to_sim_value(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized + ToSimValueWithType<T> + Send + Sync + 'static, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T>
+    for crate::intern::Interned<This>
+{
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::to_sim_value_with_type(self, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ToSimValue> ToSimValue for Box<This> {
+    type Type = This::Type;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::to_sim_value(self)
+    }
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        This::into_sim_value(*self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<This: ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<T> for Box<This> {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::to_sim_value_with_type(self, ty)
+    }
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        This::into_sim_value_with_type(*self, ty)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type, Len: Size> SimValue<ArrayType<T, Len>> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn from_array_elements<I: IntoIterator<Item: ToSimValueWithType<T>>>(
+        ty: ArrayType<T, Len>,
+        elements: I,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let element_ty = ty.element();
+        let elements = Vec::from_iter(
+            elements
+                .into_iter()
+                .map(|element| element.into_sim_value_with_type(element_ty)),
+        );
+        assert_eq!(elements.len(), ty.len());
+        SimValue::from_value(ty, elements.try_into().ok().expect("already checked len"))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<Array<T>> for [Element] {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValue<Type: StaticType>> ToSimValue for [Element] {
+    type Type = Array<Element::Type>;
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ArrayType::new_dyn(StaticType::TYPE, self.len()), self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for [Element] {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type, const N: usize> ToSimValueWithType<Array<T, N>>
+    for [Element; N]
+where
+    ConstUsize<N>: KnownSize,
+{
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Array<T, N>) -> SimValue<Array<T, N>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: Array<T, N>) -> SimValue<Array<T, N>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValue<Type: StaticType>, const N: usize> ToSimValue for [Element; N]
+where
+    ConstUsize<N>: KnownSize,
+{
+    type Type = Array<Element::Type, N>;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(StaticType::TYPE, self)
+    }
+
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(StaticType::TYPE, self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type, const N: usize> ToSimValueWithType<Array<T>>
+    for [Element; N]
+{
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>, const N: usize> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>
+    for [Element; N]
+{
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<Array<T>> for Vec<Element> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValue<Type: StaticType>> ToSimValue for Vec<Element> {
+    type Type = Array<Element::Type>;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ArrayType::new_dyn(StaticType::TYPE, self.len()), self)
+    }
+
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ArrayType::new_dyn(StaticType::TYPE, self.len()), self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>
+    for Vec<Element>
+{
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<T>, T: Type> ToSimValueWithType<Array<T>> for Box<[Element]> {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: Array<T>) -> SimValue<Array<T>> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ty, self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValue<Type: StaticType>> ToSimValue for Box<[Element]> {
+    type Type = Array<Element::Type>;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ArrayType::new_dyn(StaticType::TYPE, self.len()), self)
+    }
+
+    fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_array_elements(ArrayType::new_dyn(StaticType::TYPE, self.len()), self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<Element: ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType>
+    for Box<[Element]>
+{
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_array_elements(
+            <Array>::from_canonical(ty),
+            self,
+        ))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type> ToSimValue for Expr<T> {
+    type Type = T;
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_bitslice(
+            Expr::ty(*self),
+            &crate::expr::ToLiteralBits::to_literal_bits(self)
+                .expect("must be a literal expression"),
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+forward_to_sim_value_with_type!([T: Type] Expr<T>);
+
+macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like {
+    ($ty:ident) => {
+        impl ToSimValueWithType<$ty> for bool {
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: $ty) -> SimValue<$ty> {
+                SimValue::from_value(ty, *self)
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl ToSimValue for bool {
+    type Type = Bool;
+
+    fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+        SimValue::from_value(Bool, *self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(Bool);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(AsyncReset);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(SyncReset);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(Reset);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_bool_like!(Clock);
+
+impl ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for bool {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+        match ty {
+            CanonicalType::UInt(_)
+            | CanonicalType::SInt(_)
+            | CanonicalType::Array(_)
+            | CanonicalType::Enum(_)
+            | CanonicalType::Bundle(_)
+            | CanonicalType::PhantomConst(_) => {
+                panic!("can't create SimValue from bool: expected value of type: {ty:?}");
+            }
+            CanonicalType::Bool(_)
+            | CanonicalType::AsyncReset(_)
+            | CanonicalType::SyncReset(_)
+            | CanonicalType::Reset(_)
+            | CanonicalType::Clock(_) => {
+                SimValue::from_bits(ty, UIntValue::new(Arc::new(BitVec::repeat(*self, 1))))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int {
+    ($prim:ident) => {
+        impl ToSimValue for $prim {
+            type Type = <$prim as ToExpr>::Type;
+
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn to_sim_value(
+                &self,
+            ) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+                SimValue::from_value(StaticType::TYPE, (*self).into())
+            }
+        }
+
+        forward_to_sim_value_with_type!([] $prim);
+
+        impl ToSimValueWithType<<<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn> for $prim {
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(
+                &self,
+                ty: <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn,
+            ) -> SimValue<<<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn> {
+                SimValue::from_value(
+                    ty,
+                    <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as Type>::SimValue::from(*self).as_dyn_int(),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for $prim {
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+                let ty: <<$prim as ToExpr>::Type as IntType>::Dyn = Type::from_canonical(ty);
+                SimValue::into_canonical(self.to_sim_value_with_type(ty))
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u8);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u16);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u32);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u64);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(u128);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(usize);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i8);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i16);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i32);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i64);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(i128);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_primitive_int!(isize);
+
+macro_rules! impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value {
+    ($IntValue:ident, $Int:ident, $IntType:ident) => {
+        impl<Width: Size> ToSimValue for $IntValue<Width> {
+            type Type = $IntType<Width>;
+
+            fn to_sim_value(&self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+                SimValue::from_value(self.ty(), self.clone())
+            }
+
+            fn into_sim_value(self) -> SimValue<Self::Type> {
+                SimValue::from_value(self.ty(), self)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: Size> ToSimValueWithType<$IntType<Width>> for $IntValue<Width> {
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: $IntType<Width>) -> SimValue<$IntType<Width>> {
+                SimValue::from_value(ty, self.clone())
+            }
+
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: $IntType<Width>) -> SimValue<$IntType<Width>> {
+                SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: KnownSize> ToSimValueWithType<$Int> for $IntValue<Width> {
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: $Int) -> SimValue<$Int> {
+                self.bits().to_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+            }
+
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: $Int) -> SimValue<$Int> {
+                self.into_bits().into_sim_value_with_type(ty)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<Width: Size> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for $IntValue<Width> {
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+                SimValue::into_canonical(
+                    self.to_sim_value_with_type($IntType::<Width>::from_canonical(ty)),
+                )
+            }
+
+            #[track_caller]
+            fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: CanonicalType) -> SimValue<CanonicalType> {
+                SimValue::into_canonical(
+                    self.into_sim_value_with_type($IntType::<Width>::from_canonical(ty)),
+                )
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value!(UIntValue, UInt, UIntType);
+impl_to_sim_value_for_int_value!(SIntValue, SInt, SIntType);

crates/fayalite/src/ty.rs

@@ -7,14 +7,19 @@ use crate::{
     clock::Clock,
     enum_::Enum,
     expr::Expr,
-    int::{Bool, SInt, UInt},
+    int::{Bool, SInt, UInt, UIntValue},
     intern::{Intern, Interned},
     phantom_const::PhantomConst,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, SyncReset},
+    sim::value::{SimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     source_location::SourceLocation,
     util::ConstUsize,
 };
-use std::{fmt, hash::Hash, iter::FusedIterator, ops::Index};
+use bitvec::slice::BitSlice;
+use serde::{de::DeserializeOwned, Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+use std::{fmt, hash::Hash, iter::FusedIterator, ops::Index, sync::Arc};
+
+pub(crate) mod serde_impls;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, Hash, PartialEq, Eq, Debug)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
@@ -58,6 +63,24 @@ impl fmt::Debug for CanonicalType {
     }
 }
 
+impl Serialize for CanonicalType {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        serde_impls::SerdeCanonicalType::from(*self).serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for CanonicalType {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: serde::Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        Ok(serde_impls::SerdeCanonicalType::deserialize(deserializer)?.into())
+    }
+}
+
 impl CanonicalType {
     pub fn type_properties(self) -> TypeProperties {
         match self {
@@ -156,6 +179,9 @@ impl CanonicalType {
             }
         }
     }
+    pub(crate) fn as_serde_unexpected_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        serde_impls::SerdeCanonicalType::from(self).as_serde_unexpected_str()
+    }
 }
 
 pub trait MatchVariantAndInactiveScope: Sized {
@@ -222,6 +248,34 @@ macro_rules! impl_base_type {
     };
 }
 
+macro_rules! impl_base_type_serde {
+    ($name:ident, $expected:literal) => {
+        impl Serialize for $name {
+            fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+            where
+                S: Serializer,
+            {
+                self.canonical().serialize(serializer)
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<'de> Deserialize<'de> for $name {
+            fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+            where
+                D: Deserializer<'de>,
+            {
+                match CanonicalType::deserialize(deserializer)? {
+                    CanonicalType::$name(retval) => Ok(retval),
+                    ty => Err(serde::de::Error::invalid_value(
+                        serde::de::Unexpected::Other(ty.as_serde_unexpected_str()),
+                        &$expected,
+                    )),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
 impl_base_type!(UInt);
 impl_base_type!(SInt);
 impl_base_type!(Bool);
@@ -234,6 +288,14 @@ impl_base_type!(Reset);
 impl_base_type!(Clock);
 impl_base_type!(PhantomConst);
 
+impl_base_type_serde!(Bool, "a Bool");
+impl_base_type_serde!(Enum, "an Enum");
+impl_base_type_serde!(Bundle, "a Bundle");
+impl_base_type_serde!(AsyncReset, "an AsyncReset");
+impl_base_type_serde!(SyncReset, "a SyncReset");
+impl_base_type_serde!(Reset, "a Reset");
+impl_base_type_serde!(Clock, "a Clock");
+
 impl sealed::BaseTypeSealed for CanonicalType {}
 
 impl BaseType for CanonicalType {}
@@ -268,6 +330,7 @@ pub trait Type:
 {
     type BaseType: BaseType;
     type MaskType: Type<MaskType = Self::MaskType>;
+    type SimValue: fmt::Debug + Clone + 'static + ToSimValueWithType<Self>;
     type MatchVariant: 'static + Send + Sync;
     type MatchActiveScope;
     type MatchVariantAndInactiveScope: MatchVariantAndInactiveScope<
@@ -285,9 +348,22 @@ pub trait Type:
     fn canonical(&self) -> CanonicalType;
     fn from_canonical(canonical_type: CanonicalType) -> Self;
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation;
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue;
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice);
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice);
 }
 
-pub trait BaseType: Type<BaseType = Self> + sealed::BaseTypeSealed + Into<CanonicalType> {}
+pub trait BaseType:
+    Type<
+        BaseType = Self,
+        MaskType: Serialize + DeserializeOwned,
+        SimValue: Serialize + DeserializeOwned,
+    > + sealed::BaseTypeSealed
+    + Into<CanonicalType>
+    + Serialize
+    + DeserializeOwned
+{
+}
 
 macro_rules! impl_match_variant_as_self {
     () => {
@@ -314,6 +390,7 @@ pub trait TypeWithDeref: Type {
 impl Type for CanonicalType {
     type BaseType = CanonicalType;
     type MaskType = CanonicalType;
+    type SimValue = OpaqueSimValue;
     impl_match_variant_as_self!();
     fn mask_type(&self) -> Self::MaskType {
         match self {
@@ -339,9 +416,60 @@ impl Type for CanonicalType {
     fn source_location() -> SourceLocation {
         SourceLocation::builtin()
     }
+    fn sim_value_from_bits(&self, bits: &BitSlice) -> Self::SimValue {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.bit_width());
+        OpaqueSimValue::from_bitslice(bits)
+    }
+    fn sim_value_clone_from_bits(&self, value: &mut Self::SimValue, bits: &BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.bit_width());
+        assert_eq!(value.bit_width(), self.bit_width());
+        value.bits_mut().bits_mut().copy_from_bitslice(bits);
+    }
+    fn sim_value_to_bits(&self, value: &Self::SimValue, bits: &mut BitSlice) {
+        assert_eq!(bits.len(), self.bit_width());
+        assert_eq!(value.bit_width(), self.bit_width());
+        bits.copy_from_bitslice(value.bits().bits());
+    }
 }
 
-pub trait StaticType: Type {
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct OpaqueSimValue {
+    bits: UIntValue,
+}
+
+impl OpaqueSimValue {
+    pub fn bit_width(&self) -> usize {
+        self.bits.width()
+    }
+    pub fn bits(&self) -> &UIntValue {
+        &self.bits
+    }
+    pub fn bits_mut(&mut self) -> &mut UIntValue {
+        &mut self.bits
+    }
+    pub fn into_bits(self) -> UIntValue {
+        self.bits
+    }
+    pub fn from_bits(bits: UIntValue) -> Self {
+        Self { bits }
+    }
+    pub fn from_bitslice(v: &BitSlice) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bits: UIntValue::new(Arc::new(v.to_bitvec())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Type<SimValue = OpaqueSimValue>> ToSimValueWithType<T> for OpaqueSimValue {
+    fn to_sim_value_with_type(&self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        SimValue::from_value(ty, self.clone())
+    }
+    fn into_sim_value_with_type(self, ty: T) -> SimValue<T> {
+        SimValue::from_value(ty, self)
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait StaticType: Type + Default {
     const TYPE: Self;
     const MASK_TYPE: Self::MaskType;
     const TYPE_PROPERTIES: TypeProperties;

crates/fayalite/src/ty/serde_impls.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,130 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
+use crate::{
+    array::Array,
+    bundle::{Bundle, BundleType},
+    clock::Clock,
+    enum_::{Enum, EnumType},
+    int::{Bool, SInt, UInt},
+    intern::Interned,
+    phantom_const::{PhantomConstCanonicalValue, PhantomConstValue},
+    prelude::PhantomConst,
+    reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, SyncReset},
+    ty::{BaseType, CanonicalType},
+};
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+pub(crate) struct SerdePhantomConst<T>(pub T);
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Serialize for SerdePhantomConst<Interned<T>> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        self.0.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> Deserialize<'de> for SerdePhantomConst<Interned<T>> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        T::deserialize_value(deserializer).map(Self)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename = "CanonicalType")]
+pub(crate) enum SerdeCanonicalType<
+    ArrayElement = CanonicalType,
+    ThePhantomConst = SerdePhantomConst<Interned<PhantomConstCanonicalValue>>,
+> {
+    UInt {
+        width: usize,
+    },
+    SInt {
+        width: usize,
+    },
+    Bool,
+    Array {
+        element: ArrayElement,
+        len: usize,
+    },
+    Enum {
+        variants: Interned<[crate::enum_::EnumVariant]>,
+    },
+    Bundle {
+        fields: Interned<[crate::bundle::BundleField]>,
+    },
+    AsyncReset,
+    SyncReset,
+    Reset,
+    Clock,
+    PhantomConst(ThePhantomConst),
+}
+
+impl<ArrayElement, PhantomConstInner> SerdeCanonicalType<ArrayElement, PhantomConstInner> {
+    pub(crate) fn as_serde_unexpected_str(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::UInt { .. } => "a UInt",
+            Self::SInt { .. } => "a SInt",
+            Self::Bool => "a Bool",
+            Self::Array { .. } => "an Array",
+            Self::Enum { .. } => "an Enum",
+            Self::Bundle { .. } => "a Bundle",
+            Self::AsyncReset => "an AsyncReset",
+            Self::SyncReset => "a SyncReset",
+            Self::Reset => "a Reset",
+            Self::Clock => "a Clock",
+            Self::PhantomConst(_) => "a PhantomConst",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: BaseType> From<T> for SerdeCanonicalType {
+    fn from(ty: T) -> Self {
+        let ty: CanonicalType = ty.into();
+        match ty {
+            CanonicalType::UInt(ty) => Self::UInt { width: ty.width() },
+            CanonicalType::SInt(ty) => Self::SInt { width: ty.width() },
+            CanonicalType::Bool(Bool {}) => Self::Bool,
+            CanonicalType::Array(ty) => Self::Array {
+                element: ty.element(),
+                len: ty.len(),
+            },
+            CanonicalType::Enum(ty) => Self::Enum {
+                variants: ty.variants(),
+            },
+            CanonicalType::Bundle(ty) => Self::Bundle {
+                fields: ty.fields(),
+            },
+            CanonicalType::AsyncReset(AsyncReset {}) => Self::AsyncReset,
+            CanonicalType::SyncReset(SyncReset {}) => Self::SyncReset,
+            CanonicalType::Reset(Reset {}) => Self::Reset,
+            CanonicalType::Clock(Clock {}) => Self::Clock,
+            CanonicalType::PhantomConst(ty) => Self::PhantomConst(SerdePhantomConst(ty.get())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<SerdeCanonicalType> for CanonicalType {
+    fn from(ty: SerdeCanonicalType) -> Self {
+        match ty {
+            SerdeCanonicalType::UInt { width } => Self::UInt(UInt::new(width)),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::SInt { width } => Self::SInt(SInt::new(width)),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Bool => Self::Bool(Bool),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Array { element, len } => Self::Array(Array::new(element, len)),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Enum { variants } => Self::Enum(Enum::new(variants)),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Bundle { fields } => Self::Bundle(Bundle::new(fields)),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::AsyncReset => Self::AsyncReset(AsyncReset),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::SyncReset => Self::SyncReset(SyncReset),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Reset => Self::Reset(Reset),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::Clock => Self::Clock(Clock),
+            SerdeCanonicalType::PhantomConst(value) => {
+                Self::PhantomConst(PhantomConst::new(value.0))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/util.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 
+pub(crate) mod alternating_cell;
 mod const_bool;
 mod const_cmp;
 mod const_usize;

crates/fayalite/src/util/alternating_cell.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
+// See Notices.txt for copyright information
+
+use crate::util::DebugAsDisplay;
+use std::{
+    cell::{Cell, UnsafeCell},
+    fmt,
+};
+
+pub(crate) trait AlternatingCellMethods {
+    fn unique_to_shared(&mut self);
+    fn shared_to_unique(&mut self);
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
+enum State {
+    Unique,
+    Shared,
+    Locked,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct AlternatingCell<T: ?Sized> {
+    state: Cell<State>,
+    value: UnsafeCell<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + fmt::Debug + AlternatingCellMethods> fmt::Debug for AlternatingCell<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_tuple("AlternatingCell")
+            .field(
+                self.try_share()
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map(|v| -> &dyn fmt::Debug { v })
+                    .unwrap_or(&DebugAsDisplay("<...>")),
+            )
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> AlternatingCell<T> {
+    pub(crate) const fn new_shared(value: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Sized,
+    {
+        Self {
+            state: Cell::new(State::Shared),
+            value: UnsafeCell::new(value),
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) const fn new_unique(value: T) -> Self
+    where
+        T: Sized,
+    {
+        Self {
+            state: Cell::new(State::Unique),
+            value: UnsafeCell::new(value),
+        }
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn is_unique(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.state.get(), State::Unique)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn is_shared(&self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self.state.get(), State::Shared)
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn into_inner(self) -> T
+    where
+        T: Sized,
+    {
+        self.value.into_inner()
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn try_share(&self) -> Option<&T>
+    where
+        T: AlternatingCellMethods,
+    {
+        match self.state.get() {
+            State::Shared => {}
+            State::Unique => {
+                struct Locked<'a>(&'a Cell<State>);
+                impl Drop for Locked<'_> {
+                    fn drop(&mut self) {
+                        self.0.set(State::Shared);
+                    }
+                }
+                self.state.set(State::Locked);
+                let lock = Locked(&self.state);
+                // Safety: state is Locked, so nothing else will
+                // access value while calling unique_to_shared.
+                unsafe { &mut *self.value.get() }.unique_to_shared();
+                drop(lock);
+            }
+            State::Locked => return None,
+        }
+
+        // Safety: state is Shared so nothing will create any mutable
+        // references until the returned reference's lifetime expires.
+        Some(unsafe { &*self.value.get() })
+    }
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub(crate) fn share(&self) -> &T
+    where
+        T: AlternatingCellMethods,
+    {
+        let Some(retval) = self.try_share() else {
+            panic!("`share` called recursively");
+        };
+        retval
+    }
+    pub(crate) fn unique(&mut self) -> &mut T
+    where
+        T: AlternatingCellMethods,
+    {
+        match self.state.get() {
+            State::Shared => {
+                self.state.set(State::Unique);
+                self.value.get_mut().shared_to_unique();
+            }
+            State::Unique => {}
+            State::Locked => unreachable!(),
+        }
+        self.value.get_mut()
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/util/const_bool.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
+use serde::{
+    de::{DeserializeOwned, Error, Unexpected},
+    Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer,
+};
 use std::{fmt::Debug, hash::Hash, mem::ManuallyDrop, ptr};
 
 mod sealed {
@@ -9,7 +13,17 @@ mod sealed {
 /// # Safety
 /// the only implementation is `ConstBool<Self::VALUE>`
 pub unsafe trait GenericConstBool:
-    sealed::Sealed + Copy + Ord + Hash + Default + Debug + 'static + Send + Sync
+    sealed::Sealed
+    + Copy
+    + Ord
+    + Hash
+    + Default
+    + Debug
+    + 'static
+    + Send
+    + Sync
+    + Serialize
+    + DeserializeOwned
 {
     const VALUE: bool;
 }
@@ -30,6 +44,32 @@ unsafe impl<const VALUE: bool> GenericConstBool for ConstBool<VALUE> {
     const VALUE: bool = VALUE;
 }
 
+impl<const VALUE: bool> Serialize for ConstBool<VALUE> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        VALUE.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, const VALUE: bool> Deserialize<'de> for ConstBool<VALUE> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let value = bool::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        if value == VALUE {
+            Ok(ConstBool)
+        } else {
+            Err(D::Error::invalid_value(
+                Unexpected::Bool(value),
+                &if VALUE { "true" } else { "false" },
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 pub trait ConstBoolDispatchTag {
     type Type<Select: GenericConstBool>;
 }

crates/fayalite/src/util/const_usize.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: LGPL-3.0-or-later
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
+use serde::{
+    de::{DeserializeOwned, Error, Unexpected},
+    Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer,
+};
 use std::{fmt::Debug, hash::Hash};
 
 mod sealed {
@@ -8,7 +12,17 @@ mod sealed {
 
 /// the only implementation is `ConstUsize<Self::VALUE>`
 pub trait GenericConstUsize:
-    sealed::Sealed + Copy + Ord + Hash + Default + Debug + 'static + Send + Sync
+    sealed::Sealed
+    + Copy
+    + Ord
+    + Hash
+    + Default
+    + Debug
+    + 'static
+    + Send
+    + Sync
+    + Serialize
+    + DeserializeOwned
 {
     const VALUE: usize;
 }
@@ -27,3 +41,29 @@ impl<const VALUE: usize> sealed::Sealed for ConstUsize<VALUE> {}
 impl<const VALUE: usize> GenericConstUsize for ConstUsize<VALUE> {
     const VALUE: usize = VALUE;
 }
+
+impl<const VALUE: usize> Serialize for ConstUsize<VALUE> {
+    fn serialize<S>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+    where
+        S: Serializer,
+    {
+        VALUE.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'de, const VALUE: usize> Deserialize<'de> for ConstUsize<VALUE> {
+    fn deserialize<D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error>
+    where
+        D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    {
+        let value = usize::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+        if value == VALUE {
+            Ok(ConstUsize)
+        } else {
+            Err(D::Error::invalid_value(
+                Unexpected::Unsigned(value as u64),
+                &&*VALUE.to_string(),
+            ))
+        }
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/src/util/prefix_sum.rs

@@ -210,10 +210,10 @@ impl PrefixSumOp {
 #[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
 pub enum PrefixSumAlgorithm {
     /// Uses the algorithm from:
-    /// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum#Algorithm_1:_Shorter_span,_more_parallel
+    /// <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum#Algorithm_1:_Shorter_span,_more_parallel>
     LowLatency,
     /// Uses the algorithm from:
-    /// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum#Algorithm_2:_Work-efficient
+    /// <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefix_sum#Algorithm_2:_Work-efficient>
     WorkEfficient,
 }
 

crates/fayalite/tests/hdl_types.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,17 @@ use fayalite::{
     bundle::BundleType,
     enum_::EnumType,
     int::{BoolOrIntType, IntType},
+    phantom_const::PhantomConst,
     prelude::*,
     ty::StaticType,
 };
 use std::marker::PhantomData;
 
+#[hdl(outline_generated)]
+pub struct MyConstSize<V: Size> {
+    pub size: PhantomConst<UIntType<V>>,
+}
+
 #[hdl(outline_generated)]
 pub struct S<T, Len: Size, T2> {
     pub a: T,

crates/fayalite/tests/sim.rs

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 
 use fayalite::{
-    int::UIntValue,
+    memory::{ReadStruct, ReadWriteStruct, WriteStruct},
+    module::{instance_with_loc, reg_builder_with_loc},
     prelude::*,
     reset::ResetType,
-    sim::{time::SimDuration, vcd::VcdWriterDecls, Simulation, ToSimValue},
-    ty::StaticType,
+    sim::vcd::VcdWriterDecls,
     util::RcWriter,
 };
 use std::num::NonZeroUsize;
@@ -316,8 +316,13 @@ pub fn enums() {
     let which_out: UInt<2> = m.output();
     #[hdl]
     let data_out: UInt<4> = m.output();
+    let b_out_ty = HdlOption[(UInt[1], Bool)];
     #[hdl]
-    let b_out: HdlOption<(UInt<1>, Bool)> = m.output();
+    let b_out: HdlOption<(UInt, Bool)> = m.output(HdlOption[(UInt[1], Bool)]);
+    #[hdl]
+    let b2_out: HdlOption<(UInt<1>, Bool)> = m.output();
+
+    connect_any(b2_out, b_out);
 
     #[hdl]
     struct MyStruct<T> {
@@ -357,7 +362,7 @@ pub fn enums() {
         }
     }
 
-    connect(b_out, HdlNone());
+    connect(b_out, b_out_ty.HdlNone());
 
     #[hdl]
     match the_reg {
@@ -368,7 +373,7 @@ pub fn enums() {
         MyEnum::B(v) => {
             connect(which_out, 1_hdl_u2);
             connect_any(data_out, v.0 | (v.1.cast_to_static::<UInt<1>>() << 1));
-            connect(b_out, HdlSome(v));
+            connect_any(b_out, HdlSome(v));
         }
         MyEnum::C(v) => {
             connect(which_out, 2_hdl_u2);
@@ -384,132 +389,136 @@ fn test_enums() {
     let mut sim = Simulation::new(enums());
     let mut writer = RcWriter::default();
     sim.add_trace_writer(VcdWriterDecls::new(writer.clone()));
-    sim.write_clock(sim.io().cd.clk, false);
-    sim.write_reset(sim.io().cd.rst, true);
-    sim.write_bool(sim.io().en, false);
-    sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().which_in, 0_hdl_u2);
-    sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().data_in, 0_hdl_u4);
+    sim.write(sim.io().cd.clk, false);
+    sim.write(sim.io().cd.rst, true);
+    sim.write(sim.io().en, false);
+    sim.write(sim.io().which_in, 0_hdl_u2);
+    sim.write(sim.io().data_in, 0_hdl_u4);
     sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
-    sim.write_clock(sim.io().cd.clk, true);
+    sim.write(sim.io().cd.clk, true);
     sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_nanos(100));
-    sim.write_reset(sim.io().cd.rst, false);
+    sim.write(sim.io().cd.rst, false);
     sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_nanos(900));
-    type BOutTy = HdlOption<(UInt<1>, Bool)>;
-    #[derive(Debug)]
-    struct IO {
-        en: bool,
-        which_in: u8,
-        data_in: u8,
-        which_out: u8,
-        data_out: u8,
-        b_out: Expr<BOutTy>,
-    }
-    impl PartialEq for IO {
-        fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-            let Self {
-                en,
-                which_in,
-                data_in,
-                which_out,
-                data_out,
-                b_out,
-            } = *self;
-            en == other.en
-                && which_in == other.which_in
-                && data_in == other.data_in
-                && which_out == other.which_out
-                && data_out == other.data_out
-                && b_out.to_sim_value(BOutTy::TYPE) == other.b_out.to_sim_value(BOutTy::TYPE)
-        }
+    #[hdl(cmp_eq)]
+    struct IO<W: Size> {
+        en: Bool,
+        which_in: UInt<2>,
+        data_in: UInt<4>,
+        which_out: UInt<2>,
+        data_out: UInt<4>,
+        b_out: HdlOption<(UIntType<W>, Bool)>,
+        b2_out: HdlOption<(UInt<1>, Bool)>,
     }
+    let io_ty = IO[1];
     let io_cycles = [
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: false,
-            which_in: 0,
-            data_in: 0,
-            which_out: 0,
-            data_out: 0,
-            b_out: HdlNone(),
+            which_in: 0_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 0_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlNone(),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlNone(),
         },
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: true,
-            which_in: 1,
-            data_in: 0,
-            which_out: 0,
-            data_out: 0,
-            b_out: HdlNone(),
+            which_in: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 0_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlNone(),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlNone(),
         },
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: false,
-            which_in: 0,
-            data_in: 0,
-            which_out: 1,
-            data_out: 0,
-            b_out: HdlSome((0_hdl_u1, false)),
+            which_in: 0_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlSome((0u8.cast_to(UInt[1]), false)),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlSome((0_hdl_u1, false)),
         },
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: true,
-            which_in: 1,
-            data_in: 0xF,
-            which_out: 1,
-            data_out: 0,
-            b_out: HdlSome((0_hdl_u1, false)),
+            which_in: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0xF_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlSome((0u8.cast_to(UInt[1]), false)),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlSome((0_hdl_u1, false)),
         },
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: true,
-            which_in: 1,
-            data_in: 0xF,
-            which_out: 1,
-            data_out: 0x3,
-            b_out: HdlSome((1_hdl_u1, true)),
+            which_in: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0xF_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0x3_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlSome((1u8.cast_to(UInt[1]), true)),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlSome((1_hdl_u1, true)),
         },
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: true,
-            which_in: 2,
-            data_in: 0xF,
-            which_out: 1,
-            data_out: 0x3,
-            b_out: HdlSome((1_hdl_u1, true)),
+            which_in: 2_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0xF_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 1_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0x3_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlSome((1u8.cast_to(UInt[1]), true)),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlSome((1_hdl_u1, true)),
         },
-        IO {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en: true,
-            which_in: 2,
-            data_in: 0xF,
-            which_out: 2,
-            data_out: 0xF,
-            b_out: HdlNone(),
+            which_in: 2_hdl_u2,
+            data_in: 0xF_hdl_u4,
+            which_out: 2_hdl_u2,
+            data_out: 0xF_hdl_u4,
+            b_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            (io_ty.b_out).HdlNone(),
+            b2_out: #[hdl(sim)]
+            HdlNone(),
         },
     ];
-    for (
-        cycle,
-        expected @ IO {
+    for (cycle, expected) in io_cycles.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        let IO::<_> {
             en,
             which_in,
             data_in,
             which_out: _,
             data_out: _,
             b_out: _,
-        },
-    ) in io_cycles.into_iter().enumerate()
-    {
-        sim.write_bool(sim.io().en, en);
-        sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().which_in, which_in.cast_to_static());
-        sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().data_in, data_in.cast_to_static());
-        let io = IO {
+            b2_out: _,
+        } = expected;
+        sim.write(sim.io().en, &en);
+        sim.write(sim.io().which_in, &which_in);
+        sim.write(sim.io().data_in, &data_in);
+        let io = #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO::<_> {
             en,
             which_in,
             data_in,
-            which_out: sim
-                .read_bool_or_int(sim.io().which_out)
-                .to_bigint()
-                .try_into()
-                .expect("known to be in range"),
-            data_out: sim
-                .read_bool_or_int(sim.io().data_out)
-                .to_bigint()
-                .try_into()
-                .expect("known to be in range"),
-            b_out: sim.read(sim.io().b_out).to_expr(),
+            which_out: sim.read(sim.io().which_out),
+            data_out: sim.read(sim.io().data_out),
+            b_out: sim.read(sim.io().b_out),
+            b2_out: sim.read(sim.io().b2_out),
         };
         assert_eq!(
             expected,
@@ -517,6 +526,12 @@ fn test_enums() {
             "vcd:\n{}\ncycle: {cycle}",
             String::from_utf8(writer.take()).unwrap(),
         );
+        // make sure matching on SimValue<SomeEnum> works
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        match io.b_out {
+            HdlNone => println!("io.b_out is HdlNone"),
+            HdlSome(v) => println!("io.b_out is HdlSome(({:?}, {:?}))", *v.0, *v.1),
+        }
         sim.write_clock(sim.io().cd.clk, false);
         sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
         sim.write_clock(sim.io().cd.clk, true);
@@ -538,9 +553,9 @@ fn test_enums() {
 #[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
 pub fn memories() {
     #[hdl]
-    let r: fayalite::memory::ReadStruct<(UInt<8>, SInt<8>), ConstUsize<4>> = m.input();
+    let r: ReadStruct<(UInt<8>, SInt<8>), ConstUsize<4>> = m.input();
     #[hdl]
-    let w: fayalite::memory::WriteStruct<(UInt<8>, SInt<8>), ConstUsize<4>> = m.input();
+    let w: WriteStruct<(UInt<8>, SInt<8>), ConstUsize<4>> = m.input();
     #[hdl]
     let mut mem = memory_with_init([(0x01u8, 0x23i8); 16]);
     mem.read_latency(0);
@@ -559,120 +574,131 @@ fn test_memories() {
     sim.add_trace_writer(VcdWriterDecls::new(writer.clone()));
     sim.write_clock(sim.io().r.clk, false);
     sim.write_clock(sim.io().w.clk, false);
-    #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    #[hdl(cmp_eq)]
     struct IO {
-        r_addr: u8,
-        r_en: bool,
-        r_data: (u8, i8),
-        w_addr: u8,
-        w_en: bool,
-        w_data: (u8, i8),
-        w_mask: (bool, bool),
+        r_addr: UInt<4>,
+        r_en: Bool,
+        r_data: (UInt<8>, SInt<8>),
+        w_addr: UInt<4>,
+        w_en: Bool,
+        w_data: (UInt<8>, SInt<8>),
+        w_mask: (Bool, Bool),
     }
     let io_cycles = [
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: false,
-            r_data: (0, 0),
-            w_addr: 0,
+            r_data: (0u8, 0i8),
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             w_en: false,
-            w_data: (0, 0),
+            w_data: (0u8, 0i8),
             w_mask: (false, false),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x1, 0x23),
-            w_addr: 0,
+            r_data: (0x1u8, 0x23i8),
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             w_en: true,
-            w_data: (0x10, 0x20),
+            w_data: (0x10u8, 0x20i8),
             w_mask: (true, true),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x10, 0x20),
-            w_addr: 0,
+            r_data: (0x10u8, 0x20i8),
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             w_en: true,
-            w_data: (0x30, 0x40),
+            w_data: (0x30u8, 0x40i8),
             w_mask: (false, true),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x10, 0x40),
-            w_addr: 0,
+            r_data: (0x10u8, 0x40i8),
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             w_en: true,
-            w_data: (0x50, 0x60),
+            w_data: (0x50u8, 0x60i8),
             w_mask: (true, false),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x50, 0x40),
-            w_addr: 0,
+            r_data: (0x50u8, 0x40i8),
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             w_en: true,
-            w_data: (0x70, -0x80),
+            w_data: (0x70u8, -0x80i8),
             w_mask: (false, false),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x50, 0x40),
-            w_addr: 0,
+            r_data: (0x50u8, 0x40i8),
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             w_en: false,
-            w_data: (0x90, 0xA0u8 as i8),
+            w_data: (0x90u8, 0xA0u8 as i8),
             w_mask: (false, false),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x50, 0x40),
-            w_addr: 1,
+            r_data: (0x50u8, 0x40i8),
+            w_addr: 1_hdl_u4,
             w_en: true,
-            w_data: (0x90, 0xA0u8 as i8),
+            w_data: (0x90u8, 0xA0u8 as i8),
             w_mask: (true, true),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x50, 0x40),
-            w_addr: 2,
+            r_data: (0x50u8, 0x40i8),
+            w_addr: 2_hdl_u4,
             w_en: true,
-            w_data: (0xB0, 0xC0u8 as i8),
+            w_data: (0xB0u8, 0xC0u8 as i8),
             w_mask: (true, true),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 0,
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x50, 0x40),
-            w_addr: 2,
+            r_data: (0x50u8, 0x40i8),
+            w_addr: 2_hdl_u4,
             w_en: false,
-            w_data: (0xD0, 0xE0u8 as i8),
+            w_data: (0xD0u8, 0xE0u8 as i8),
             w_mask: (true, true),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 1,
+            r_addr: 1_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0x90, 0xA0u8 as i8),
-            w_addr: 2,
+            r_data: (0x90u8, 0xA0u8 as i8),
+            w_addr: 2_hdl_u4,
             w_en: false,
-            w_data: (0xD0, 0xE0u8 as i8),
+            w_data: (0xD0u8, 0xE0u8 as i8),
             w_mask: (true, true),
         },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
         IO {
-            r_addr: 2,
+            r_addr: 2_hdl_u4,
             r_en: true,
-            r_data: (0xB0, 0xC0u8 as i8),
-            w_addr: 2,
+            r_data: (0xB0u8, 0xC0u8 as i8),
+            w_addr: 2_hdl_u4,
             w_en: false,
-            w_data: (0xD0, 0xE0u8 as i8),
+            w_data: (0xD0u8, 0xE0u8 as i8),
             w_mask: (true, true),
         },
     ];
-    for (
-        cycle,
-        expected @ IO {
+    for (cycle, expected) in io_cycles.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        let IO {
             r_addr,
             r_en,
             r_data: _,
@@ -680,30 +706,18 @@ fn test_memories() {
             w_en,
             w_data,
             w_mask,
-        },
-    ) in io_cycles.into_iter().enumerate()
-    {
-        sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().r.addr, r_addr.cast_to_static());
-        sim.write_bool(sim.io().r.en, r_en);
-        sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().w.addr, w_addr.cast_to_static());
-        sim.write_bool(sim.io().w.en, w_en);
-        sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().w.data.0, w_data.0);
-        sim.write_bool_or_int(sim.io().w.data.1, w_data.1);
-        sim.write_bool(sim.io().w.mask.0, w_mask.0);
-        sim.write_bool(sim.io().w.mask.1, w_mask.1);
-        let io = IO {
+        } = expected;
+        sim.write(sim.io().r.addr, &r_addr);
+        sim.write(sim.io().r.en, &r_en);
+        sim.write(sim.io().w.addr, &w_addr);
+        sim.write(sim.io().w.en, &w_en);
+        sim.write(sim.io().w.data, &w_data);
+        sim.write(sim.io().w.mask, &w_mask);
+        let io = #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
             r_addr,
             r_en,
-            r_data: (
-                sim.read_bool_or_int(sim.io().r.data.0)
-                    .to_bigint()
-                    .try_into()
-                    .expect("known to be in range"),
-                sim.read_bool_or_int(sim.io().r.data.1)
-                    .to_bigint()
-                    .try_into()
-                    .expect("known to be in range"),
-            ),
+            r_data: sim.read(sim.io().r.data),
             w_addr,
             w_en,
             w_data,
@@ -716,11 +730,11 @@ fn test_memories() {
             String::from_utf8(writer.take()).unwrap(),
         );
         sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
-        sim.write_clock(sim.io().r.clk, true);
-        sim.write_clock(sim.io().w.clk, true);
+        sim.write(sim.io().r.clk, true);
+        sim.write(sim.io().w.clk, true);
         sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
-        sim.write_clock(sim.io().r.clk, false);
-        sim.write_clock(sim.io().w.clk, false);
+        sim.write(sim.io().r.clk, false);
+        sim.write(sim.io().w.clk, false);
     }
     sim.flush_traces().unwrap();
     let vcd = String::from_utf8(writer.take()).unwrap();
@@ -738,7 +752,7 @@ fn test_memories() {
 #[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
 pub fn memories2() {
     #[hdl]
-    let rw: fayalite::memory::ReadWriteStruct<UInt<2>, ConstUsize<3>> = m.input();
+    let rw: ReadWriteStruct<UInt<2>, ConstUsize<3>> = m.input();
     #[hdl]
     let mut mem = memory_with_init([HdlSome(true); 5]);
     mem.read_latency(1);
@@ -1011,9 +1025,9 @@ fn test_memories2() {
 #[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
 pub fn memories3() {
     #[hdl]
-    let r: fayalite::memory::ReadStruct<Array<UInt<8>, 8>, ConstUsize<3>> = m.input();
+    let r: ReadStruct<Array<UInt<8>, 8>, ConstUsize<3>> = m.input();
     #[hdl]
-    let w: fayalite::memory::WriteStruct<Array<UInt<8>, 8>, ConstUsize<3>> = m.input();
+    let w: WriteStruct<Array<UInt<8>, 8>, ConstUsize<3>> = m.input();
     #[hdl]
     let mut mem: MemBuilder<Array<UInt<8>, 8>> = memory();
     mem.depth(8);
@@ -1532,3 +1546,83 @@ fn test_extern_module2() {
         panic!();
     }
 }
+
+// use an extern module to simulate a register to test that the
+// simulator can handle chains of alternating circuits and extern modules.
+#[hdl_module(outline_generated, extern)]
+pub fn sw_reg() {
+    #[hdl]
+    let clk: Clock = m.input();
+    #[hdl]
+    let o: Bool = m.output();
+    m.extern_module_simulation_fn((clk, o), |(clk, o), mut sim| async move {
+        let mut state = false;
+        loop {
+            sim.write(o, state).await;
+            sim.wait_for_clock_edge(clk).await;
+            state = !state;
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+#[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
+pub fn ripple_counter() {
+    #[hdl]
+    let clk: Clock = m.input();
+    #[hdl]
+    let o: UInt<6> = m.output();
+
+    #[hdl]
+    let bits: Array<Bool, 6> = wire();
+
+    connect_any(o, bits.cast_to_bits());
+
+    let mut clk_in = clk;
+    for (i, bit) in bits.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if i % 2 == 0 {
+            let bit_reg = reg_builder_with_loc(&format!("bit_reg_{i}"), SourceLocation::caller())
+                .clock_domain(
+                    #[hdl]
+                    ClockDomain {
+                        clk: clk_in,
+                        rst: false.to_sync_reset(),
+                    },
+                )
+                .no_reset(Bool)
+                .build();
+            connect(bit, bit_reg);
+            connect(bit_reg, !bit_reg);
+        } else {
+            let bit_reg =
+                instance_with_loc(&format!("bit_reg_{i}"), sw_reg(), SourceLocation::caller());
+            connect(bit_reg.clk, clk_in);
+            connect(bit, bit_reg.o);
+        }
+        clk_in = bit.to_clock();
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_ripple_counter() {
+    let _n = SourceLocation::normalize_files_for_tests();
+    let mut sim = Simulation::new(ripple_counter());
+    let mut writer = RcWriter::default();
+    sim.add_trace_writer(VcdWriterDecls::new(writer.clone()));
+    for _ in 0..0x80 {
+        sim.write(sim.io().clk, false);
+        sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
+        sim.write(sim.io().clk, true);
+        sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
+    }
+    sim.flush_traces().unwrap();
+    let vcd = String::from_utf8(writer.take()).unwrap();
+    println!("####### VCD:\n{vcd}\n#######");
+    if vcd != include_str!("sim/expected/ripple_counter.vcd") {
+        panic!();
+    }
+    let sim_debug = format!("{sim:#?}");
+    println!("#######\n{sim_debug}\n#######");
+    if sim_debug != include_str!("sim/expected/ripple_counter.txt") {
+        panic!();
+    }
+}

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/enums.vcd

@@ -16,18 +16,25 @@ $var wire 1 ) \0 $end
 $var wire 1 * \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
-$scope struct the_reg $end
+$scope struct b2_out $end
 $var string 1 + \$tag $end
+$scope struct HdlSome $end
+$var wire 1 , \0 $end
+$var wire 1 - \1 $end
+$upscope $end
+$upscope $end
+$scope struct the_reg $end
+$var string 1 . \$tag $end
 $scope struct B $end
-$var reg 1 , \0 $end
-$var reg 1 - \1 $end
+$var reg 1 / \0 $end
+$var reg 1 0 \1 $end
 $upscope $end
 $scope struct C $end
 $scope struct a $end
-$var reg 1 . \[0] $end
-$var reg 1 / \[1] $end
+$var reg 1 1 \[0] $end
+$var reg 1 2 \[1] $end
 $upscope $end
-$var reg 2 0 b $end
+$var reg 2 3 b $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
 $upscope $end
@@ -43,12 +50,15 @@ b0 '
 sHdlNone\x20(0) (
 0)
 0*
-sA\x20(0) +
+sHdlNone\x20(0) +
 0,
 0-
-0.
+sA\x20(0) .
 0/
-b0 0
+00
+01
+02
+b0 3
 $end
 #1000000
 1!
@@ -66,7 +76,8 @@ b1 $
 1!
 b1 &
 sHdlSome\x20(1) (
-sB\x20(1) +
+sHdlSome\x20(1) +
+sB\x20(1) .
 #6000000
 0#
 b0 $
@@ -85,8 +96,10 @@ b11 '
 1*
 1,
 1-
-1.
 1/
+10
+11
+12
 #10000000
 0!
 #11000000
@@ -101,8 +114,11 @@ b1111 '
 sHdlNone\x20(0) (
 0)
 0*
-sC\x20(2) +
-b11 0
+sHdlNone\x20(0) +
+0,
+0-
+sC\x20(2) .
+b11 3
 #14000000
 0!
 #15000000

crates/fayalite/tests/sim/expected/extern_module2.txt

@@ -222,7 +222,9 @@ Simulation {
                     },
                     value: SimValue {
                         ty: Clock,
-                        bits: 0x1,
+                        value: OpaqueSimValue {
+                            bits: 0x1_u1,
+                        },
                     },
                 },
             },