add docs for #[hdl] and particularly for #[hdl] type aliases

README.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Fayalite is a library for designing digital hardware -- a hardware description l
 
 [Blinky example]: crates/fayalite/examples/blinky.rs
 
-This uses the container image containing all the external programs and files that Fayalite needs to build for FPGAs, the sources for the container image are in https://git.libre-chip.org/libre-chip/fayalite-deps
+This uses the container image containing all the external programs and files that Fayalite needs to build for FPGAs, the sources for the container image are in <https://git.libre-chip.org/libre-chip/fayalite-deps>
 
 Steps:
 
@@ -45,6 +45,36 @@ To program the Flash also, so it stays programmed when power-cycling the board:
 sudo openFPGALoader --board arty_a7_100t -f target/blinky-out/blinky.bit
 ```
 
+# Building the [Transmit-only UART example] for the Arty A7 100T on Linux
+
+[Transmit-only UART example]: crates/fayalite/examples/tx_only_uart.rs
+
+Follow the steps above of building the Blinky example, but replace `blinky` with `tx_only_uart`.
+
+View the output using [tio](https://github.com/tio/tio) which you can install in Debian using `apt`.
+
+Find the correct USB device:
+```bash
+sudo tio --list
+```
+
+You want the device with a name like (note the `if01`, `if00` is presumably the JTAG port):
+`/dev/serial/by-id/usb-Digilent_Digilent_USB_Device_210319B4A51E-if01-port0`
+
+Connect to the serial port:
+```bash
+sudo tio -b115200 /dev/serial/by-id/put-your-device-id-here
+```
+
+You'll see (repeating endlessly):
+```text
+Hello World from Fayalite!!!
+Hello World from Fayalite!!!
+Hello World from Fayalite!!!
+```
+
+Press Ctrl+T then `q` to exit tio.
+
 # Funding
 
 ## NLnet Grants

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_bundle.rs

@@ -87,7 +87,11 @@ impl ParsedBundle {
             no_static: _,
             no_runtime_generics: _,
             cmp_eq: _,
+            ref get,
         } = options.body;
+        if let Some((get, ..)) = get {
+            errors.error(get, "#[hdl(get(...))] is not allowed on structs");
+        }
         let mut fields = match fields {
             syn::Fields::Named(fields) => fields,
             syn::Fields::Unnamed(fields) => {
@@ -445,6 +449,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedBundle {
             no_static,
             no_runtime_generics,
             cmp_eq,
+            get: _,
         } = &options.body;
         let target = get_target(target, ident);
         let mut item_attrs = attrs.clone();

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_enum.rs

@@ -159,10 +159,14 @@ impl ParsedEnum {
             no_static: _,
             no_runtime_generics: _,
             cmp_eq,
+            ref get,
         } = options.body;
         if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
             errors.error(cmp_eq, "#[hdl(cmp_eq)] is not yet implemented for enums");
         }
+        if let Some((get, ..)) = get {
+            errors.error(get, "#[hdl(get(...))] is not allowed on enums");
+        }
         attrs.retain(|attr| {
             if attr.path().is_ident("repr") {
                 errors.error(attr, "#[repr] is not supported on #[hdl] enums");
@@ -225,6 +229,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedEnum {
             no_static,
             no_runtime_generics,
             cmp_eq: _, // TODO: implement cmp_eq for enums
+            get: _,
         } = &options.body;
         let target = get_target(target, ident);
         let mut struct_attrs = attrs.clone();

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_type_alias.rs

@@ -4,28 +4,353 @@ use crate::{
     Errors, HdlAttr,
     hdl_type_common::{
         ItemOptions, MakeHdlTypeExpr, MaybeParsed, ParsedGenerics, ParsedType, TypesParser,
-        get_target,
+        WrappedInConst, common_derives, get_target, known_items,
     },
     kw,
 };
 use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
-use quote::ToTokens;
+use quote::{ToTokens, format_ident, quote_spanned};
-use syn::{Attribute, Generics, Ident, ItemType, Token, Type, Visibility, parse_quote_spanned};
+use syn::{
+    AngleBracketedGenericArguments, Attribute, Expr, Fields, GenericArgument, GenericParam,
+    Generics, Ident, ItemStruct, ItemType, Path, PathArguments, Token, TraitBound,
+    TraitBoundModifier, Type, TypeGroup, TypeParam, TypeParamBound, TypeParen, Visibility,
+    parse_quote_spanned, punctuated::Pair, token::Paren,
+};
 
 #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
-pub(crate) struct ParsedTypeAlias {
+pub(crate) struct PhantomConstGetBound {
-    pub(crate) attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
+    pub(crate) phantom_const_get: known_items::PhantomConstGet,
-    pub(crate) options: HdlAttr<ItemOptions, kw::hdl>,
+    pub(crate) colon2_token: Option<Token![::]>,
-    pub(crate) vis: Visibility,
+    pub(crate) lt_token: Token![<],
-    pub(crate) type_token: Token![type],
+    pub(crate) ty: Type,
-    pub(crate) ident: Ident,
+    pub(crate) comma_token: Option<Token![,]>,
-    pub(crate) generics: MaybeParsed<ParsedGenerics, Generics>,
+    pub(crate) gt_token: Token![>],
-    pub(crate) eq_token: Token![=],
+}
-    pub(crate) ty: MaybeParsed<ParsedType, Type>,
+
-    pub(crate) semi_token: Token![;],
+impl From<PhantomConstGetBound> for Path {
+    fn from(value: PhantomConstGetBound) -> Self {
+        let PhantomConstGetBound {
+            phantom_const_get,
+            colon2_token,
+            lt_token,
+            ty,
+            comma_token,
+            gt_token,
+        } = value;
+        let mut path = phantom_const_get.path;
+        path.segments.last_mut().expect("known to exist").arguments =
+            PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
+                colon2_token,
+                lt_token,
+                args: FromIterator::from_iter([Pair::new(GenericArgument::Type(ty), comma_token)]),
+                gt_token,
+            });
+        path
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PhantomConstGetBound> for TraitBound {
+    fn from(value: PhantomConstGetBound) -> Self {
+        let path = Path::from(value);
+        TraitBound {
+            paren_token: None,
+            modifier: TraitBoundModifier::None,
+            lifetimes: None,
+            path,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PhantomConstGetBound> for TypeParamBound {
+    fn from(value: PhantomConstGetBound) -> Self {
+        TraitBound::from(value).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PhantomConstGetBound {
+    fn parse_opt(bound: TypeParamBound) -> Option<Self> {
+        let TypeParamBound::Trait(TraitBound {
+            paren_token: None,
+            modifier: TraitBoundModifier::None,
+            lifetimes: None,
+            path,
+        }) = bound
+        else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let Ok((
+            phantom_const_get,
+            PathArguments::AngleBracketed(AngleBracketedGenericArguments {
+                colon2_token,
+                lt_token,
+                args,
+                gt_token,
+            }),
+        )) = known_items::PhantomConstGet::parse_path_with_arguments(path)
+        else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let mut args = args.into_pairs();
+        let (GenericArgument::Type(ty), comma_token) = args.next()?.into_tuple() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let None = args.next() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some(Self {
+            phantom_const_get,
+            colon2_token,
+            lt_token,
+            ty,
+            comma_token,
+            gt_token,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam {
+    attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
+    ident: Ident,
+    colon_token: Token![:],
+    phantom_const_get_bound: PhantomConstGetBound,
+    plus_token: Option<Token![+]>,
+}
+
+impl From<PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam> for TypeParam {
+    fn from(value: PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam) -> Self {
+        let PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam {
+            attrs,
+            ident,
+            colon_token,
+            phantom_const_get_bound,
+            plus_token,
+        } = value;
+        TypeParam {
+            attrs,
+            ident,
+            colon_token: Some(colon_token),
+            bounds: FromIterator::from_iter([Pair::new(
+                phantom_const_get_bound.into(),
+                plus_token,
+            )]),
+            eq_token: None,
+            default: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam> for GenericParam {
+    fn from(value: PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam) -> Self {
+        TypeParam::from(value).into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam {
+    fn parse_opt(generic_param: GenericParam) -> Option<Self> {
+        let GenericParam::Type(TypeParam {
+            attrs,
+            ident,
+            colon_token,
+            bounds,
+            eq_token: None,
+            default: None,
+        }) = generic_param
+        else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let colon_token = colon_token.unwrap_or(Token![:](ident.span()));
+        let mut bounds = bounds.into_pairs();
+        let (bound, plus_token) = bounds.next()?.into_tuple();
+        let phantom_const_get_bound = PhantomConstGetBound::parse_opt(bound)?;
+        let None = bounds.next() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some(Self {
+            attrs,
+            ident,
+            colon_token,
+            phantom_const_get_bound,
+            plus_token,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct PhantomConstAccessorGenerics {
+    lt_token: Token![<],
+    type_param: PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam,
+    comma_token: Option<Token![,]>,
+    gt_token: Token![>],
+}
+
+impl From<PhantomConstAccessorGenerics> for Generics {
+    fn from(value: PhantomConstAccessorGenerics) -> Self {
+        let PhantomConstAccessorGenerics {
+            lt_token,
+            type_param,
+            comma_token,
+            gt_token,
+        } = value;
+        Generics {
+            lt_token: Some(lt_token),
+            params: FromIterator::from_iter([Pair::new(type_param.into(), comma_token)]),
+            gt_token: Some(gt_token),
+            where_clause: None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a> From<&'a PhantomConstAccessorGenerics> for Generics {
+    fn from(value: &'a PhantomConstAccessorGenerics) -> Self {
+        value.clone().into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl PhantomConstAccessorGenerics {
+    fn parse_opt(generics: Generics) -> Option<Self> {
+        let Generics {
+            lt_token,
+            params,
+            gt_token,
+            where_clause: None,
+        } = generics
+        else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        let mut params = params.into_pairs();
+        let (generic_param, comma_token) = params.next()?.into_tuple();
+        let type_param = PhantomConstAccessorTypeParam::parse_opt(generic_param)?;
+        let span = type_param.ident.span();
+        let lt_token = lt_token.unwrap_or(Token![<](span));
+        let gt_token = gt_token.unwrap_or(Token![>](span));
+        let None = params.next() else {
+            return None;
+        };
+        Some(Self {
+            lt_token,
+            type_param,
+            comma_token,
+            gt_token,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum ParsedTypeAlias {
+    TypeAlias {
+        attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
+        options: HdlAttr<ItemOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        vis: Visibility,
+        type_token: Token![type],
+        ident: Ident,
+        generics: MaybeParsed<ParsedGenerics, Generics>,
+        eq_token: Token![=],
+        ty: MaybeParsed<ParsedType, Type>,
+        semi_token: Token![;],
+    },
+    PhantomConstAccessor {
+        attrs: Vec<Attribute>,
+        options: HdlAttr<ItemOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        get: (kw::get, Paren, Expr),
+        vis: Visibility,
+        type_token: Token![type],
+        ident: Ident,
+        generics: PhantomConstAccessorGenerics,
+        eq_token: Token![=],
+        ty: Type,
+        ty_is_dyn_size: Option<known_items::DynSize>,
+        semi_token: Token![;],
+    },
 }
 
 impl ParsedTypeAlias {
+    fn ty_is_dyn_size(ty: &Type) -> Option<known_items::DynSize> {
+        match ty {
+            Type::Group(TypeGroup {
+                group_token: _,
+                elem,
+            }) => Self::ty_is_dyn_size(elem),
+            Type::Paren(TypeParen {
+                paren_token: _,
+                elem,
+            }) => Self::ty_is_dyn_size(elem),
+            Type::Path(syn::TypePath { qself: None, path }) => {
+                known_items::DynSize::parse_path(path.clone()).ok()
+            }
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+    fn parse_phantom_const_accessor(
+        item: ItemType,
+        mut errors: Errors,
+        options: HdlAttr<ItemOptions, kw::hdl>,
+        get: (kw::get, Paren, Expr),
+    ) -> syn::Result<Self> {
+        let ItemType {
+            attrs,
+            vis,
+            type_token,
+            ident,
+            generics,
+            eq_token,
+            ty,
+            semi_token,
+        } = item;
+        let ItemOptions {
+            outline_generated: _,
+            ref target,
+            custom_bounds,
+            no_static,
+            no_runtime_generics,
+            cmp_eq,
+            get: _,
+        } = options.body;
+        if let Some((no_static,)) = no_static {
+            errors.error(no_static, "no_static is not valid on type aliases");
+        }
+        if let Some((target, ..)) = target {
+            errors.error(
+                target,
+                "target is not implemented on PhantomConstGet type aliases",
+            );
+        }
+        if let Some((no_runtime_generics,)) = no_runtime_generics {
+            errors.error(
+                no_runtime_generics,
+                "no_runtime_generics is not implemented on PhantomConstGet type aliases",
+            );
+        }
+        if let Some((cmp_eq,)) = cmp_eq {
+            errors.error(cmp_eq, "cmp_eq is not valid on type aliases");
+        }
+        if let Some((custom_bounds,)) = custom_bounds {
+            errors.error(
+                custom_bounds,
+                "custom_bounds is not implemented on PhantomConstGet type aliases",
+            );
+        }
+        let Some(generics) = PhantomConstAccessorGenerics::parse_opt(generics) else {
+            errors.error(ident, "#[hdl(get(...))] type alias must be of the form:\ntype MyTypeGetter<P: PhantomConstGet<MyType>> = RetType;");
+            errors.finish()?;
+            unreachable!();
+        };
+        errors.finish()?;
+        let ty_is_dyn_size = Self::ty_is_dyn_size(&ty);
+        Ok(Self::PhantomConstAccessor {
+            attrs,
+            options,
+            get,
+            vis,
+            type_token,
+            ident,
+            generics,
+            eq_token,
+            ty: *ty,
+            ty_is_dyn_size,
+            semi_token,
+        })
+    }
     fn parse(item: ItemType) -> syn::Result<Self> {
         let ItemType {
             mut attrs,
@@ -51,7 +376,25 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
             no_static,
             no_runtime_generics: _,
             cmp_eq,
+            ref mut get,
         } = options.body;
+        if let Some(get) = get.take() {
+            return Self::parse_phantom_const_accessor(
+                ItemType {
+                    attrs,
+                    vis,
+                    type_token,
+                    ident,
+                    generics,
+                    eq_token,
+                    ty,
+                    semi_token,
+                },
+                errors,
+                options,
+                get,
+            );
+        }
         if let Some((no_static,)) = no_static {
             errors.error(no_static, "no_static is not valid on type aliases");
         }
@@ -67,7 +410,7 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
         };
         let ty = TypesParser::maybe_run(generics.as_ref(), *ty, &mut errors);
         errors.finish()?;
-        Ok(Self {
+        Ok(Self::TypeAlias {
             attrs,
             options,
             vis,
@@ -83,7 +426,8 @@ impl ParsedTypeAlias {
 
 impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
     fn to_tokens(&self, tokens: &mut TokenStream) {
-        let Self {
+        match self {
+            Self::TypeAlias {
                 attrs,
                 options,
                 vis,
@@ -93,7 +437,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
                 eq_token,
                 ty,
                 semi_token,
-        } = self;
+            } => {
                 let ItemOptions {
                     outline_generated: _,
                     target,
@@ -101,6 +445,7 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
                     no_static: _,
                     no_runtime_generics,
                     cmp_eq: _,
+                    get: _,
                 } = &options.body;
                 let target = get_target(target, ident);
                 let mut type_attrs = attrs.clone();
@@ -126,11 +471,110 @@ impl ToTokens for ParsedTypeAlias {
                     })
                 }
             }
+            Self::PhantomConstAccessor {
+                attrs,
+                options,
+                get: (_get_kw, _get_paren, get_expr),
+                vis,
+                type_token,
+                ident,
+                generics,
+                eq_token,
+                ty,
+                ty_is_dyn_size,
+                semi_token,
+            } => {
+                let ItemOptions {
+                    outline_generated: _,
+                    target: _,
+                    custom_bounds: _,
+                    no_static: _,
+                    no_runtime_generics: _,
+                    cmp_eq: _,
+                    get: _,
+                } = &options.body;
+                let span = ident.span();
+                let mut type_attrs = attrs.clone();
+                type_attrs.push(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[allow(type_alias_bounds)]
+                });
+                let type_param_ident = &generics.type_param.ident;
+                let syn_generics = Generics::from(generics);
+                ItemType {
+                    attrs: type_attrs,
+                    vis: vis.clone(),
+                    type_token: *type_token,
+                    ident: ident.clone(),
+                    generics: syn_generics.clone(),
+                    eq_token: *eq_token,
+                    ty: parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        <#ty as ::fayalite::phantom_const::ReturnSelfUnchanged<#type_param_ident>>::Type
+                    },
+                    semi_token: *semi_token,
+                }
+                .to_tokens(tokens);
+                let generics_accumulation_ident =
+                    format_ident!("__{}__GenericsAccumulation", ident);
+                ItemStruct {
+                    attrs: vec![
+                        common_derives(span),
+                        parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                            #[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+                        },
+                    ],
+                    vis: vis.clone(),
+                    struct_token: Token![struct](span),
+                    ident: generics_accumulation_ident.clone(),
+                    generics: Generics::default(),
+                    fields: Fields::Unnamed(parse_quote_spanned! {span=>
+                        (())
+                    }),
+                    semi_token: Some(Token![;](span)),
+                }
+                .to_tokens(tokens);
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals, dead_code)]
+                    #vis const #ident: #generics_accumulation_ident = #generics_accumulation_ident(());
+                }
+                .to_tokens(tokens);
+                let mut wrapped_in_const = WrappedInConst::new(tokens, span);
+                let tokens = wrapped_in_const.inner();
+                let (impl_generics, _type_generics, where_clause) = syn_generics.split_for_impl();
+                let phantom_const_get_ty = &generics.type_param.phantom_const_get_bound.ty;
+                let index_output = if let Some(ty_is_dyn_size) = ty_is_dyn_size {
+                    known_items::usize(ty_is_dyn_size.span).to_token_stream()
+                } else {
+                    ty.to_token_stream()
+                };
+                quote_spanned! {span=>
+                    #[allow(non_upper_case_globals)]
+                    #[automatically_derived]
+                    impl #impl_generics ::fayalite::__std::ops::Index<#type_param_ident>
+                    for #generics_accumulation_ident
+                    #where_clause
+                    {
+                        type Output = #index_output;
+
+                        fn index(&self, __param: #type_param_ident) -> &Self::Output {
+                            ::fayalite::phantom_const::type_alias_phantom_const_get_helper::<#phantom_const_get_ty, #index_output>(
+                                __param,
+                                #get_expr,
+                            )
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+                .to_tokens(tokens);
+            }
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 pub(crate) fn hdl_type_alias_impl(item: ItemType) -> syn::Result<TokenStream> {
     let item = ParsedTypeAlias::parse(item)?;
-    let outline_generated = item.options.body.outline_generated;
+    let outline_generated = match &item {
+        ParsedTypeAlias::TypeAlias { options, .. }
+        | ParsedTypeAlias::PhantomConstAccessor { options, .. } => options.body.outline_generated,
+    };
     let mut contents = item.to_token_stream();
     if outline_generated.is_some() {
         contents = crate::outline_generated(contents, "hdl-type-alias-");

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/hdl_type_common.rs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ crate::options! {
         NoStatic(no_static),
         NoRuntimeGenerics(no_runtime_generics),
         CmpEq(cmp_eq),
+        Get(get, Expr),
     }
 }
 
@@ -2045,6 +2046,7 @@ pub(crate) mod known_items {
     impl_known_item!(::fayalite::int::Size);
     impl_known_item!(::fayalite::int::UInt);
     impl_known_item!(::fayalite::int::UIntType);
+    impl_known_item!(::fayalite::phantom_const::PhantomConstGet);
     impl_known_item!(::fayalite::reset::ResetType);
     impl_known_item!(::fayalite::ty::CanonicalType);
     impl_known_item!(::fayalite::ty::StaticType);

crates/fayalite-proc-macros-impl/src/lib.rs

@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ mod kw {
     custom_keyword!(connect_inexact);
     custom_keyword!(custom_bounds);
     custom_keyword!(flip);
+    custom_keyword!(get);
     custom_keyword!(hdl);
     custom_keyword!(hdl_module);
     custom_keyword!(incomplete_wire);

crates/fayalite/src/build/external.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ use crate::{
 };
 use base64::{Engine, prelude::BASE64_URL_SAFE_NO_PAD};
 use clap::builder::OsStringValueParser;
-use eyre::{Context, bail, ensure, eyre};
+use eyre::{Context, ensure, eyre};
 use serde::{
     Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer,
     de::{DeserializeOwned, Error},
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ use std::{
     io::Write,
     marker::PhantomData,
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
+    process::ExitStatus,
     sync::OnceLock,
 };
 
@@ -365,13 +366,17 @@ impl ExternalJobCaching {
             .stdin(std::process::Stdio::null());
         Ok(cmd)
     }
-    pub fn run<F: FnOnce(std::process::Command) -> eyre::Result<()>>(
+    pub fn run<F>(
         self,
         command_line: Interned<[Interned<OsStr>]>,
         input_file_paths: impl IntoIterator<Item = Interned<Path>>,
         output_file_paths: impl IntoIterator<Item = Interned<Path>> + Clone,
         run_fn: F,
-    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        exit_status_to_error: impl FnOnce(ExitStatus) -> eyre::Report,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(std::process::Command) -> eyre::Result<Result<(), ExitStatus>>,
+    {
         let mut hasher = JobCacheHasher::default();
         hasher.hash_iter(command_line.iter(), |hasher, arg| {
             hasher.hash_sized_os_str(arg)
@@ -419,7 +424,26 @@ impl ExternalJobCaching {
                 })
                 .expect("spawn shouldn't fail");
             run_fn(cmd)
-        });
+        })?;
+        if let Err(exit_status) = result {
+            // check if the user may have terminated it or something, don't cache the failure
+            let user_maybe_terminated;
+            #[cfg(unix)]
+            {
+                user_maybe_terminated = std::os::unix::process::ExitStatusExt::signal(&exit_status)
+                    .is_some()
+                    || exit_status.code().is_none_or(|code| code > 1);
+            }
+            #[cfg(not(unix))]
+            {
+                user_maybe_terminated = !exit_status.success();
+            }
+            if user_maybe_terminated {
+                let _ = std::fs::remove_file(self.cache_json_path);
+                return Err(exit_status_to_error(exit_status));
+            }
+        }
+        let result = result.map_err(exit_status_to_error);
         ExternalJobCacheV2 {
             version: ExternalJobCacheVersion::CURRENT,
             inputs_hash,
@@ -444,16 +468,26 @@ impl ExternalJobCaching {
         .write_to_file(self.cache_json_path)?;
         result
     }
-    pub fn run_maybe_cached<F: FnOnce(std::process::Command) -> eyre::Result<()>>(
+    pub fn run_maybe_cached<F>(
         this: Option<Self>,
         command_line: Interned<[Interned<OsStr>]>,
         input_file_paths: impl IntoIterator<Item = Interned<Path>>,
         output_file_paths: impl IntoIterator<Item = Interned<Path>> + Clone,
         run_fn: F,
-    ) -> eyre::Result<()> {
+        exit_status_to_error: impl FnOnce(ExitStatus) -> eyre::Report,
+    ) -> eyre::Result<()>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(std::process::Command) -> eyre::Result<Result<(), ExitStatus>>,
+    {
         match this {
-            Some(this) => this.run(command_line, input_file_paths, output_file_paths, run_fn),
+            Some(this) => this.run(
-            None => run_fn(Self::make_command(command_line)?),
+                command_line,
+                input_file_paths,
+                output_file_paths,
+                run_fn,
+                exit_status_to_error,
+            ),
+            None => run_fn(Self::make_command(command_line)?)?.map_err(exit_status_to_error),
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1119,10 +1153,12 @@ impl<T: ExternalCommand> JobKind for ExternalCommandJobKind<T> {
                 }
                 let status = acquired_job.run_command(cmd, |cmd| cmd.status())?;
                 if !status.success() {
-                    bail!("running {command_line:?} failed: {status}")
+                    Ok(Err(status))
+                } else {
+                    Ok(Ok(()))
                 }
-                Ok(())
             },
+            |status| eyre!("running {command_line:?} failed: {status}"),
         )?;
         Ok(job
             .output_paths()

crates/fayalite/src/build/formal.rs

@@ -13,9 +13,10 @@ use crate::{
     },
     intern::{Intern, InternSlice, Interned},
     module::NameId,
+    testing::FormalMode,
     util::job_server::AcquiredJob,
 };
-use clap::{Args, ValueEnum};
+use clap::Args;
 use eyre::Context;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
@@ -24,33 +25,6 @@ use std::{
     path::Path,
 };
 
-#[derive(ValueEnum, Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Default, Deserialize, Serialize)]
-#[non_exhaustive]
-pub enum FormalMode {
-    #[default]
-    BMC,
-    Prove,
-    Live,
-    Cover,
-}
-
-impl FormalMode {
-    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
-        match self {
-            FormalMode::BMC => "bmc",
-            FormalMode::Prove => "prove",
-            FormalMode::Live => "live",
-            FormalMode::Cover => "cover",
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for FormalMode {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
-        f.write_str(self.as_str())
-    }
-}
-
 #[derive(Args, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 #[non_exhaustive]
 pub struct FormalArgs {

crates/fayalite/src/int/uint_in_range.rs

@@ -304,6 +304,15 @@ macro_rules! define_uint_in_range_type {
                     $SerdeRange { start, end }.intern_sized(),
                 ))
             }
+            pub fn bit_width(self) -> usize {
+                self.value.width()
+            }
+            pub fn start(self) -> Start::SizeType {
+                self.range.get().start
+            }
+            pub fn end(self) -> End::SizeType {
+                self.range.get().end
+            }
         }
 
         impl<Start: Size, End: Size> fmt::Debug for $UIntInRangeType<Start, End> {
@@ -477,18 +486,22 @@ macro_rules! define_uint_in_range_type {
             }
         }
 
-        impl<Start: Size, End: Size> ExprCastTo<UInt> for $UIntInRangeType<Start, End> {
+        impl<Start: Size, End: Size, Width: Size> ExprCastTo<UIntType<Width>>
-            fn cast_to(src: Expr<Self>, to_type: UInt) -> Expr<UInt> {
+            for $UIntInRangeType<Start, End>
+        {
+            fn cast_to(src: Expr<Self>, to_type: UIntType<Width>) -> Expr<UIntType<Width>> {
                 src.cast_to_bits().cast_to(to_type)
             }
         }
 
-        impl<Start: Size, End: Size> ExprCastTo<$UIntInRangeType<Start, End>> for UInt {
+        impl<Start: Size, End: Size, Width: Size> ExprCastTo<$UIntInRangeType<Start, End>>
+            for UIntType<Width>
+        {
             fn cast_to(
                 src: Expr<Self>,
                 to_type: $UIntInRangeType<Start, End>,
             ) -> Expr<$UIntInRangeType<Start, End>> {
-                src.cast_bits_to(to_type)
+                src.cast_to(to_type.value).cast_bits_to(to_type)
             }
         }
 

crates/fayalite/src/lib.rs

@@ -4,6 +4,18 @@
 // TODO: enable:
 // #![warn(missing_docs)]
 
+#![deny(
+    rustdoc::bare_urls,
+    rustdoc::broken_intra_doc_links,
+    rustdoc::invalid_codeblock_attributes,
+    rustdoc::invalid_html_tags,
+    rustdoc::invalid_rust_codeblocks,
+    rustdoc::private_doc_tests,
+    rustdoc::private_intra_doc_links,
+    rustdoc::redundant_explicit_links,
+    rustdoc::unescaped_backticks
+)]
+
 //! [Main Documentation][_docs]
 
 extern crate self as fayalite;
@@ -74,6 +86,135 @@ macro_rules! __cfg_expansion_helper {
 pub use fayalite_proc_macros::hdl_module;
 
 #[doc(inline)]
+/// The `#[hdl]` attribute is supported on several different kinds of [Rust Items](https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items.html):
+///
+/// # Functions and Methods
+/// Enable's the stuff that you can use inside a [module's body](crate::_docs::modules::module_bodies),
+/// but without being a module or changing the function's signature.
+/// The only exception is that you can't use stuff that requires the automatically-provided `m` variable.
+///
+/// # Structs
+// TODO: expand on struct docs
+/// e.g.:
+/// ```
+/// # use fayalite::prelude::*;
+/// # #[hdl]
+/// # pub struct OtherStruct {}
+/// #[hdl]
+/// pub struct MyStruct {
+///     #[hdl(flip)]
+///     pub a: UInt<5>,
+///     pub b: Bool,
+///     #[hdl(flip)]
+///     pub c: OtherStruct,
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Enums
+// TODO: expand on enum docs
+/// e.g.:
+/// ```
+/// # use fayalite::prelude::*;
+/// # #[hdl]
+/// # pub struct MyStruct {}
+/// #[hdl]
+/// pub enum MyEnum {
+///     A(UInt<3>),
+///     B,
+///     C(MyStruct),
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Type Aliases
+///
+/// There's three different ways you can create a type alias:
+///
+/// # Normal Type Alias
+///
+/// This works exactly how you'd expect:
+/// ```
+/// # use fayalite::prelude::*;
+/// # #[hdl]
+/// # pub struct MyStruct<T: Type> {
+/// #     v: T,
+/// # }
+/// #[hdl]
+/// pub type MyType<T: Type> = MyStruct<T>;
+///
+/// // you can then use Fayalite's standard syntax for creating dynamic types at runtime:
+///
+/// let ty = MyType[UInt[3]];
+/// assert_eq!(ty, MyStruct[UInt[3]]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Type Alias that gets a [`Type`] from a [`PhantomConst`]
+///
+/// This allows you to use some computed property of a [`PhantomConst`] to get a [`Type`] that you can use in other #[hdl] types.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use fayalite::{intern::Intern, prelude::*};
+/// #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+/// pub struct Config {
+///     pub foo: usize,
+///     pub bar: Bundle,
+/// }
+///
+/// // the expression inside `get` is called with `Interned<Config>` and returns `Array<Bundle>`
+/// #[hdl(get(|config| Array[config.bar][config.foo]))]
+/// pub type GetMyArray<P: PhantomConstGet<Config>> = Array<Bundle>;
+///
+/// // you can then use it in other types:
+///
+/// #[hdl(no_static)]
+/// pub struct WrapMyArray<P: Type + PhantomConstGet<Config>> {
+///     pub my_array: GetMyArray<P>,
+/// }
+///
+/// // you can then use Fayalite's standard syntax for creating dynamic types at runtime:
+/// let bar = Bundle::new(Default::default());
+/// let config = PhantomConst::new(Config { foo: 12, bar }.intern_sized());
+/// let ty = WrapMyArray[config];
+/// assert_eq!(ty.my_array, Array[bar][12]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Type Alias that gets a [`Size`] from a [`PhantomConst`]
+///
+/// This allows you to use some computed property of a [`PhantomConst`] to get a [`Size`] that you can use in other #[hdl] types.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use fayalite::{intern::Intern, prelude::*};
+/// # #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+/// # pub struct ConfigItem {}
+/// # impl ConfigItem {
+/// #     pub fn new() -> Self {
+/// #         Self {}
+/// #     }
+/// # }
+/// #[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+/// pub struct Config {
+///     pub items: Vec<ConfigItem>,
+/// }
+///
+/// // the expression inside `get` is called with `Interned<Config>` and returns `usize` (not DynSize)
+/// #[hdl(get(|config| config.items.len()))]
+/// pub type GetItemsLen<P: PhantomConstGet<Config>> = DynSize; // must be DynSize
+///
+/// // you can then use it in other types:
+///
+/// #[hdl(no_static)]
+/// pub struct FlagPerItem<P: Type + PhantomConstGet<Config>> {
+///     pub flags: ArrayType<Bool, GetItemsLen<P>>,
+/// }
+///
+/// // you can then use Fayalite's standard syntax for creating dynamic types at runtime:
+/// let config = PhantomConst::new(Config { items: vec![ConfigItem::new(); 5] }.intern_sized());
+/// let ty = FlagPerItem[config];
+/// assert_eq!(ty.flags, Array[Bool][5]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`PhantomConst`]: crate::phantom_const::PhantomConst
+/// [`Size`]: crate::int::Size
+/// [`Type`]: crate::ty::Type
 pub use fayalite_proc_macros::hdl;
 
 pub use bitvec;

crates/fayalite/src/phantom_const.rs

@@ -415,3 +415,71 @@ impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> ToSimValueWithType<CanonicalType> for Phanto
         SimValue::into_canonical(SimValue::from_value(Self::from_canonical(ty), *self))
     }
 }
+
+mod sealed {
+    pub trait Sealed<T: ?Sized> {}
+}
+
+pub trait PhantomConstGet<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue>: sealed::Sealed<T> {
+    fn get(&self) -> Interned<T>;
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue, This: ?Sized + std::ops::Deref<Target: PhantomConstGet<T>>>
+    sealed::Sealed<T> for This
+{
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue, This: ?Sized + std::ops::Deref<Target: PhantomConstGet<T>>>
+    PhantomConstGet<T> for This
+{
+    fn get(&self) -> Interned<T> {
+        This::Target::get(&**self)
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_phantom_const_get {
+    (
+        impl PhantomConstGet<$T:ident> for $ty:ty {
+            fn $get:ident(&$get_self:ident) -> _ $get_body:block
+        }
+    ) => {
+        impl<$T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> sealed::Sealed<$T> for $ty {}
+
+        impl<$T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue> PhantomConstGet<$T> for $ty {
+            fn $get(&$get_self) -> Interned<$T> $get_body
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_phantom_const_get! {
+    impl PhantomConstGet<T> for PhantomConst<T> {
+        fn get(&self) -> _ {
+            PhantomConst::get(*self)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl_phantom_const_get! {
+    impl PhantomConstGet<T> for Expr<PhantomConst<T>> {
+        fn get(&self) -> _ {
+            PhantomConst::get(Expr::ty(*self))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub trait ReturnSelfUnchanged<T: ?Sized> {
+    type Type: ?Sized;
+}
+
+impl<This: ?Sized, T: ?Sized> ReturnSelfUnchanged<T> for This {
+    type Type = This;
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn type_alias_phantom_const_get_helper<T: ?Sized + PhantomConstValue, R: Intern + Clone>(
+    param: impl PhantomConstGet<T>,
+    get: impl FnOnce(Interned<T>) -> R,
+) -> &'static R {
+    Interned::into_inner(get(param.get()).intern_sized())
+}

crates/fayalite/src/prelude.rs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub use crate::{
         Instance, Module, ModuleBuilder, annotate, connect, connect_any, incomplete_wire, instance,
         memory, memory_array, memory_with_init, reg_builder, wire,
     },
-    phantom_const::PhantomConst,
+    phantom_const::{PhantomConst, PhantomConstGet},
     platform::{DynPlatform, Platform, PlatformIOBuilder, peripherals},
     reg::Reg,
     reset::{AsyncReset, Reset, SyncReset, ToAsyncReset, ToReset, ToSyncReset},
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ pub use crate::{
         value::{SimOnly, SimOnlyValue, SimValue, ToSimValue, ToSimValueWithType},
     },
     source_location::SourceLocation,
-    testing::assert_formal,
+    testing::{FormalMode, assert_formal},
     ty::{AsMask, CanonicalType, Type},
     util::{ConstUsize, GenericConstUsize},
     wire::Wire,

crates/fayalite/src/sim.rs

@@ -1522,7 +1522,7 @@ struct SimulationImpl {
     state_ready_to_run: bool,
     trace_decls: TraceModule,
     traces: SimTraces<Box<[SimTrace<SimTraceKind, SimTraceState>]>>,
-    trace_memories: HashMap<StatePartIndex<StatePartKindMemories>, TraceMem>,
+    trace_memories: BTreeMap<StatePartIndex<StatePartKindMemories>, TraceMem>,
     trace_writers: Vec<TraceWriterState<DynTraceWriterDecls>>,
     instant: SimInstant,
     clocks_triggered: Interned<[StatePartIndex<StatePartKindSmallSlots>]>,
@@ -1622,7 +1622,7 @@ impl SimulationImpl {
                     last_state: kind.make_state(),
                 },
             ))),
-            trace_memories: HashMap::from_iter(compiled.trace_memories.iter().copied()),
+            trace_memories: BTreeMap::from_iter(compiled.trace_memories.iter().copied()),
             trace_writers: vec![],
             instant: SimInstant::START,
             clocks_triggered: compiled.clocks_triggered,

crates/fayalite/src/testing.rs

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ use crate::{
         NoArgs, RunBuild,
         external::{ExternalCommandArgs, ExternalCommandJobKind},
         firrtl::{FirrtlArgs, FirrtlJobKind},
-        formal::{Formal, FormalAdditionalArgs, FormalArgs, FormalMode, WriteSbyFileJobKind},
+        formal::{Formal, FormalAdditionalArgs, FormalArgs, WriteSbyFileJobKind},
         verilog::{UnadjustedVerilogArgs, VerilogJobArgs, VerilogJobKind},
     },
     bundle::BundleType,
@@ -14,14 +14,43 @@ use crate::{
     module::Module,
     util::HashMap,
 };
-use serde::Deserialize;
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 use std::{
-    fmt::Write,
+    fmt::{self, Write},
     path::{Path, PathBuf},
     process::Command,
     sync::{Mutex, OnceLock},
 };
 
+#[derive(
+    clap::ValueEnum, Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Default, Deserialize, Serialize,
+)]
+#[non_exhaustive]
+pub enum FormalMode {
+    #[default]
+    BMC,
+    Prove,
+    Live,
+    Cover,
+}
+
+impl FormalMode {
+    pub fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            FormalMode::BMC => "bmc",
+            FormalMode::Prove => "prove",
+            FormalMode::Live => "live",
+            FormalMode::Cover => "cover",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl fmt::Display for FormalMode {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str(self.as_str())
+    }
+}
+
 #[derive(Deserialize)]
 struct CargoMetadata {
     target_directory: String,

crates/fayalite/src/util/ready_valid.rs

@@ -212,9 +212,7 @@ pub fn queue<T: Type>(
 mod tests {
     use super::*;
     use crate::{
-        build::formal::FormalMode, firrtl::ExportOptions,
+        firrtl::ExportOptions, module::transform::simplify_enums::SimplifyEnumsKind, ty::StaticType,
-        module::transform::simplify_enums::SimplifyEnumsKind, testing::assert_formal,
-        ty::StaticType,
     };
     use std::num::NonZero;
 

crates/fayalite/tests/formal.rs

@@ -2,19 +2,7 @@
 // See Notices.txt for copyright information
 //! Formal tests in Fayalite
 
-use fayalite::{
+use fayalite::prelude::*;
-    build::formal::FormalMode,
-    clock::{Clock, ClockDomain},
-    expr::{CastTo, HdlPartialEq},
-    firrtl::ExportOptions,
-    formal::{any_const, any_seq, formal_reset, hdl_assert, hdl_assume},
-    hdl, hdl_module,
-    int::{Bool, DynSize, Size, UInt, UIntType},
-    module::{connect, connect_any, instance, memory, reg_builder, wire},
-    reset::ToReset,
-    testing::assert_formal,
-    ty::StaticType,
-};
 
 /// Test hidden state
 ///
@@ -119,7 +107,7 @@ mod hidden_state {
             FormalMode::Prove,
             16,
             None,
-            ExportOptions::default(),
+            Default::default(),
         );
         // here a couple of cycles is enough
         assert_formal(
@@ -128,7 +116,7 @@ mod hidden_state {
             FormalMode::Prove,
             2,
             None,
-            ExportOptions::default(),
+            Default::default(),
         );
     }
 }
@@ -242,7 +230,7 @@ mod memory {
             #[hdl]
             let wr: WritePort<DynSize> = wire(WritePort[n]);
             connect(wr.addr, any_seq(UInt[n]));
-            connect(wr.data, any_seq(UInt::<8>::TYPE));
+            connect(wr.data, any_seq(UInt::<8>::new_static()));
             connect(wr.en, any_seq(Bool));
             #[hdl]
             let dut = instance(example_sram(n));
@@ -289,7 +277,7 @@ mod memory {
             FormalMode::Prove,
             2,
             None,
-            ExportOptions::default(),
+            Default::default(),
         );
     }
 }

crates/fayalite/tests/hdl_types.rs

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ use fayalite::{
     bundle::BundleType,
     enum_::EnumType,
     int::{BoolOrIntType, IntType},
-    phantom_const::PhantomConst,
     prelude::*,
     ty::StaticType,
 };
@@ -197,3 +196,21 @@ check_bounds!(CheckBoundsTTT2<#[a, Type] A: BundleType +, #[b, Type] B: Type +,
 check_bounds!(CheckBoundsTTT3<#[a, Type] A: EnumType +, #[b, Type] B: Type +, #[c, Type] C: Type +>);
 check_bounds!(CheckBoundsTTT4<#[a, Type] A: IntType +, #[b, Type] B: Type +, #[c, Type] C: Type +>);
 check_bounds!(CheckBoundsTTT5<#[a, Type] A: StaticType +, #[b, Type] B: Type +, #[c, Type] C: Type +>);
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug, serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+pub struct MyPhantomConstInner {
+    pub a: usize,
+    pub b: UInt,
+}
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated, get(|v| v.a))]
+pub type GetA<P: PhantomConstGet<MyPhantomConstInner>> = DynSize;
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated, get(|v| v.b))]
+pub type GetB<P: PhantomConstGet<MyPhantomConstInner>> = UInt;
+
+#[hdl(outline_generated, no_static)]
+pub struct MyTypeWithPhantomConstParameter<P: Type + PhantomConstGet<MyPhantomConstInner>> {
+    pub a: ArrayType<Bool, GetA<P>>,
+    pub b: HdlOption<GetB<P>>,
+}

crates/fayalite/tests/sim.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 use fayalite::{
     memory::{ReadStruct, ReadWriteStruct, WriteStruct},
-    module::{instance_with_loc, reg_builder_with_loc},
+    module::{instance_with_loc, memory_with_init_and_loc, reg_builder_with_loc},
     prelude::*,
     reset::ResetType,
     sim::vcd::VcdWriterDecls,
@@ -1261,6 +1261,310 @@ fn test_memories3() {
     }
 }
 
+#[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
+pub fn many_memories() {
+    #[hdl]
+    let r: Array<ReadStruct<Bool, ConstUsize<4>>, 8> = m.input();
+    #[hdl]
+    let w: Array<WriteStruct<Bool, ConstUsize<4>>, 8> = m.input();
+    for (mem_index, (r, w)) in r.into_iter().zip(w).enumerate() {
+        let mut mem = memory_with_init_and_loc(
+            &format!("mem_{mem_index}"),
+            (0..16)
+                .map(|bit_index| mem_index.pow(5).to_expr()[bit_index])
+                .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+            SourceLocation::caller(),
+        );
+        connect_any(mem.new_read_port(), r);
+        connect_any(mem.new_write_port(), w);
+    }
+}
+
+#[hdl]
+#[test]
+fn test_many_memories() {
+    let _n = SourceLocation::normalize_files_for_tests();
+    let mut sim = Simulation::new(many_memories());
+    let mut writer = RcWriter::default();
+    sim.add_trace_writer(VcdWriterDecls::new(writer.clone()));
+    for r in sim.io().r {
+        sim.write_clock(r.clk, false);
+    }
+    for w in sim.io().w {
+        sim.write_clock(w.clk, false);
+    }
+    #[hdl(cmp_eq)]
+    struct IO {
+        r_addr: UInt<4>,
+        r_en: Bool,
+        r_data: Array<Bool, 8>,
+        w_addr: UInt<4>,
+        w_en: Bool,
+        w_data: Array<Bool, 8>,
+        w_mask: Array<Bool, 8>,
+    }
+    let io_cycles = [
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: false,
+            r_data: [false; 8],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [false; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, true, false, true, false, true, false, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: true,
+            w_data: [true; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [true; 8],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: true,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false; 8],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 1_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, true, false, false, false, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 2_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, true, false, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 3_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 4_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, true, false, true, false, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 5_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, true, true, false, true, true, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 6_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, true, false, false, true, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 7_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, true, false, false, false, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 8_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 9_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, true, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0xA_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, true, true, true, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0xB_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, true, true, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0xC_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, true, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0xD_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0xE_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, true],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr: 0xF_hdl_u4,
+            r_en: true,
+            r_data: [false, false, false, false, false, false, false, false],
+            w_addr: 0_hdl_u4,
+            w_en: false,
+            w_data: [false; 8],
+            w_mask: [true; 8],
+        },
+    ];
+    for (cycle, expected) in io_cycles.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        #[hdl(sim)]
+        let IO {
+            r_addr,
+            r_en,
+            r_data: _,
+            w_addr,
+            w_en,
+            w_data,
+            w_mask,
+        } = expected;
+        for (((r, w), w_data), w_mask) in sim
+            .io()
+            .r
+            .into_iter()
+            .zip(sim.io().w)
+            .zip(w_data.iter())
+            .zip(w_mask.iter())
+        {
+            sim.write(r.addr, &r_addr);
+            sim.write(r.en, &r_en);
+            sim.write(w.addr, &w_addr);
+            sim.write(w.en, &w_en);
+            sim.write(w.data, w_data);
+            sim.write(w.mask, w_mask);
+        }
+        let io = #[hdl(sim)]
+        IO {
+            r_addr,
+            r_en,
+            r_data: std::array::from_fn(|i| sim.read(sim.io().r[i].data)),
+            w_addr,
+            w_en,
+            w_data,
+            w_mask,
+        };
+        assert_eq!(
+            expected,
+            io,
+            "vcd:\n{}\ncycle: {cycle}",
+            String::from_utf8(writer.take()).unwrap(),
+        );
+        sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
+        for r in sim.io().r {
+            sim.write_clock(r.clk, true);
+        }
+        for w in sim.io().w {
+            sim.write_clock(w.clk, true);
+        }
+        sim.advance_time(SimDuration::from_micros(1));
+        for r in sim.io().r {
+            sim.write_clock(r.clk, false);
+        }
+        for w in sim.io().w {
+            sim.write_clock(w.clk, false);
+        }
+    }
+    sim.flush_traces().unwrap();
+    let vcd = String::from_utf8(writer.take()).unwrap();
+    println!("####### VCD:\n{vcd}\n#######");
+    if vcd != include_str!("sim/expected/many_memories.vcd") {
+        panic!();
+    }
+    let sim_debug = format!("{sim:#?}");
+    println!("#######\n{sim_debug}\n#######");
+    if sim_debug != include_str!("sim/expected/many_memories.txt") {
+        panic!();
+    }
+}
+
 #[hdl_module(outline_generated)]
 pub fn duplicate_names() {
     #[hdl]