diff --git a/src/sat/sat_bdd.cpp b/src/sat/sat_bdd.cpp
index 3125b2a3a..e44bf7944 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_bdd.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/sat_bdd.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ Revision History:
 namespace sat {
 
     bdd_manager::bdd_manager(unsigned num_vars) {
+        m_cost_metric = bdd_cost;
+        m_cost_bdd = 0;
         for (BDD a = 0; a < 2; ++a) {
             for (BDD b = 0; b < 2; ++b) {
                 for (unsigned op = bdd_and_op; op < bdd_not_op; ++op) {                
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ namespace sat {
             m_alloc.deallocate(sizeof(*m_spare_entry), m_spare_entry);
         }
         for (auto* e : m_op_cache) {
+            VERIFY(e != m_spare_entry);
             m_alloc.deallocate(sizeof(*e), e);
         }
     }
@@ -78,16 +81,21 @@ namespace sat {
 
     bdd_manager::BDD bdd_manager::apply(BDD arg1, BDD arg2, bdd_op op) {
         bool first = true;
+        SASSERT(well_formed());
         while (true) {
             try {
                 return apply_rec(arg1, arg2, op);
             }
             catch (mem_out) {
+                throw;
+#if 0
                 try_reorder();
                 if (!first) throw;
                 first = false;
+#endif
             }
         }
+        SASSERT(well_formed());
     }
 
 
@@ -101,17 +109,20 @@ namespace sat {
 
 
     bool bdd_manager::check_result(op_entry*& e1, op_entry const* e2, BDD a, BDD b, BDD c) {
+        // std::cout << a << " " << b << " " << c << " " << e1 << " " << e2 << "\n";
         if (e1 != e2) {
+            VERIFY(e2->m_result != -1);
             push_entry(e1);
-            if (e2->m_bdd1 == a && e2->m_bdd2 == b && e2->m_op == c) {
-                return true;
-            }
-            e1 = const_cast<op_entry*>(e2);
+            e1 = nullptr;
+            return true;            
+        }
+        else {
+            e1->m_bdd1 = a;
+            e1->m_bdd2 = b;
+            e1->m_op = c;
+            VERIFY(e1->m_result == -1);
+            return false;        
         }
-        e1->m_bdd1 = a;
-        e1->m_bdd2 = b;
-        e1->m_op = c;
-        return false;        
     }
 
     bdd_manager::BDD bdd_manager::apply_rec(BDD a, BDD b, bdd_op op) {
@@ -143,8 +154,10 @@ namespace sat {
         op_entry * e1 = pop_entry(a, b, op);
         op_entry const* e2 = m_op_cache.insert_if_not_there(e1);
         if (check_result(e1, e2, a, b, op)) {
+            SASSERT(!m_free_nodes.contains(e2->m_result));
             return e2->m_result;
         }
+        // VERIFY(well_formed());
         BDD r;
         if (level(a) == level(b)) {
             push(apply_rec(lo(a), lo(b), op));
@@ -163,6 +176,8 @@ namespace sat {
         }
         pop(2);
         e1->m_result = r;
+        // VERIFY(well_formed());
+        SASSERT(!m_free_nodes.contains(r));
         return r;
     }
 
@@ -190,6 +205,7 @@ namespace sat {
         else {
             void * mem = m_alloc.allocate(sizeof(op_entry));
             result = new (mem) op_entry(l, r, op);
+            // std::cout << "alloc: " << result << "\n";
         }
         result->m_result = -1;
         return result;
@@ -200,16 +216,22 @@ namespace sat {
         m_spare_entry = e;
     }
 
-    bdd_manager::BDD bdd_manager::make_node(unsigned level, BDD l, BDD r) {
+    bdd_manager::BDD bdd_manager::make_node(unsigned lvl, BDD l, BDD h) {
         m_is_new_node = false;
-        if (l == r) {
+        if (l == h) {
             return l;
         }
+        if (!is_const(l) && level(l) >= lvl) {
+            display(std::cout << l << " level: " << level(l) << " lvl: " << lvl << "\n");
+        }
+        VERIFY(is_const(l) || level(l) < lvl);
+        VERIFY(is_const(h) || level(h) < lvl);
 
-        bdd_node n(level, l, r);
+        bdd_node n(lvl, l, h);
         node_table::entry* e = m_node_table.insert_if_not_there2(n);
         if (e->get_data().m_index != 0) {
-            return e->get_data().m_index;
+            unsigned result = e->get_data().m_index;
+            return result;
         }
         e->get_data().m_refcount = 0;
         bool do_gc = m_free_nodes.empty();
@@ -226,25 +248,50 @@ namespace sat {
         }
 
         SASSERT(!m_free_nodes.empty());
-        e->get_data().m_index = m_free_nodes.back();
-        m_nodes[e->get_data().m_index] = e->get_data();
-        m_free_nodes.pop_back();        
-        m_is_new_node = true;
-        return e->get_data().m_index;
+        unsigned result = m_free_nodes.back();
+        m_free_nodes.pop_back();
+        e->get_data().m_index = result;
+        m_nodes[result] = e->get_data();
+        m_is_new_node = true;        
+        SASSERT(!m_free_nodes.contains(result));
+        SASSERT(m_nodes[result].m_index == result); 
+        return result;
     }
 
+    void bdd_manager::try_cnf_reorder(bdd const& b) {
+        m_cost_bdd = b.root;
+        m_cost_metric = cnf_cost;
+        try_reorder();
+        m_cost_metric = bdd_cost;
+        m_cost_bdd = 0;
+    }    
+
     void bdd_manager::try_reorder() {
+        gc();        
+        for (auto* e : m_op_cache) {
+            m_alloc.deallocate(sizeof(*e), e);
+        }
+        m_op_cache.reset();
         init_reorder();
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_var2level.size(); ++i) {
             sift_var(i);
         }
+        SASSERT(m_op_cache.empty());
+        SASSERT(well_formed());
     }
 
     double bdd_manager::current_cost() {
-#if 0
-        
-#endif
-        return m_nodes.size() - m_free_nodes.size();
+        switch (m_cost_metric) {
+        case bdd_cost: 
+            return m_nodes.size() - m_free_nodes.size();
+        case cnf_cost:
+            return cnf_size(m_cost_bdd);
+        case dnf_cost:
+            return dnf_size(m_cost_bdd);
+        default:
+            UNREACHABLE();
+            return 0;
+        }
     }
 
     bool bdd_manager::is_bad_cost(double current_cost, double best_cost) const {
@@ -306,9 +353,11 @@ namespace sat {
 
     void bdd_manager::sift_up(unsigned lvl) {
         if (m_level2nodes[lvl].empty()) return;
+        // VERIFY(well_formed());
         // exchange level and level + 1.
         m_S.reset();
         m_T.reset();
+        m_to_free.reset();
         m_disable_gc = true;
 
         for (unsigned n : m_level2nodes[lvl + 1]) {
@@ -320,6 +369,8 @@ namespace sat {
                 m_S.push_back(n);
             }
             else {
+                reorder_decref(l);            
+                reorder_decref(h);            
                 m_T.push_back(n);
             }
             TRACE("bdd", tout << "remove " << n << "\n";);
@@ -331,14 +382,12 @@ namespace sat {
         for (unsigned n : m_level2nodes[lvl]) {
             bdd_node& node = m_nodes[n];
             m_node_table.remove(node);
-            if (m_max_parent[n] == lvl + 1 && node.m_refcount == 0) {
-                TRACE("bdd", tout << "free " << n << "\n";);
-                node.set_internal();
-                m_free_nodes.push_back(n);
+            node.m_level = lvl + 1;
+            if (m_reorder_rc[n] == 0) {
+                m_to_free.push_back(n);
             }
             else {
                 TRACE("bdd", tout << "set level " << n << " to " << lvl + 1 << "\n";);
-                node.m_level = lvl + 1;
                 m_node_table.insert(node);
                 m_level2nodes[lvl + 1].push_back(n);
             }
@@ -352,19 +401,18 @@ namespace sat {
         }
 
         for (unsigned n : m_T) {
-            TRACE("bdd", tout << "transform " << n << "\n";);
             BDD l = lo(n);
             BDD h = hi(n);
             if (l == 0 && h == 0) continue;
             BDD a, b, c, d;
-            if (level(l) == lvl) {
+            if (level(l) == lvl + 1) { 
                 a = lo(l);
                 b = hi(l);
             }
             else {
                 a = b = l;
             }
-            if (level(h) == lvl) {
+            if (level(h) == lvl + 1) { 
                 c = lo(h);
                 d = hi(h);
             }
@@ -375,15 +423,22 @@ namespace sat {
             unsigned ac = make_node(lvl, a, c);
             if (is_new_node()) {
                 m_level2nodes[lvl].push_back(ac);
-                m_max_parent.setx(ac, lvl + 1, 0);
+                m_reorder_rc.reserve(ac+1);
+                reorder_incref(a);
+                reorder_incref(c);
             }
             unsigned bd = make_node(lvl, b, d);
             if (is_new_node()) {
                 m_level2nodes[lvl].push_back(bd);
-                m_max_parent.setx(bd, lvl + 1, 0);
+                m_reorder_rc.reserve(bd+1);
+                reorder_incref(b);
+                reorder_incref(d);
             }
             m_nodes[n].m_lo = ac;
             m_nodes[n].m_hi = bd;
+            reorder_incref(ac);
+            reorder_incref(bd);
+            TRACE("bdd", tout << "transform " << n << " " << " " << a << " " << b << " " << c << " " << d << " " << ac << " " << bd << "\n";);
             m_node_table.insert(m_nodes[n]);
         }
         unsigned v = m_level2var[lvl];
@@ -391,6 +446,30 @@ namespace sat {
         std::swap(m_level2var[lvl], m_level2var[lvl+1]);
         std::swap(m_var2level[v], m_var2level[w]);
         m_disable_gc = false;
+
+        // add orphaned nodes to free-list
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_to_free.size(); ++i) {
+            unsigned n = m_to_free[i];
+            bdd_node& node = m_nodes[n];
+            if (!node.is_internal()) {
+                VERIFY(!m_free_nodes.contains(n));
+                VERIFY(node.m_refcount == 0);
+                m_free_nodes.push_back(n);
+                m_node_table.remove(node);
+                BDD l = lo(n);
+                BDD h = hi(n);
+                node.set_internal();
+
+                reorder_decref(l);
+                if (!m_nodes[l].is_internal() && m_reorder_rc[l] == 0) {
+                    m_to_free.push_back(l);
+                }
+                reorder_decref(h);
+                if (!m_nodes[h].is_internal() && m_reorder_rc[h] == 0) {
+                    m_to_free.push_back(h);
+                }
+            }
+        }
         TRACE("bdd", tout << "sift " << lvl << "\n"; display(tout); );
         DEBUG_CODE(
             for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_level2nodes.size(); ++i) {
@@ -399,12 +478,24 @@ namespace sat {
                     SASSERT(node.m_level == i);
                 }
             });
+        
+        TRACE("bdd", 
+              for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_nodes.size(); ++i) {
+                if (m_reorder_rc[i] != 0) {
+                    tout << i << " " << m_reorder_rc[i] << "\n";
+                }});
+        
+        // VERIFY(well_formed());
     }
 
     void bdd_manager::init_reorder() {
         m_level2nodes.reset();
         unsigned sz = m_nodes.size();
-        m_max_parent.fill(sz, 0);
+        m_reorder_rc.fill(sz, 0);
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
+            if (m_nodes[i].m_refcount > 0) 
+                m_reorder_rc[i] = UINT_MAX;
+        }
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < sz; ++i) {
             bdd_node const& n = m_nodes[i];
             if (n.is_internal()) continue;
@@ -412,8 +503,8 @@ namespace sat {
             SASSERT(i == m_nodes[i].m_index);
             m_level2nodes.reserve(lvl + 1);
             m_level2nodes[lvl].push_back(i);
-            m_max_parent[n.m_lo] = std::max(m_max_parent[n.m_lo], lvl);
-            m_max_parent[n.m_hi] = std::max(m_max_parent[n.m_hi], lvl);
+            reorder_incref(n.m_lo);
+            reorder_incref(n.m_hi);
         }
         TRACE("bdd",
               display(tout);
@@ -421,11 +512,19 @@ namespace sat {
                   bdd_node const& n = m_nodes[i];
                   if (n.is_internal()) continue;
                   unsigned lvl = n.m_level;
-                  tout << "lvl: " << lvl << " parent: " << m_max_parent[i] << " lo " << n.m_lo << " hi " << n.m_hi << "\n";
+                  tout << i << " lvl: " << lvl << " rc: " << m_reorder_rc[i] << " lo " << n.m_lo << " hi " << n.m_hi << "\n";
               }
               );
     }
 
+    void bdd_manager::reorder_incref(unsigned n) {
+        if (m_reorder_rc[n] != UINT_MAX) m_reorder_rc[n]++;
+    }
+
+    void bdd_manager::reorder_decref(unsigned n) {
+        if (m_reorder_rc[n] != UINT_MAX) m_reorder_rc[n]--;
+    }
+
     void bdd_manager::reserve_var(unsigned i) {
         while (m_var2level.size() <= i) {
             unsigned v = m_var2level.size();
@@ -455,9 +554,12 @@ namespace sat {
                 return bdd(mk_not_rec(b.root), this);
             }
             catch (mem_out) {
+                throw;
+#if 0
                 try_reorder();
                 if (!first) throw;
                 first = false;
+#endif
             }
         }
     }
@@ -532,12 +634,13 @@ namespace sat {
         push(mk_ite_rec(a1, b1, c1));
         push(mk_ite_rec(a2, b2, c2));
         r = make_node(lvl, read(2), read(1));
-        pop(2);                   
+        pop(2);          
         e1->m_result = r;
         return r;
     }
 
     bdd bdd_manager::mk_exists(unsigned n, unsigned const* vars, bdd const& b) {
+        // VERIFY(well_formed());
         return bdd(mk_quant(n, vars, b.root, bdd_or_op), this);
     }
 
@@ -570,9 +673,11 @@ namespace sat {
             bdd_op q_op = op == bdd_and_op ? bdd_and_proj_op : bdd_or_proj_op;
             op_entry * e1 = pop_entry(a, b, q_op);
             op_entry const* e2 = m_op_cache.insert_if_not_there(e1);
-            if (check_result(e1, e2, a, b, q_op)) 
+            if (check_result(e1, e2, a, b, q_op)) {
                 r = e2->m_result;
+            }
             else {
+                VERIFY(e1->m_result == -1);
                 push(mk_quant_rec(l, lo(b), op));
                 push(mk_quant_rec(l, hi(b), op));
                 r = make_node(lvl, read(2), read(1));
@@ -580,26 +685,29 @@ namespace sat {
                 e1->m_result = r;
             }
         }
+        VERIFY(r != UINT_MAX);
         return r;
     }
 
-    double bdd_manager::count(bdd const& b, unsigned z) {
+    double bdd_manager::count(BDD b, unsigned z) {
         init_mark();
         m_count.resize(m_nodes.size());
         m_count[0] = z;
         m_count[1] = 1-z;
         set_mark(0);
         set_mark(1);
-        m_todo.push_back(b.root);
+        m_todo.push_back(b);
         while (!m_todo.empty()) {
             BDD r = m_todo.back();
             if (is_marked(r)) {
                 m_todo.pop_back();
             }
             else if (!is_marked(lo(r))) {
+                VERIFY (is_const(r) || r != lo(r));
                 m_todo.push_back(lo(r));
             }
             else if (!is_marked(hi(r))) {
+                VERIFY (is_const(r) || r != hi(r));
                 m_todo.push_back(hi(r));
             }
             else {
@@ -608,7 +716,7 @@ namespace sat {
                 m_todo.pop_back();
             }
         }
-        return m_count[b.root];
+        return m_count[b];
     }
 
     unsigned bdd_manager::bdd_size(bdd const& b) {
@@ -644,8 +752,8 @@ namespace sat {
     }
 
     void bdd_manager::gc() {
+        m_free_nodes.reset();
         IF_VERBOSE(3, verbose_stream() << "(bdd :gc " << m_nodes.size() << ")\n";);
-        SASSERT(m_free_nodes.empty());
         svector<bool> reachable(m_nodes.size(), false);
         for (unsigned i = m_bdd_stack.size(); i-- > 0; ) {
             reachable[m_bdd_stack[i]] = true;
@@ -674,6 +782,7 @@ namespace sat {
         for (unsigned i = m_nodes.size(); i-- > 2; ) {
             if (!reachable[i]) {
                 m_nodes[i].set_internal();
+                VERIFY(m_nodes[i].m_refcount == 0);
                 m_free_nodes.push_back(i);                
             }
         }
@@ -681,10 +790,25 @@ namespace sat {
         std::sort(m_free_nodes.begin(), m_free_nodes.end());
         m_free_nodes.reverse();
 
-        for (auto* e : m_op_cache) {
-            m_alloc.deallocate(sizeof(*e), e);
+        ptr_vector<op_entry> to_delete, to_keep;
+        for (auto* e : m_op_cache) {            
+            // std::cout << "check: " << e << "\n";
+            if (!reachable[e->m_bdd1] || !reachable[e->m_bdd2] || !reachable[e->m_op] || (e->m_result != -1 && !reachable[e->m_result])) {
+                to_delete.push_back(e);
+            }
+            else {
+                to_keep.push_back(e);
+            }
         }
         m_op_cache.reset();
+        for (op_entry* e : to_delete) {
+            // std::cout << "erase: " << e << "\n";
+            m_alloc.deallocate(sizeof(*e), e);
+        }
+        for (op_entry* e : to_keep) {
+            m_op_cache.insert(e);
+        }
+
         m_node_table.reset();
         // re-populate node cache
         for (unsigned i = m_nodes.size(); i-- > 2; ) {
@@ -693,6 +817,7 @@ namespace sat {
                 m_node_table.insert(m_nodes[i]);
             }
         }
+        SASSERT(well_formed());
     }
 
     void bdd_manager::init_mark() {
@@ -707,6 +832,7 @@ namespace sat {
     std::ostream& bdd_manager::display(std::ostream& out, bdd const& b) {
         init_mark();
         m_todo.push_back(b.root);
+        m_reorder_rc.reserve(m_nodes.size());
         while (!m_todo.empty()) {
             BDD r = m_todo.back();
             if (is_marked(r)) {
@@ -723,7 +849,7 @@ namespace sat {
                 m_todo.push_back(hi(r));
             }
             else {
-                out << r << " : " << var(r) << " " << lo(r) << " " << hi(r) << "\n";
+                out << r << " : " << var(r) << " @ " << level(r) << " " << lo(r) << " " << hi(r) << " " << m_reorder_rc[r] << "\n";
                 set_mark(r);
                 m_todo.pop_back();
             }
@@ -731,30 +857,52 @@ namespace sat {
         return out;
     }
 
-    void bdd_manager::well_formed() {
+    bool bdd_manager::well_formed() {
         for (unsigned n : m_free_nodes) {
-            VERIFY(lo(n) == 0 && hi(n) == 0 && m_nodes[n].m_refcount == 0);
+            if (!(lo(n) == 0 && hi(n) == 0 && m_nodes[n].m_refcount == 0)) {
+                std::cout << "free node is not internal " << n << " " << lo(n) << " " << hi(n) << " " << m_nodes[n].m_refcount << "\n";
+                display(std::cout);
+                UNREACHABLE();
+            }
         }
         for (bdd_node const& n : m_nodes) {
             if (n.is_internal()) continue;
             unsigned lvl = n.m_level;
             BDD lo = n.m_lo;
             BDD hi = n.m_hi;
+            if (!is_const(lo) && level(lo) >= lvl) {
+                std::cout << n.m_index << " lo: " << lo << "\n";
+                display(std::cout);
+            }
             VERIFY(is_const(lo) || level(lo) < lvl);
+            if (!is_const(hi) && level(hi) >= lvl) {
+                std::cout << n.m_index << " hi: " << hi << "\n";
+                display(std::cout);
+            }
             VERIFY(is_const(hi) || level(hi) < lvl);
+            if (!is_const(lo) && m_nodes[lo].is_internal()) {
+                std::cout << n.m_index << " lo: " << lo << "\n";
+                display(std::cout);
+            }
+            if (!is_const(hi) && m_nodes[hi].is_internal()) {
+                std::cout << n.m_index << " hi: " << hi << "\n";
+                display(std::cout);
+            }
+            VERIFY(is_const(lo) || !m_nodes[lo].is_internal());
+            VERIFY(is_const(hi) || !m_nodes[hi].is_internal());
         }
+        return true;
     }
 
     std::ostream& bdd_manager::display(std::ostream& out) {
+        m_reorder_rc.reserve(m_nodes.size());
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_nodes.size(); ++i) {
             bdd_node const& n = m_nodes[i];
             if (n.is_internal()) continue;
-            out << i << " : " << m_level2var[n.m_level] << " " << n.m_lo << " " << n.m_hi << "\n";
+            out << i << " : v" << m_level2var[n.m_level] << " " << n.m_lo << " " << n.m_hi << " rc " << m_reorder_rc[i] << "\n";
         }
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_level2nodes.size(); ++i) {
-            out << i << " : ";
-            for (unsigned l : m_level2nodes[i]) out << l << " ";
-            out << "\n";
+            out << "level: " << i << " : " << m_level2nodes[i] << "\n";
         }
         return out;
     }
diff --git a/src/sat/sat_bdd.h b/src/sat/sat_bdd.h
index 41e45c822..41d1115b9 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_bdd.h
+++ b/src/sat/sat_bdd.h
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ namespace sat {
                 m_hi(hi),
                 m_index(0)
             {}
-            bdd_node(): m_level(0), m_lo(0), m_hi(0), m_index(0) {}
+            bdd_node(): m_refcount(0), m_level(0), m_lo(0), m_hi(0), m_index(0) {}
             unsigned m_refcount : 10;
             unsigned m_level : 22;
             BDD      m_lo;
@@ -58,7 +58,13 @@ namespace sat {
             unsigned m_index;
             unsigned hash() const { return mk_mix(m_level, m_lo, m_hi); }
             bool is_internal() const { return m_lo == 0 && m_hi == 0; }
-            void set_internal() { m_lo = m_hi = 0; }
+            void set_internal() { m_lo = 0; m_hi = 0; }
+        };
+
+        enum cost_metric {
+            cnf_cost,
+            dnf_cost,
+            bdd_cost
         };
 
         struct hash_node {
@@ -94,7 +100,7 @@ namespace sat {
 
         struct eq_entry {
             bool operator()(op_entry * a, op_entry * b) const { 
-                return a->hash() == b->hash(); 
+                return a->m_bdd1 == b->m_bdd2 && a->m_bdd2 == b->m_bdd2 && a->m_op == b->m_op;
             }
         };
 
@@ -117,9 +123,11 @@ namespace sat {
         bool                       m_disable_gc;
         bool                       m_is_new_node;
         unsigned                   m_max_num_bdd_nodes;
-        unsigned_vector            m_S, m_T;  // used for reordering
+        unsigned_vector            m_S, m_T, m_to_free;  // used for reordering
         vector<unsigned_vector>    m_level2nodes;
-        unsigned_vector            m_max_parent;
+        unsigned_vector            m_reorder_rc;
+        cost_metric                m_cost_metric;
+        BDD                        m_cost_bdd;
 
         BDD make_node(unsigned level, BDD l, BDD r);
         bool is_new_node() const { return m_is_new_node; }
@@ -141,15 +149,16 @@ namespace sat {
         void push_entry(op_entry* e);
         bool check_result(op_entry*& e1, op_entry const* e2, BDD a, BDD b, BDD c);
         
-        double count(bdd const& b, unsigned z);
+        double count(BDD b, unsigned z);
 
-        void gc();
         void alloc_free_nodes(unsigned n);
         void init_mark();
         void set_mark(unsigned i) { m_mark[i] = m_mark_level; }
         bool is_marked(unsigned i) { return m_mark[i] == m_mark_level; }
 
         void init_reorder();
+        void reorder_incref(unsigned n);
+        void reorder_decref(unsigned n);
         void sift_up(unsigned level);
         void sift_var(unsigned v);
         double current_cost();
@@ -166,12 +175,12 @@ namespace sat {
         inline unsigned var(BDD b) const { return m_level2var[level(b)]; }
         inline BDD lo(BDD b) const { return m_nodes[b].m_lo; }
         inline BDD hi(BDD b) const { return m_nodes[b].m_hi; }
-        inline void inc_ref(BDD b) { if (m_nodes[b].m_refcount != max_rc) m_nodes[b].m_refcount++; }
-        inline void dec_ref(BDD b) { if (m_nodes[b].m_refcount != max_rc) m_nodes[b].m_refcount--; }
+        inline void inc_ref(BDD b) { if (m_nodes[b].m_refcount != max_rc) m_nodes[b].m_refcount++; VERIFY(!m_free_nodes.contains(b)); }
+        inline void dec_ref(BDD b) { if (m_nodes[b].m_refcount != max_rc) m_nodes[b].m_refcount--; VERIFY(!m_free_nodes.contains(b)); }
         inline BDD level2bdd(unsigned l) const { return m_var2bdd[m_level2var[l]]; }
 
-        double dnf_size(bdd const& b) { return count(b, 0); }
-        double cnf_size(bdd const& b) { return count(b, 1); }
+        double dnf_size(BDD b) { return count(b, 0); }
+        double cnf_size(BDD b) { return count(b, 1); }
         unsigned bdd_size(bdd const& b);
 
         bdd mk_not(bdd b);
@@ -180,7 +189,7 @@ namespace sat {
         bdd mk_xor(bdd const& a, bdd const& b);
 
         void reserve_var(unsigned v);
-        void well_formed();
+        bool well_formed();
 
     public:
         struct mem_out {};
@@ -205,7 +214,9 @@ namespace sat {
         std::ostream& display(std::ostream& out);
         std::ostream& display(std::ostream& out, bdd const& b);
 
+        void gc();
         void try_reorder();
+        void try_cnf_reorder(bdd const& b);
     };
 
     class bdd {
@@ -234,8 +245,8 @@ namespace sat {
         std::ostream& display(std::ostream& out) const { return m->display(out, *this); }
         bool operator==(bdd const& other) const { return root == other.root; }
         bool operator!=(bdd const& other) const { return root != other.root; }
-        double cnf_size() const { return m->cnf_size(*this); }
-        double dnf_size() const { return m->dnf_size(*this); }
+        double cnf_size() const { return m->cnf_size(root); }
+        double dnf_size() const { return m->dnf_size(root); }
         unsigned bdd_size() const { return m->bdd_size(*this); }
     };
 
diff --git a/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.cpp b/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.cpp
index 6edc125ea..99c15c247 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.cpp
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ namespace sat{
     elim_vars::elim_vars(simplifier& s) : simp(s), s(s.s), m(20) {
         m_mark_lim = 0;
         m_max_literals = 11; 
+        m_miss = 0;
     }
 
     bool elim_vars::operator()(bool_var v) {
@@ -57,10 +58,11 @@ namespace sat{
         double sz1 = b1.cnf_size();
         if (sz1 > 2*clause_size) {
             return false;
-        }
+        }        
         if (sz1 <= clause_size) {
             return elim_var(v, b1);
         }
+        
         m_vars.reverse();
         bdd b2 = elim_var(v);
         double sz2 = b2.cnf_size();
@@ -73,6 +75,11 @@ namespace sat{
         if (sz3 <= clause_size) {
             return elim_var(v, b3);
         }
+#if 0
+        m.try_cnf_reorder(b3);
+        sz3 = b3.cnf_size();
+        if (sz3 <= clause_size) ++m_miss;
+#endif
         return false;
     }
 
diff --git a/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.h b/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.h
index 8893bbc40..e4843c41c 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.h
+++ b/src/sat/sat_elim_vars.h
@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ namespace sat {
         unsigned          m_mark_lim;
         unsigned_vector   m_var2index;
         unsigned_vector   m_occ;
+        unsigned          m_miss;
 
         unsigned m_max_literals;
 
@@ -61,6 +62,7 @@ namespace sat {
     public:
         elim_vars(simplifier& s);
         bool operator()(bool_var v);
+        unsigned miss() const { return m_miss; }
     };
 
 };
diff --git a/src/sat/sat_lookahead.cpp b/src/sat/sat_lookahead.cpp
index 5c039f664..be698fc46 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_lookahead.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/sat_lookahead.cpp
@@ -412,11 +412,17 @@ namespace sat {
         for (literal l1 : m_trail) {
             SASSERT(is_true(l1));
             for (literal l2 : m_binary[l1.index()]) {
+                VERIFY(is_true(l2));
                 if (is_undef(l2)) return true;
             }
             unsigned sz = m_ternary_count[(~l1).index()];
             for (binary b : m_ternary[(~l1).index()]) {
                 if (sz-- == 0) break;
+                if (!(is_true(b.m_u) || is_true(b.m_v) || (is_undef(b.m_v) && is_undef(b.m_u)))) {
+                    std::cout << b.m_u << " " << b.m_v << "\n";
+                    std::cout << get_level(b.m_u) << " " << get_level(b.m_v) << " level: " << m_level << "\n"; 
+                    UNREACHABLE();
+                }
                 if ((is_false(b.m_u) && is_undef(b.m_v)) || (is_false(b.m_v) && is_undef(b.m_u)))
                     return true;
             }
@@ -424,6 +430,7 @@ namespace sat {
         for (nary * n : m_nary_clauses) {
             if (n->size() == 1 && !is_true(n->get_head())) {
                 for (literal lit : *n) {
+                    VERIFY(!is_undef(lit));
                     if (is_undef(lit)) return true;
                 }
             }
@@ -1743,74 +1750,10 @@ namespace sat {
 
     bool lookahead::check_autarky(literal l, unsigned level) {
         return false;
-#if 0
-        // no propagations are allowed to reduce clauses.
-        for (nary * cp : m_nary[(~l).index()]) {
-            clause& c = *cp;
-            unsigned sz = c.size();
-            bool found = false;                
-            for (unsigned i = 0; !found && i < sz; ++i) {
-                found = is_true(c[i]);
-                if (found) {
-                    TRACE("sat", tout << c[i] << " is true in " << c << "\n";);
-                }
-            }
-            IF_VERBOSE(2, verbose_stream() << "skip autarky " << l << "\n";);
-            if (!found) return false;
-        }
-        //
-        // bail out if there is a pending binary propagation.
-        // In general, we would have to check, recursively that 
-        // a binary propagation does not create reduced clauses.
-        // 
-        literal_vector const& lits = m_binary[l.index()];
-        TRACE("sat", tout << l << ": " << lits << "\n";);
-        for (unsigned i = 0; i < lits.size(); ++i) {
-            literal l2 = lits[i];
-            if (is_true(l2)) continue;
-            SASSERT(!is_false(l2));
-            return false;
-        }
-
-        return true;
-#endif
     }
 
-
-    void lookahead::update_lookahead_reward(literal l, unsigned level) {
-        if (m_lookahead_reward == 0) {
-            if (!check_autarky(l, level)) {
-                // skip
-            }
-            else if (get_lookahead_reward(l) == 0) {
-                ++m_stats.m_autarky_propagations;
-                IF_VERBOSE(1, verbose_stream() << "(sat.lookahead autarky " << l << ")\n";);
-                    
-                TRACE("sat", tout << "autarky: " << l << " @ " << m_stamp[l.var()] 
-                      << " " 
-                      << (!m_binary[l.index()].empty() || m_nary_count[l.index()] != 0) << "\n";);
-                lookahead_backtrack();
-                assign(l);
-                propagate();
-            }
-            else {
-                ++m_stats.m_autarky_equivalences;
-                // l => p is known, but p => l is possibly not. 
-                // add p => l.
-                // justification: any consequence of l
-                // that is not a consequence of p does not
-                // reduce the clauses.
-                literal p = get_parent(l);
-                SASSERT(p != null_literal);
-                if (m_stamp[p.var()] > m_stamp[l.var()]) {
-                    TRACE("sat", tout << "equivalence " << l << " == " << p << "\n"; display(tout););
-                    IF_VERBOSE(1, verbose_stream() << "(sat.lookahead equivalence " << l << " == " << p << ")\n";);
-                    add_binary(~l, p);
-                    set_level(l, p);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else {            
+    void lookahead::update_lookahead_reward(literal l, unsigned level) {        
+        if (m_lookahead_reward != 0) {
             inc_lookahead_reward(l, m_lookahead_reward);
         }
     }
@@ -1852,7 +1795,6 @@ namespace sat {
         literal last_changed = null_literal;
         unsigned num_iterations = 0;
         while (change && num_iterations < m_config.m_dl_max_iterations && !inconsistent()) {
-            change = false;
             num_iterations++;
             for (unsigned i = 0; !inconsistent() && i < m_lookahead.size(); ++i) {
                 literal lit = m_lookahead[i].m_lit;
diff --git a/src/sat/sat_lookahead.h b/src/sat/sat_lookahead.h
index d30485254..64a4ef63e 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_lookahead.h
+++ b/src/sat/sat_lookahead.h
@@ -247,6 +247,7 @@ namespace sat {
         inline void set_true(literal l) { m_stamp[l.var()] = m_level + l.sign(); }
         inline void set_undef(literal l) { m_stamp[l.var()] = 0; }
         void set_level(literal d, literal s) { m_stamp[d.var()] = (m_stamp[s.var()] & ~0x1) + d.sign(); }
+        unsigned get_level(literal d) const { return m_stamp[d.var()]; }
         lbool value(literal l) const { return is_undef(l) ? l_undef : is_true(l) ? l_true : l_false; }
         
         // set the level within a scope of the search.
diff --git a/src/sat/sat_simplifier.cpp b/src/sat/sat_simplifier.cpp
index b967ade06..b1f0431cc 100644
--- a/src/sat/sat_simplifier.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/sat_simplifier.cpp
@@ -1657,6 +1657,7 @@ namespace sat {
         bool_var_vector vars;
         order_vars_for_elim(vars);
         sat::elim_vars elim_bdd(*this);
+        unsigned bdd_vars = 0;
 
         for (bool_var v : vars) {
             checkpoint();
@@ -1665,10 +1666,13 @@ namespace sat {
             if (try_eliminate(v)) {
                 m_num_elim_vars++;
             }
-            else if (elim_bdd(v)) {
+            else if (false && elim_bdd(v)) {
                 m_num_elim_vars++;
+                ++bdd_vars;
             }
         }
+        std::cout << "bdd elim: " << bdd_vars << "\n";
+        std::cout << "bdd miss: " << elim_bdd.miss() << "\n";
 
         m_pos_cls.finalize();
         m_neg_cls.finalize();
diff --git a/src/test/bdd.cpp b/src/test/bdd.cpp
index b60522740..ea5a0bc34 100644
--- a/src/test/bdd.cpp
+++ b/src/test/bdd.cpp
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@ namespace sat {
         std::cout << "before reorder:\n";
         std::cout << c1 << "\n";
         std::cout << c1.bdd_size() << "\n";
+        m.gc();
         m.try_reorder();
         std::cout << "after reorder:\n";
         std::cout << c1 << "\n";
diff --git a/src/util/vector.h b/src/util/vector.h
index c60585512..f068481db 100644
--- a/src/util/vector.h
+++ b/src/util/vector.h
@@ -472,6 +472,11 @@ typedef svector<char> char_vector;
 typedef svector<signed char> signed_char_vector;
 typedef svector<double> double_vector;
 
+inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& out, unsigned_vector const& v) {
+    for (unsigned u : v) out << u << " ";
+    return out;
+}
+
 template<typename Hash, typename Vec>
 struct vector_hash_tpl {
     Hash m_hash;