diff --git a/src/math/lp/lp_core_solver_base.h b/src/math/lp/lp_core_solver_base.h
index 1bd8fe2df..7f861ff5f 100644
--- a/src/math/lp/lp_core_solver_base.h
+++ b/src/math/lp/lp_core_solver_base.h
@@ -590,32 +590,29 @@ public:
             return out;
         }
 
-        out << "[" << j << "]\t";
-            
+        out << "[" << j << "] " << std::setw(6) << " := " << m_x[j];
+        if (m_basis_heading[j] >= 0)
+            out << " base\t";
+        else 
+            out << "     \t";
         switch (m_column_types[j]) {
         case column_type::fixed:
         case column_type::boxed:
-            out << " [" << m_lower_bounds[j] << ", " << m_upper_bounds[j] << "]";
+            out << "[" << m_lower_bounds[j] << ", " << m_upper_bounds[j] << "]";
             break;
         case column_type::lower_bound:
-            out << " [" << m_lower_bounds[j] << "," << "oo" << "]";
+            out << "[" << m_lower_bounds[j] << ", oo" << "]";
             break;
         case column_type::upper_bound:
-            out << " [-oo, " << m_upper_bounds[j] << ']';
+            out << "[-oo, " << m_upper_bounds[j] << ']';
             break;
         case column_type::free_column:
-            out << " [-oo, oo]";
+            out << "[-oo, oo]";
             break;
         default:
             lp_assert(false);
         }
-        //        out << "basis heading = " << m_basis_heading[j] << std::endl;
-        out << "\tx = " << m_x[j];
-        if (m_basis_heading[j] >= 0)
-            out << " base\n";
-        else
-           out << " \n";
-        return out;
+        return out << "\n";
     }
 
     bool column_is_free(unsigned j) const { return this->m_column_types[j] == column_type::free_column; }
diff --git a/src/model/func_interp.cpp b/src/model/func_interp.cpp
index 11e93bf09..dc5b78b0f 100644
--- a/src/model/func_interp.cpp
+++ b/src/model/func_interp.cpp
@@ -215,6 +215,13 @@ void func_interp::insert_new_entry(expr * const * args, expr * r) {
     m_entries.push_back(new_entry);
 }
 
+void func_interp::del_entry(unsigned idx) {
+    auto* e = m_entries[idx];
+    m_entries[idx] = m_entries.back();
+    m_entries.pop_back();
+    e->deallocate(m(), m_arity);
+}
+
 bool func_interp::eval_else(expr * const * args, expr_ref & result) const {
     if (m_else == nullptr)
         return false;
diff --git a/src/model/func_interp.h b/src/model/func_interp.h
index 2eec81168..115013008 100644
--- a/src/model/func_interp.h
+++ b/src/model/func_interp.h
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ public:
     ptr_vector<func_entry>::const_iterator end() const { return m_entries.end(); }
     func_entry const * const * get_entries() const { return m_entries.c_ptr(); }
     func_entry const * get_entry(unsigned idx) const { return m_entries[idx]; }
+    void del_entry(unsigned idx);
 
     expr * get_max_occ_result() const;
     void compress();
diff --git a/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.cpp b/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.cpp
index 0cbae132c..42e48649b 100644
--- a/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.cpp
+++ b/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.cpp
@@ -37,7 +37,14 @@ namespace mbp {
 
         ast_manager&      m;
         arith_util        a;
-        bool              m_check_purified;  // check that variables are properly pure 
+        bool              m_check_purified { true };  // check that variables are properly pure 
+        bool              m_apply_projection { false };
+
+
+        imp(ast_manager& m) :
+            m(m), a(m) {}
+
+        ~imp() {}
 
         void insert_mul(expr* x, rational const& v, obj_map<expr, rational>& ts) {
             // TRACE("qe", tout << "Adding variable " << mk_pp(x, m) << " " << v << "\n";);
@@ -238,11 +245,6 @@ namespace mbp {
             return rational(b.is_pos()?-1:1);
         }
 
-        imp(ast_manager& m): 
-            m(m), a(m), m_check_purified(true) {}
-
-        ~imp() {}
-
         bool operator()(model& model, app* v, app_ref_vector& vars, expr_ref_vector& lits) {
             app_ref_vector vs(m);
             vs.push_back(v);
@@ -271,6 +273,7 @@ namespace mbp {
             model_evaluator eval(model);
             TRACE("qe", tout << model;);
             eval.set_model_completion(true);
+            compute_def |= m_apply_projection;
 
             opt::model_based_opt mbo;
             obj_map<expr, unsigned> tids;
@@ -341,15 +344,19 @@ namespace mbp {
                   for (unsigned v : real_vars) tout << "v" << v << " " << mk_pp(index2expr[v], m) << "\n";
                   mbo.display(tout););
             vector<opt::model_based_opt::def> defs = mbo.project(real_vars.size(), real_vars.c_ptr(), compute_def);
-            TRACE("qe", mbo.display(tout << "mbo result\n");
-                  for (auto const& d : defs) tout << "def: " << d << "\n";);
+
             vector<row> rows;
             mbo.get_live_rows(rows);
             rows2fmls(rows, index2expr, fmls);
+            TRACE("qe", mbo.display(tout << "mbo result\n");
+                  for (auto const& d : defs) tout << "def: " << d << "\n";
+                  tout << fmls << "\n";);
             
             vector<def> result;
             if (compute_def) 
-                optdefs2mbpdef(defs, index2expr, real_vars, result);            
+                optdefs2mbpdef(defs, index2expr, real_vars, result);     
+            if (m_apply_projection)
+                apply_projection(result, fmls);
             return result;
         }        
 
@@ -523,6 +530,20 @@ namespace mbp {
             }
         }
 
+        void apply_projection(vector<def>& defs, expr_ref_vector& fmls) {
+            if (fmls.empty() || defs.empty())
+                return;
+            expr_safe_replace subst(m);
+            for (auto const& d : defs) 
+                subst.insert(d.var, d.term);            
+            unsigned j = 0;
+            expr_ref tmp(m);
+            for (expr* fml : fmls) {
+                subst(fml, tmp);
+                fmls[j++] = tmp;
+            }
+        }
+
     };
 
     arith_project_plugin::arith_project_plugin(ast_manager& m):project_plugin(m) {
@@ -549,6 +570,10 @@ namespace mbp {
         m_imp->m_check_purified = check_purified;
     }
 
+    void arith_project_plugin::set_apply_projection(bool f) {
+        m_imp->m_apply_projection = f;
+    }
+
     family_id arith_project_plugin::get_family_id() {
         return m_imp->a.get_family_id();
     }
diff --git a/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.h b/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.h
index 2a66e0abc..51d80a870 100644
--- a/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.h
+++ b/src/qe/mbp/mbp_arith.h
@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ namespace mbp {
          */
         void set_check_purified(bool check_purified);
 
+        /**
+        * \brief apply projection 
+        */
+        void set_apply_projection(bool apply_project);
+
     };
 
     bool arith_project(model& model, app* var, expr_ref_vector& lits);
diff --git a/src/qe/mbp/mbp_plugin.cpp b/src/qe/mbp/mbp_plugin.cpp
index 3a73e8b50..344e4d8f0 100644
--- a/src/qe/mbp/mbp_plugin.cpp
+++ b/src/qe/mbp/mbp_plugin.cpp
@@ -327,10 +327,10 @@ namespace mbp {
 
     void project_plugin::purify(euf_inverter& inv, model& mdl, app_ref_vector const& vars, expr_ref_vector& lits) {
         TRACE("mbp", tout << lits << "\n" << mdl << "\n";);
+        model_evaluator eval(mdl);
         extract_literals(mdl, vars, lits);
         if (!m.inc())
             return;
-        model_evaluator eval(mdl);
         eval.set_expand_array_equalities(true);
         m_non_ground.reset();
         m_to_visit.reset();
@@ -341,7 +341,6 @@ namespace mbp {
             m_non_ground.mark(v);
         for (unsigned i = 0; m.inc() && i < lits.size(); ++i) 
             lits[i] = purify(inv, eval, lits.get(i), lits); 
-        std::cout << m_pure_eqs << "\n";
         lits.append(m_pure_eqs);
         TRACE("mbp", tout << lits << "\n";);
     }
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/arith_axioms.cpp b/src/sat/smt/arith_axioms.cpp
index 2b74b328d..f1ebe7d79 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/arith_axioms.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/arith_axioms.cpp
@@ -296,21 +296,19 @@ namespace arith {
         return lp::EQ;
     }
 
-    void solver::mk_eq_axiom(theory_var v1, theory_var v2) {
+    void solver::mk_eq_axiom(bool is_eq, theory_var v1, theory_var v2) {
         if (is_bool(v1))
             return;
         expr* e1 = var2expr(v1);
         expr* e2 = var2expr(v2);
-        if (e1 == e2)
+        if (is_eq && m.are_equal(e1, e2))
             return;
+        if (!is_eq && m.are_distinct(e1, e2))
+            return;       
         literal le, ge;
         if (a.is_numeral(e1))
             std::swap(e1, e2);
-        if (a.is_numeral(e1)) {
-            add_unit(~mk_literal(m.mk_eq(e1, e2)));
-            std::cout << "two numerals\n";
-            return;
-        }
+        SASSERT(!a.is_numeral(e1));
         literal eq = eq_internalize(e1, e2);
         if (a.is_numeral(e2)) {
             le = mk_literal(a.mk_le(e1, e2));
@@ -321,8 +319,11 @@ namespace arith {
             expr_ref zero(a.mk_numeral(rational(0), a.is_int(e1)), m);
             rewrite(diff);
             if (a.is_numeral(diff)) {
-                std::cout << "diff " << diff << " " << mk_pp(e1, m) << " " << mk_pp(e2, m) << "\n";
-                if (zero == diff)
+                if (is_eq && a.is_zero(diff))
+                    return;
+                if (!is_eq && !a.is_zero(diff))
+                    return;
+                if (a.is_zero(diff))
                     add_unit(eq);
                 else 
                     add_unit(~eq);
@@ -331,8 +332,8 @@ namespace arith {
             le = mk_literal(a.mk_le(diff, zero));
             ge = mk_literal(a.mk_ge(diff, zero));
         }
-        std::cout << mk_pp(e1, m) << " " << mk_pp(e2, m) << " ";
-        std::cout << le << " " << ge << "\n";
+        // std::cout << "eq " << mk_pp(e1, m) << " " << mk_pp(e2, m) << " ";
+        // std::cout << le << " " << ge << "\n";
         add_clause(~eq, le);
         add_clause(~eq, ge);
         add_clause(~le, ~ge, eq);
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/arith_internalize.cpp b/src/sat/smt/arith_internalize.cpp
index 974bd03c9..7f8daa0db 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/arith_internalize.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/arith_internalize.cpp
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ Author:
 namespace arith {
 
     sat::literal solver::internalize(expr* e, bool sign, bool root, bool learned) {
+        force_push();
         flet<bool> _is_learned(m_is_redundant, learned);
         internalize_atom(e);
         literal lit = ctx.expr2literal(e);
@@ -30,6 +31,7 @@ namespace arith {
     }
 
     void solver::internalize(expr* e, bool redundant) {
+        force_push();
         flet<bool> _is_learned(m_is_redundant, redundant);
         if (m.is_bool(e))
             internalize_atom(e);
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.cpp b/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.cpp
index 44023c085..d1eddf1a7 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.cpp
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@ namespace arith {
     }
 
     void solver::push_core() {
-        TRACE("arith", tout << "push\n";);
+        TRACE("arith_verbose", tout << "push\n";);
         m_scopes.push_back(scope());
         scope& sc = m_scopes.back();
         sc.m_bounds_lim = m_bounds_trail.size();
@@ -596,11 +596,11 @@ namespace arith {
         if (m_nla)
             m_nla->push();
         th_euf_solver::push_core();
+
     }
 
     void solver::pop_core(unsigned num_scopes) {
         TRACE("arith", tout << "pop " << num_scopes << "\n";);
-        th_euf_solver::pop_core(num_scopes);
         unsigned old_size = m_scopes.size() - num_scopes;
         del_bounds(m_scopes[old_size].m_bounds_lim);
         m_idiv_terms.shrink(m_scopes[old_size].m_idiv_lim);
@@ -613,7 +613,8 @@ namespace arith {
         m_new_bounds.reset();
         if (m_nla)
             m_nla->pop(num_scopes);
-        TRACE("arith", tout << "num scopes: " << num_scopes << " new scope level: " << m_scopes.size() << "\n";);
+        TRACE("arith_verbose", tout << "num scopes: " << num_scopes << " new scope level: " << m_scopes.size() << "\n";);
+        th_euf_solver::pop_core(num_scopes);
     }
 
     void solver::del_bounds(unsigned old_size) {
@@ -964,7 +965,7 @@ namespace arith {
                 return sat::check_result::CR_CONTINUE;
             case l_undef:
                 TRACE("arith", tout << "check feasible is undef\n";);
-                return m.inc() ? sat::check_result::CR_CONTINUE : sat::check_result::CR_GIVEUP;
+                return sat::check_result::CR_CONTINUE;
             case l_true:
                 break;
             default:
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.h b/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.h
index dcd856831..2e1eff67c 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.h
+++ b/src/sat/smt/arith_solver.h
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ namespace arith {
         void refine_bound(theory_var v, const lp::implied_bound& be);
         literal is_bound_implied(lp::lconstraint_kind k, rational const& value, api_bound const& b) const;
         void assert_bound(bool is_true, api_bound& b);
-        void mk_eq_axiom(theory_var v1, theory_var v2);
+        void mk_eq_axiom(bool is_eq, theory_var v1, theory_var v2);
         void assert_idiv_mod_axioms(theory_var u, theory_var v, theory_var w, rational const& r);
         api_bound* mk_var_bound(sat::literal lit, theory_var v, lp_api::bound_kind bk, rational const& bound);
         lp::lconstraint_kind bound2constraint_kind(bool is_int, lp_api::bound_kind bk, bool is_true);
@@ -423,8 +423,8 @@ namespace arith {
         void collect_statistics(statistics& st) const override;
         euf::th_solver* clone(euf::solver& ctx) override;
         bool use_diseqs() const override { return true; }
-        void new_eq_eh(euf::th_eq const& eq) override { mk_eq_axiom(eq.v1(), eq.v2()); }
-        void new_diseq_eh(euf::th_eq const& de) override { mk_eq_axiom(de.v1(), de.v2()); }
+        void new_eq_eh(euf::th_eq const& eq) override { mk_eq_axiom(true, eq.v1(), eq.v2()); }
+        void new_diseq_eh(euf::th_eq const& de) override { mk_eq_axiom(false, de.v1(), de.v2()); }
         bool unit_propagate() override;
         void init_model() override;
         void add_value(euf::enode* n, model& mdl, expr_ref_vector& values) override;
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/euf_solver.cpp b/src/sat/smt/euf_solver.cpp
index bdac9b3e8..17f8dc2fa 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/euf_solver.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/euf_solver.cpp
@@ -402,12 +402,15 @@ namespace euf {
         if (!init_relevancy())
             give_up = true;
 
-        for (auto* e : m_solvers)
+        for (auto* e : m_solvers) {
+            if (!m.inc())
+                return sat::check_result::CR_GIVEUP;
             switch (e->check()) {
             case sat::check_result::CR_CONTINUE: cont = true; break;
             case sat::check_result::CR_GIVEUP: give_up = true; break;
             default: break;
             }
+        }
         if (cont)
             return sat::check_result::CR_CONTINUE;
         if (give_up)
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/q_mbi.cpp b/src/sat/smt/q_mbi.cpp
index 485f7f642..6aa326ffb 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/q_mbi.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/q_mbi.cpp
@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ namespace q {
     {
         auto* ap = alloc(mbp::arith_project_plugin, m);
         ap->set_check_purified(false);
+        ap->set_apply_projection(true);
         add_plugin(ap);
         add_plugin(alloc(mbp::datatype_project_plugin, m));
         add_plugin(alloc(mbp::array_project_plugin, m));
@@ -186,11 +187,13 @@ namespace q {
     expr_ref mbqi::solver_project(model& mdl, q_body& qb) {
         for (app* v : qb.vars)
             m_model->register_decl(v->get_decl(), mdl(v));
+        std::cout << "Project\n";
+        std::cout << *m_model << "\n";
+        std::cout << qb.vbody << "\n";
         expr_ref_vector fmls(qb.vbody);
         app_ref_vector vars(qb.vars);
         mbp::project_plugin proj(m);
         proj.purify(m_model_fixer, *m_model, vars, fmls);
-        std::cout << "fmls\n" << fmls << "\n";
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < vars.size(); ++i) {
             app* v = vars.get(i);
             auto* p = get_plugin(v);
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/q_model_fixer.cpp b/src/sat/smt/q_model_fixer.cpp
index dd01761ec..94dde44c7 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/q_model_fixer.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/q_model_fixer.cpp
@@ -103,15 +103,17 @@ namespace q {
 
     void model_fixer::add_projection_functions(model& mdl, ptr_vector<quantifier> const& qs) {
         func_decl_set fns;
+        TRACE("q", tout << mdl << "\n";);
         collect_partial_functions(qs, fns);
         for (func_decl* f : fns)
             add_projection_functions(mdl, f);
+        TRACE("q", tout << mdl << "\n";);
     }
 
     void model_fixer::add_projection_functions(model& mdl, func_decl* f) {
         // update interpretation of f so that the graph of f is fully determined by the
         // ground values of its arguments.
-        TRACE("q", tout << mdl << "\n";);
+
         func_interp* fi = mdl.get_func_interp(f);
         if (!fi) 
             return;
@@ -120,8 +122,12 @@ namespace q {
         expr_ref_vector args(m);
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < f->get_arity(); ++i) 
             args.push_back(add_projection_function(mdl, f, i));
-        if (!fi->get_else() && fi->num_entries() > 0)
-            fi->set_else(fi->get_entry(ctx.s().rand()(fi->num_entries()))->get_result());
+        if (!fi->get_else() && fi->num_entries() > 0) {
+            unsigned idx = ctx.s().rand()(fi->num_entries());
+            func_entry const* e = fi->get_entry(idx);
+            fi->set_else(e->get_result());
+            fi->del_entry(idx);
+        }
         bool has_projection = false;
         for (expr* arg : args)
             has_projection |= !is_var(arg);
@@ -132,7 +138,6 @@ namespace q {
         new_fi->set_else(m.mk_app(f_new, args));
         mdl.update_func_interp(f, new_fi);
         mdl.register_decl(f_new, fi);
-        TRACE("q", tout << mdl << "\n";);
     }
 
     expr_ref model_fixer::add_projection_function(model& mdl, func_decl* f, unsigned idx) {
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/sat_th.cpp b/src/sat/smt/sat_th.cpp
index 686a898d5..e53b7ec13 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/sat_th.cpp
+++ b/src/sat/smt/sat_th.cpp
@@ -217,8 +217,8 @@ namespace euf {
         return n;
     }
 
-    unsigned th_propagation::get_obj_size(unsigned num_lits, unsigned num_eqs) {
-        return sizeof(th_propagation) + sizeof(sat::literal) * num_lits + sizeof(enode_pair) * num_eqs;
+    size_t th_propagation::get_obj_size(unsigned num_lits, unsigned num_eqs) {
+        return sat::constraint_base::obj_size(sizeof(th_propagation) + sizeof(sat::literal) * num_lits + sizeof(enode_pair) * num_eqs);
     }
 
     th_propagation::th_propagation(unsigned n_lits, sat::literal const* lits, unsigned n_eqs, enode_pair const* eqs) {
diff --git a/src/sat/smt/sat_th.h b/src/sat/smt/sat_th.h
index 83ae823c4..af04df97b 100644
--- a/src/sat/smt/sat_th.h
+++ b/src/sat/smt/sat_th.h
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ namespace euf {
         virtual void push_core();
         virtual void pop_core(unsigned n);
         void force_push() {
-            CTRACE("euf", m_num_scopes > 0, tout << "push-core " << m_num_scopes << "\n";);
+            CTRACE("euf_verbose", m_num_scopes > 0, tout << "push-core " << m_num_scopes << "\n";);
             for (; m_num_scopes > 0; --m_num_scopes) push_core();
         }
 
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ namespace euf {
         unsigned       m_num_eqs;
         sat::literal*  m_literals;
         enode_pair*    m_eqs;
-        static unsigned get_obj_size(unsigned num_lits, unsigned num_eqs);
+        static size_t get_obj_size(unsigned num_lits, unsigned num_eqs);
         th_propagation(unsigned n_lits, sat::literal const* lits, unsigned n_eqs, enode_pair const* eqs);
     public:
         static th_propagation* mk(th_euf_solver& th, sat::literal_vector const& lits, enode_pair_vector const& eqs);
diff --git a/src/util/region.cpp b/src/util/region.cpp
index 3cf3f502f..dd5fbd760 100644
--- a/src/util/region.cpp
+++ b/src/util/region.cpp
@@ -21,9 +21,33 @@ Revision History:
 #ifdef Z3DEBUG
 
 void region::display_mem_stats(std::ostream & out) const {
-    out << "num. objects:      " << m_chuncks.size() << "\n";
+    out << "num. objects:      " << m_chunks.size() << "\n";
 }
 
+void * region::allocate(size_t size) {
+    char * r = alloc_svect(char, size);
+    m_chunks.push_back(r);
+    return r;
+}
+
+void region::reset() {
+    for (auto* c : m_chunks)
+        dealloc_svect(c);
+    m_chunks.reset();
+    m_scopes.reset();
+}
+
+void region::pop_scope() {
+    unsigned old_size = m_scopes.back();
+    m_scopes.pop_back();
+    ptr_vector<char>::iterator it  = m_chunks.begin() + old_size;
+    ptr_vector<char>::iterator end = m_chunks.end();
+    for (; it != end; ++it) 
+        dealloc_svect(*it);    
+    m_chunks.shrink(old_size);
+}
+
+
 #else
 
 #include "util/tptr.h"
diff --git a/src/util/region.h b/src/util/region.h
index c55eb3f04..f3f0d35ab 100644
--- a/src/util/region.h
+++ b/src/util/region.h
@@ -25,44 +25,23 @@ Revision History:
 #include "util/vector.h"
 
 class region {
-    ptr_vector<char> m_chuncks;
+    ptr_vector<char> m_chunks;
     unsigned_vector  m_scopes;
 public:
     ~region() {
         reset();
     }
 
-    void * allocate(size_t size) {
-        char * r = alloc_svect(char, size);
-        m_chuncks.push_back(r);
-        return r;
-    }
 
-    void reset() {
-        ptr_vector<char>::iterator it  = m_chuncks.begin();
-        ptr_vector<char>::iterator end = m_chuncks.end();
-        for (; it != end; ++it) {
-            dealloc_svect(*it);
-        }
-        m_chuncks.reset();
-        m_scopes.reset();
-    }
+    void * allocate(size_t size);
+
+    void reset();
 
     void push_scope() {
-        m_scopes.push_back(m_chuncks.size());
+        m_scopes.push_back(m_chunks.size());
     }
 
-
-    void pop_scope() {
-        unsigned old_size = m_scopes.back();
-        m_scopes.pop_back();
-        ptr_vector<char>::iterator it  = m_chuncks.begin() + old_size;
-        ptr_vector<char>::iterator end = m_chuncks.end();
-        for (; it != end; ++it) {
-            dealloc_svect(*it);
-        }
-        m_chuncks.shrink(old_size);
-    }
+    void pop_scope();
     
     void pop_scope(unsigned num_scopes) {
         for (unsigned i = 0; i < num_scopes; i++) {