diff --git a/src/test/CMakeLists.txt b/src/test/CMakeLists.txt
index 8464cedf9..658647ea6 100644
--- a/src/test/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/test/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ add_executable(test-z3
   sat_lookahead.cpp
   sat_user_scope.cpp
   scoped_timer.cpp
+  scoped_vector.cpp
   simple_parser.cpp
   simplex.cpp
   simplifier.cpp
diff --git a/src/test/dlist.cpp b/src/test/dlist.cpp
index 1bf3f17ef..14991c9ac 100644
--- a/src/test/dlist.cpp
+++ b/src/test/dlist.cpp
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ Author:
 
 --*/
 
-#include <cassert>
 #include <iostream>
 #include "util/dlist.h"
 
@@ -30,28 +29,28 @@ public:
 // Test the prev() method
 void test_prev() {
     TestNode node(1);
-    assert(node.prev() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.prev() == &node);
     std::cout << "test_prev passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Test the next() method
 void test_next() {
     TestNode node(1);
-    assert(node.next() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.next() == &node);
     std::cout << "test_next passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Test the const prev() method
 void test_const_prev() {
     const TestNode node(1);
-    assert(node.prev() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.prev() == &node);
     std::cout << "test_const_prev passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Test the const next() method
 void test_const_next() {
     const TestNode node(1);
-    assert(node.next() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.next() == &node);
     std::cout << "test_const_next passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -59,9 +58,9 @@ void test_const_next() {
 void test_init() {
     TestNode node(1);
     node.init(&node);
-    assert(node.next() == &node);
-    assert(node.prev() == &node);
-    assert(node.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node.next() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.prev() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.invariant());
     std::cout << "test_init passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -71,10 +70,10 @@ void test_pop() {
     TestNode node1(1);
     TestNode::push_to_front(list, &node1);
     TestNode* popped = TestNode::pop(list);
-    assert(popped == &node1);
-    assert(list == nullptr);
-    assert(popped->next() == popped);
-    assert(popped->prev() == popped);
+    SASSERT(popped == &node1);
+    SASSERT(list == nullptr);
+    SASSERT(popped->next() == popped);
+    SASSERT(popped->prev() == popped);
     std::cout << "test_pop passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -83,12 +82,12 @@ void test_insert_after() {
     TestNode node1(1);
     TestNode node2(2);
     node1.insert_after(&node2);
-    assert(node1.next() == &node2);
-    assert(node2.prev() == &node1);
-    assert(node1.prev() == &node2);
-    assert(node2.next() == &node1);
-    assert(node1.invariant());
-    assert(node2.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node1.next() == &node2);
+    SASSERT(node2.prev() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(node1.prev() == &node2);
+    SASSERT(node2.next() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(node1.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node2.invariant());
     std::cout << "test_insert_after passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -97,12 +96,12 @@ void test_insert_before() {
     TestNode node1(1);
     TestNode node2(2);
     node1.insert_before(&node2);
-    assert(node1.prev() == &node2);
-    assert(node2.next() == &node1);
-    assert(node1.next() == &node2);
-    assert(node2.prev() == &node1);
-    assert(node1.invariant());
-    assert(node2.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node1.prev() == &node2);
+    SASSERT(node2.next() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(node1.next() == &node2);
+    SASSERT(node2.prev() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(node1.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node2.invariant());
     std::cout << "test_insert_before passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -114,11 +113,9 @@ void test_remove_from() {
     TestNode::push_to_front(list, &node1);
     TestNode::push_to_front(list, &node2);
     TestNode::remove_from(list, &node1);
-    assert(list == &node2);
-    assert(node2.next() == &node2);
-    assert(node2.prev() == &node2);
-    assert(node1.next() == &node1);
-    assert(node1.prev() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(list == &node2);
+    SASSERT(node2.next() == &node2);
+    SASSERT(node2.prev() == &node2);
     std::cout << "test_remove_from passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -127,9 +124,9 @@ void test_push_to_front() {
     TestNode* list = nullptr;
     TestNode node1(1);
     TestNode::push_to_front(list, &node1);
-    assert(list == &node1);
-    assert(node1.next() == &node1);
-    assert(node1.prev() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(list == &node1);
+    SASSERT(node1.next() == &node1);
+    SASSERT(node1.prev() == &node1);
     std::cout << "test_push_to_front passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -137,20 +134,20 @@ void test_push_to_front() {
 void test_detach() {
     TestNode node(1);
     TestNode::detach(&node);
-    assert(node.next() == &node);
-    assert(node.prev() == &node);
-    assert(node.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node.next() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.prev() == &node);
+    SASSERT(node.invariant());
     std::cout << "test_detach passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
 // Test the invariant() method
 void test_invariant() {
     TestNode node1(1);
-    assert(node1.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node1.invariant());
     TestNode node2(2);
     node1.insert_after(&node2);
-    assert(node1.invariant());
-    assert(node2.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node1.invariant());
+    SASSERT(node2.invariant());
     std::cout << "test_invariant passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
@@ -161,10 +158,10 @@ void test_contains() {
     TestNode node2(2);
     TestNode::push_to_front(list, &node1);
     TestNode::push_to_front(list, &node2);
-    assert(TestNode::contains(list, &node1));
-    assert(TestNode::contains(list, &node2));
+    SASSERT(TestNode::contains(list, &node1));
+    SASSERT(TestNode::contains(list, &node2));
     TestNode node3(3);
-    assert(!TestNode::contains(list, &node3));
+    SASSERT(!TestNode::contains(list, &node3));
     std::cout << "test_contains passed." << std::endl;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/test/main.cpp b/src/test/main.cpp
index 0d3679529..f028d6ceb 100644
--- a/src/test/main.cpp
+++ b/src/test/main.cpp
@@ -269,4 +269,5 @@ int main(int argc, char ** argv) {
     TST(euf_bv_plugin);
     TST(euf_arith_plugin);
     TST(sls_test);
+    TST(scoped_vector);
 }
diff --git a/src/test/scoped_vector.cpp b/src/test/scoped_vector.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..05d98fcf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/scoped_vector.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <iostream>
+#include "util/scoped_vector.h"
+
+void test_push_back_and_access() {
+    scoped_vector<int> sv;
+    sv.push_back(10);
+    
+    sv.push_back(20);
+
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 2);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 10);
+    SASSERT(sv[1] == 20);
+    
+    std::cout << "test_push_back_and_access passed." << std::endl;
+}
+
+void test_scopes() {
+    scoped_vector<int> sv;
+    sv.push_back(10);
+    sv.push_back(20);
+
+    sv.push_scope();
+    sv.push_back(30);
+    sv.push_back(40);
+
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 4);
+    SASSERT(sv[2] == 30);
+    SASSERT(sv[3] == 40);
+
+    sv.pop_scope(1);
+
+    std::cout << "test_scopes passed." << std::endl;
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 2);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 10);
+    SASSERT(sv[1] == 20);
+
+    std::cout << "test_scopes passed." << std::endl;
+}
+
+void test_set() {
+    scoped_vector<int> sv;
+    sv.push_back(10);
+    sv.push_back(20);
+
+    sv.set(0, 30);
+    sv.set(1, 40);
+
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 2);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 30);
+    SASSERT(sv[1] == 40);
+
+    sv.push_scope();
+    sv.set(0, 50);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 50);
+    sv.pop_scope(1);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 30);
+
+    std::cout << "test_set passed." << std::endl;
+}
+
+void test_pop_back() {
+    scoped_vector<int> sv;
+    sv.push_back(10);
+    sv.push_back(20);
+
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 2);
+    sv.pop_back();
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 1);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 10);
+    sv.pop_back();
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 0);
+
+    std::cout << "test_pop_back passed." << std::endl;
+}
+
+void test_erase_and_swap() {
+    scoped_vector<int> sv;
+    sv.push_back(10);
+    sv.push_back(20);
+    sv.push_back(30);
+
+    sv.erase_and_swap(1);
+
+    SASSERT(sv.size() == 2);
+    SASSERT(sv[0] == 10);
+    SASSERT(sv[1] == 30);
+
+    std::cout << "test_erase_and_swap passed." << std::endl;
+}
+
+void tst_scoped_vector() {
+    test_push_back_and_access();
+    test_scopes();
+    test_set();
+    test_pop_back();
+    test_erase_and_swap();
+
+    std::cout << "All tests passed." << std::endl;
+}
diff --git a/src/util/scoped_vector.h b/src/util/scoped_vector.h
index 2c6cfaa21..b5945fb44 100644
--- a/src/util/scoped_vector.h
+++ b/src/util/scoped_vector.h
@@ -176,8 +176,46 @@ private:
     }
 
     bool invariant() const {
-        return 
-            m_size <= m_elems.size() &&
-            m_elems_start <= m_elems.size();
+
+
+        if (!(m_size <= m_elems.size() && m_elems_start <= m_elems.size()))
+            return false;
+            
+        // Check that source and destination trails have the same length.
+        if (m_src.size() != m_dst.size())
+            return false;
+        // The size of m_src, m_dst, and m_src_lim should be consistent with the scope stack.
+        if (m_src_lim.size() != m_sizes.size() || m_src.size() != m_dst.size())
+            return false;
+
+        // m_elems_lim stores the past sizes of m_elems for each scope. Each element in m_elems_lim should be
+        // within bounds and in non-decreasing order.
+        for (unsigned i = 1; i < m_elems_lim.size(); ++i) {
+            if (m_elems_lim[i - 1] > m_elems_lim[i]) return false;
+        }
+
+
+        // m_sizes tracks the size of the vector at each scope level.
+        // Each element in m_sizes should be non-decreasing and within the size of m_elems.
+        for (unsigned i = 1; i < m_sizes.size(); ++i) {
+            if (m_sizes[i - 1] > m_sizes[i])
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        // The m_src and m_dst vectors should have the same size and should contain valid indices.
+        if (m_src.size() != m_dst.size()) return false;
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < m_src.size(); ++i) {
+            if (m_src[i] >= m_index.size() || m_dst[i] >= m_elems.size()) return false;
+        }
+        
+
+        // The size of m_src_lim should be less than or equal to the size of m_sizes and store valid indices.
+        if (m_src_lim.size() > m_sizes.size()) return false;
+        for (unsigned elem : m_src_lim) {
+            if (elem > m_src.size()) return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+        
     }
 };