Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/main' into gussmith23-rosette-backend-updates

.editorconfig

@@ -11,6 +11,10 @@ indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2
 trim_trailing_whitespace = false
 
+[*.rst]
+indent_style = space
+indent_size = 3
+
 [*.yml]
 indent_style = space
 indent_size = 2

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.yml

@@ -6,15 +6,14 @@ body:
     attributes:
       value: >
 
-        If you have a general question, please ask it in the [Discussions](https://github.com/YosysHQ/yosys/discussions) area
-        or join our [IRC Channel](https://web.libera.chat/#yosys) or [Community Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/yosyshq/shared_invite/zt-1aopkns2q-EiQ97BeQDt_pwvE41sGSuA).
+        If you have a general question, please ask it on the [Discourse forum](https://yosyshq.discourse.group/).
 
 
         If you have a feature request, please fill out the appropriate issue form, this form is for bugs and/or regressions.
 
 
         Please contact [YosysHQ GmbH](https://www.yosyshq.com/) if you need
-        commercial support for Yosys.
+        commercial support or work done for Yosys.
 
   - type: input
     id: yosys_version

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/config.yml

@@ -1,10 +1,7 @@
 contact_links:
-  - name: Discussions
-    url: https://github.com/YosysHQ/yosys/discussions
-    about: "Have a question? Ask it on our discussions page!"
-  - name: Community Slack
-    url: https://join.slack.com/t/yosyshq/shared_invite/zt-1aopkns2q-EiQ97BeQDt_pwvE41sGSuA
-    about: "Yosys Community Slack"
+  - name: Discourse
+    url: https://yosyshq.discourse.group
+    about: "Have a question? Ask it on our Discourse group!"
   - name: IRC Channel
     url: https://web.libera.chat/#yosys
     about: "#yosys on irc.libera.chat"

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/docs_report.yml

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ body:
     attributes:
       value: >
 
-        If you have a general question, please ask it in the [Discussions](https://github.com/YosysHQ/yosys/discussions) area
-        or join our [IRC Channel](https://web.libera.chat/#yosys) or [Community Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/yosyshq/shared_invite/zt-1aopkns2q-EiQ97BeQDt_pwvE41sGSuA).
+        If you have a general question, please ask it on the [Discourse forum](https://yosyshq.discourse.group/).
 
 
         If you have found a bug in Yosys, or in building the documentation,

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/feature_request.yml

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ body:
     attributes:
       value: >
 
-        If you have a general question, please ask it in the [Discussions](https://github.com/YosysHQ/yosys/discussions) area
-        or join our [IRC Channel](https://web.libera.chat/#yosys) or [Community Slack](https://join.slack.com/t/yosyshq/shared_invite/zt-1aopkns2q-EiQ97BeQDt_pwvE41sGSuA).
+        If you have a general question, please ask it on the [Discourse forum](https://yosyshq.discourse.group/).
 
 
         If you have a bug report, please fill out the appropriate issue form, this form is for feature requests.

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,5 +1,9 @@
+_If your work is part of a larger effort, please discuss your general plans on [Discourse](https://yosyshq.discourse.group/) first to align your vision with maintainers._
+
 _What are the reasons/motivation for this change?_
 
 _Explain how this is achieved._
 
-_If applicable, please suggest to reviewers how they can test the change._
+_Make sure your change comes with tests. If not possible, share how a reviewer might evaluate it._
+
+_These template prompts can be deleted when you're done responding to them._

.github/actions/setup-build-env/action.yml

@@ -1,21 +1,71 @@
 name: Build environment setup
 description: Configure build env for Yosys builds
+
+inputs:
+  runs-on:
+    required: true
+    type: string
+  get-build-deps:
+    description: 'Install Yosys build dependencies'
+    default: false
+    required: false
+    type: boolean
+  get-docs-deps:
+    description: 'Install Yosys docs dependencies'
+    default: false
+    required: false
+    type: boolean
+  get-test-deps:
+    description: 'Install Yosys test dependencies'
+    default: false
+    required: false
+    type: boolean
+  get-iverilog:
+    description: 'Install iverilog'
+    default: false
+    required: false
+    type: boolean
+
 runs:
   using: composite
   steps:
-    - name: Install Linux Dependencies
+    # if updating common/build/docs dependencies, make sure to update README.md
+    # and docs/source/getting_started/installation.rst to match.
+    - name: Linux common dependencies
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
-      shell: bash
-      run: |
-        sudo apt-get update
-        sudo apt-get install gperf build-essential bison flex libreadline-dev gawk tcl-dev libffi-dev git graphviz xdot pkg-config python3 libboost-system-dev libboost-python-dev libboost-filesystem-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev
+      uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@v1.6.0
+      with:
+        packages: gawk git make python3
+        version: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}-commonys
+
+    - name: Linux build dependencies
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && inputs.get-build-deps == 'true'
+      uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@v1.6.0
+      with:
+        packages: bison clang flex libffi-dev libfl-dev libreadline-dev pkg-config tcl-dev zlib1g-dev
+        version: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}-buildys
+
+    - name: Linux docs dependencies
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && inputs.get-docs-deps == 'true'
+      uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@v1.6.0
+      with:
+        packages: graphviz xdot
+        version: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}-docsys
+
+    # if updating test dependencies, make sure to update
+    # docs/source/yosys_internals/extending_yosys/test_suites.rst to match.
+    - name: Linux test dependencies
+      if: runner.os == 'Linux' && inputs.get-test-deps == 'true'
+      uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@v1.6.0
+      with:
+        packages: libgtest-dev
+        version: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}-testys
 
     - name: Install macOS Dependencies
       if: runner.os == 'macOS'
       shell: bash
       run: |
-        HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK=1 brew update
-        HOMEBREW_NO_INSTALLED_DEPENDENTS_CHECK=1 brew install bison flex gawk libffi pkg-config bash autoconf llvm lld || true
+        brew bundle
 
     - name: Linux runtime environment
       if: runner.os == 'Linux'
@@ -29,7 +79,13 @@ runs:
       shell: bash
       run: |
         echo "${{ github.workspace }}/.local/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
-        echo "$(brew --prefix llvm)/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+        echo "$(brew --prefix llvm@20)/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
         echo "$(brew --prefix bison)/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
         echo "$(brew --prefix flex)/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
         echo "procs=$(sysctl -n hw.ncpu)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+
+    - name: Setup iverilog
+      if: inputs.get-iverilog == 'true'
+      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-iverilog
+      with:
+        runs-on: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}

.github/actions/setup-iverilog/action.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+name: iverilog setup
+description: Cached build and install of iverilog
+
+inputs:
+  runs-on:
+    required: true
+    type: string
+
+runs:
+  using: composite
+  steps:
+    - name: iverilog Linux deps
+      if: steps.restore-iverilog.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && runner.os == 'Linux'
+      uses: awalsh128/cache-apt-pkgs-action@v1.6.0
+      with:
+        packages: autoconf gperf make gcc g++ bison flex libbz2-dev
+        version: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}-iverilog
+
+    - name: iverilog macOS deps
+      if: steps.restore-iverilog.outputs.cache-hit != 'true' && runner.os == 'macOS'
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        brew install autoconf
+
+    - name: Get iverilog
+      id: get-iverilog
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        git clone https://github.com/steveicarus/iverilog.git
+        cd iverilog
+        echo "IVERILOG_GIT=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+
+    - name: Get vcd2fst
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        git clone https://github.com/mmicko/libwave.git
+        mkdir -p ${{ github.workspace }}/.local/
+        cd libwave
+        cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${{ github.workspace }}/.local
+        make -j$procs
+        make install
+
+    - uses: actions/cache/restore@v4
+      id: restore-iverilog
+      with:
+        path: .local/
+        key: ${{ inputs.runs-on }}-${{ steps.get-iverilog.outputs.IVERILOG_GIT }}
+
+    - name: Build iverilog
+      if: steps.restore-iverilog.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        mkdir -p ${{ github.workspace }}/.local/
+        cd iverilog
+        autoconf
+        CC=gcc CXX=g++ ./configure --prefix=${{ github.workspace }}/.local
+        make -j$procs
+        make install
+
+    - name: Check iverilog
+      shell: bash
+      run: |
+        iverilog -V
+
+    - uses: actions/cache/save@v4
+      id: save-iverilog
+      if: steps.restore-iverilog.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
+      with:
+        path: .local/
+        key: ${{ steps.restore-iverilog.outputs.cache-primary-key }}

.github/workflows/codeql.yml

@@ -10,15 +10,18 @@ jobs:
     name: Analyze
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-    - name: Install deps
-      run: sudo apt-get install bison flex libreadline-dev tcl-dev libffi-dev
-
     - name: Checkout repository
       uses: actions/checkout@v4
       with:
         submodules: true
         persist-credentials: false
 
+    - name: Setup environment
+      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
+      with:
+        runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+        get-build-deps: true
+
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
       uses: github/codeql-action/init@v3
       with:

.github/workflows/extra-builds.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 name: Test extra build flows
 
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  # always test main
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  # test PRs
+  pull_request:
+  # allow triggering tests, ignores skip check
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
   pre_job:
@@ -11,11 +19,11 @@ jobs:
       - id: skip_check
         uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@v5
         with:
+          # don't run on documentation changes
           paths_ignore: '["**/README.md", "docs/**", "guidelines/**"]'
           # cancel previous builds if a new commit is pushed
-          cancel_others: 'true'
-          # only run on push *or* pull_request, not both
-          concurrent_skipping: 'same_content_newer'
+          # but never cancel main
+          cancel_others: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
   vs-prep:
     name: Prepare Visual Studio build
@@ -27,6 +35,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           submodules: true
           persist-credentials: false
+      - run: sudo apt-get install libfl-dev
       - name: Build
         run: make vcxsrc YOSYS_VER=latest
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
@@ -36,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
 
   vs-build:
     name: Visual Studio build
-    runs-on: windows-2019
+    runs-on: windows-latest
     needs: [vs-prep, pre_job]
     if: needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
     steps:
@@ -50,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
         uses: microsoft/setup-msbuild@v2
       - name: MSBuild
         working-directory: yosys-win32-vcxsrc-latest
-        run: msbuild YosysVS.sln /p:PlatformToolset=v142 /p:Configuration=Release /p:WindowsTargetPlatformVersion=10.0.17763.0
+        run: msbuild YosysVS.sln /p:PlatformToolset=v142 /p:Configuration=Release /p:WindowsTargetPlatformVersion=10.0.26100.0
 
   wasi-build:
     name: WASI build
@@ -64,13 +73,24 @@ jobs:
           persist-credentials: false
       - name: Build
         run: |
-          WASI_SDK=wasi-sdk-19.0
-          WASI_SDK_URL=https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-sdk/releases/download/wasi-sdk-19/wasi-sdk-19.0-linux.tar.gz
+          WASI_SDK=wasi-sdk-27.0-x86_64-linux
+          WASI_SDK_URL=https://github.com/WebAssembly/wasi-sdk/releases/download/wasi-sdk-27/wasi-sdk-27.0-x86_64-linux.tar.gz
           if ! [ -d ${WASI_SDK} ]; then curl -L ${WASI_SDK_URL} | tar xzf -; fi
 
+          FLEX_VER=2.6.4
+          FLEX=flex-${FLEX_VER}
+          FLEX_URL=https://github.com/westes/flex/releases/download/v${FLEX_VER}/${FLEX}.tar.gz
+          if ! [ -d ${FLEX} ]; then curl -L ${FLEX_URL} | tar xzf -; fi
+
+          mkdir -p flex-build
+          (cd flex-build &&
+            ../${FLEX}/configure --prefix=$(pwd)/../flex-prefix &&
+            make &&
+            make install)
+
           mkdir -p build
           cat > build/Makefile.conf <<END
-          export PATH := $(pwd)/${WASI_SDK}/bin:${PATH}
+          export PATH := $(pwd)/${WASI_SDK}/bin:$(pwd)/flex-prefix/bin:${PATH}
           WASI_SYSROOT := $(pwd)/${WASI_SDK}/share/wasi-sysroot
 
           CONFIG := wasi
@@ -80,6 +100,8 @@ jobs:
           ENABLE_READLINE := 0
           ENABLE_PLUGINS := 0
           ENABLE_ZLIB := 0
+
+          CXXFLAGS += -I$(pwd)/flex-prefix/include
           END
 
           make -C build -f ../Makefile CXX=clang -j$(nproc)
@@ -98,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           submodules: true
           persist-credentials: false
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v26
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v31
         with:
-          install_url: https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.18.1/install
+          install_url: https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-2.30.0/install
       - run: nix build .?submodules=1 -L

.github/workflows/prepare-docs.yml

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
     # docs builds are needed for anything on main, any tagged versions, and any tag
     # or branch starting with docs-preview
     needs: check_docs_rebuild
-    if: ${{ needs.check_docs_rebuild.outputs.should_skip != 'true' }}
+    if: ${{ needs.check_docs_rebuild.outputs.should_skip != 'true' && github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys' }}
     runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, x64, fast]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Yosys
@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ jobs:
           echo "ENABLE_VERIFIC_LIBERTY := 1" >> Makefile.conf
           echo "ENABLE_VERIFIC_YOSYSHQ_EXTENSIONS := 1" >> Makefile.conf
           echo "ENABLE_CCACHE := 1" >> Makefile.conf
-          make -j$procs ENABLE_LTO=1
+          echo "ENABLE_HELP_SOURCE := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          make -j$procs
 
       - name: Prepare docs
         shell: bash
@@ -59,7 +60,6 @@ jobs:
         with:
           name: cmd-ref-${{ github.sha }}
           path: |
-            docs/source/cmd
             docs/source/generated
             docs/source/_images
             docs/source/code_examples

.github/workflows/test-build.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 name: Build and run tests
 
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  # always test main
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  # test PRs
+  pull_request:
+  # allow triggering tests, ignores skip check
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
   pre_job:
@@ -11,11 +19,12 @@ jobs:
       - id: skip_check
         uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@v5
         with:
+          # don't run on documentation changes
           paths_ignore: '["**/README.md", "docs/**", "guidelines/**"]'
           # cancel previous builds if a new commit is pushed
-          cancel_others: 'true'
-          # only run on push *or* pull_request, not both
-          concurrent_skipping: 'same_content_newer'
+          # but never cancel main
+          cancel_others: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
+
   pre_docs_job:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     outputs:
@@ -24,15 +33,16 @@ jobs:
       - id: skip_check
         uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@v5
         with:
+          # don't run on readme changes
           paths_ignore: '["**/README.md"]'
           # cancel previous builds if a new commit is pushed
-          cancel_others: 'true'
-          # only run on push *or* pull_request, not both
-          concurrent_skipping: 'same_content_newer'
+          # but never cancel main
+          cancel_others: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
   build-yosys:
     name: Reusable build
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    # pre_job is a subset of pre_docs_job, so we can always build for pre_docs_job
     needs: pre_docs_job
     if: needs.pre_docs_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
     env:
@@ -50,6 +60,9 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Setup environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
+        with:
+          runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+          get-build-deps: true
 
       - name: Build
         shell: bash
@@ -57,8 +70,7 @@ jobs:
           mkdir build
           cd build
           make -f ../Makefile config-$CC
-          echo 'SANITIZER = undefined' >> Makefile.conf
-          make -f ../Makefile -j$procs ENABLE_LTO=1
+          make -f ../Makefile -j$procs
 
       - name: Log yosys-config output
         run: |
@@ -84,7 +96,6 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
     env:
       CC: clang
-      UBSAN_OPTIONS: halt_on_error=1
     strategy:
       matrix:
         os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
@@ -97,41 +108,10 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Setup environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
-
-      - name: Get iverilog
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          git clone https://github.com/steveicarus/iverilog.git
-          cd iverilog
-          echo "IVERILOG_GIT=$(git rev-parse HEAD)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-
-      - name: Get vcd2fst
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          git clone https://github.com/mmicko/libwave.git
-          mkdir -p ${{ github.workspace }}/.local/
-          cd libwave
-          cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=${{ github.workspace }}/.local
-          make -j$procs
-          make install
-
-      - name: Cache iverilog
-        id: cache-iverilog
-        uses: actions/cache@v4
         with:
-          path: .local/
-          key: ${{ matrix.os }}-${IVERILOG_GIT}
-
-      - name: Build iverilog
-        if: steps.cache-iverilog.outputs.cache-hit != 'true'
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p ${{ github.workspace }}/.local/
-          cd iverilog
-          autoconf
-          CC=gcc CXX=g++ ./configure --prefix=${{ github.workspace }}/.local
-          make -j$procs
-          make install
+          runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+          get-test-deps: true
+          get-iverilog: true
 
       - name: Download build artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -158,6 +138,45 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           find tests/**/*.err -print -exec cat {} \;
 
+  test-cells:
+    name: Run test_cell
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: [build-yosys, pre_job]
+    if: needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
+    env:
+      CC: clang
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest]
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout Yosys
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Setup environment
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
+        with:
+          runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+
+      - name: Download build artifact
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
+        with:
+          name: build-${{ matrix.os }}
+
+      - name: Uncompress build
+        shell: bash
+        run:
+          tar -xvf build.tar
+
+      - name: test_cell
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          ./yosys -p 'test_cell -n 20 -s 1 all'
+          ./yosys -p 'test_cell -n 20 -s 1 -nosat -aigmap $pow $pmux'
+          ./yosys -p 'test_cell -n 20 -s 1 -nosat -aigmap $eqx $nex $bweqx'
+          ./yosys -p 'test_cell -n 20 -s 1 -aigmap $buf'
+
   test-docs:
     name: Run docs tests
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -177,6 +196,10 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Setup environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
+        with:
+          runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+          get-build-deps: true
+          get-docs-deps: true
 
       - name: Download build artifact
         uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -201,7 +224,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Try build docs
     runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, x64, fast]
     needs: [pre_docs_job]
-    if: needs.pre_docs_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
+    if: ${{ needs.pre_docs_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' && github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys' }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         docs-target: [html, latexpdf]
@@ -221,6 +244,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           make config-clang
           echo "ENABLE_CCACHE := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "ENABLE_HELP_SOURCE := 1" >> Makefile.conf
           make -j$procs
 
       - name: Install doc prereqs

.github/workflows/test-compile.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 name: Compiler testing
 
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  # always test main
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  # test PRs
+  pull_request:
+  # allow triggering tests, ignores skip check
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
   pre_job:
@@ -11,11 +19,11 @@ jobs:
       - id: skip_check
         uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@v5
         with:
+          # don't run on documentation changes
           paths_ignore: '["**/README.md", "docs/**", "guidelines/**"]'
           # cancel previous builds if a new commit is pushed
-          cancel_others: 'true'
-          # only run on push *or* pull_request, not both
-          concurrent_skipping: 'same_content_newer'
+          # but never cancel main
+          cancel_others: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
   test-compile:
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
@@ -34,11 +42,14 @@ jobs:
           - 'gcc-10'
           # newest, make sure to update maximum standard step to match
           - 'clang-19'
-          - 'gcc-13'
+          - 'gcc-14'
         include:
-          # macOS
-          - os: macos-13
-            compiler: 'clang'
+          # macOS x86
+          - os: macos-15-intel
+            compiler: 'clang-19'
+          # macOS arm
+          - os: macos-latest
+            compiler: 'clang-19'
       fail-fast: false
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Yosys
@@ -49,6 +60,9 @@ jobs:
 
       - name: Setup environment
         uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
+        with:
+          runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+          get-build-deps: true
 
       - name: Setup Cpp
         uses: aminya/setup-cpp@v1
@@ -70,7 +84,7 @@ jobs:
 
       # maximum standard, only on newest compilers
       - name: Build C++20
-        if: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang-19' || matrix.compiler == 'gcc-13' }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.compiler == 'clang-19' || matrix.compiler == 'gcc-14' }}
         shell: bash
         run: |
           make config-$CC_SHORT

.github/workflows/test-sanitizers.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+name: Check clang sanitizers
+
+on:
+  # always test main
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  # ignore PRs due to time needed
+  # allow triggering tests, ignores skip check
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+jobs:
+  pre_job:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    outputs:
+      should_skip: ${{ steps.skip_check.outputs.should_skip }}
+    steps:
+      - id: skip_check
+        uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@v5
+        with:
+          # don't run on documentation changes
+          paths_ignore: '["**/README.md", "docs/**", "guidelines/**"]'
+
+  run_san:
+    name: Build and run tests
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    needs: pre_job
+    if: needs.pre_job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
+    env:
+      CC: clang
+      ASAN_OPTIONS: halt_on_error=1
+      UBSAN_OPTIONS: halt_on_error=1
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest]
+        sanitizer: ['undefined,address']
+      fail-fast: false
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout Yosys
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: true
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: Setup environment
+        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-build-env
+        with:
+          runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+          get-build-deps: true
+          get-test-deps: true
+          get-iverilog: true
+
+      - name: Build
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          make config-$CC
+          echo 'SANITIZER = ${{ matrix.sanitizer }}' >> Makefile.conf
+          make -j$procs
+
+      - name: Log yosys-config output
+        run: |
+          ./yosys-config || true
+
+      - name: Run tests
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          make -j$procs test TARGETS= EXTRA_TARGETS=
+
+      - name: Report errors
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          find tests/**/*.err -print -exec cat {} \;
+
+      - name: Run unit tests
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          make -j$procs unit-test ENABLE_LIBYOSYS=1

.github/workflows/test-verific.yml

@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
 name: Build and run tests with Verific (Linux)
 
-on: [push, pull_request]
+on:
+  # always test main
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+  # test PRs
+  pull_request:
+  # allow triggering tests, ignores skip check
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 jobs:
   pre-job:
@@ -11,15 +19,15 @@ jobs:
       - id: skip_check
         uses: fkirc/skip-duplicate-actions@v5
         with:
+          # don't run on documentation changes
           paths_ignore: '["**/README.md", "docs/**", "guidelines/**"]'
           # cancel previous builds if a new commit is pushed
-          cancel_others: 'true'
-          # only run on push *or* pull_request, not both
-          concurrent_skipping: 'same_content_newer'
+          # but never cancel main
+          cancel_others: ${{ github.ref != 'refs/heads/main' }}
 
   test-verific:
     needs: pre-job
-    if: needs.pre-job.outputs.should_skip != 'true'
+    if: ${{ needs.pre-job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' && github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys' }}
     runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, x64, fast]
     steps:
       - name: Checkout Yosys
@@ -70,3 +78,47 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
         run: |
           make -C sby run_ci
+
+      - name: Run unit tests
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          make -j$procs unit-test ENABLE_LTO=1 ENABLE_LIBYOSYS=1
+
+  test-pyosys:
+    needs: pre-job
+    if: ${{ needs.pre-job.outputs.should_skip != 'true' && github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys' }}
+    runs-on: [self-hosted, linux, x64, fast]
+    steps:
+      - name: Checkout Yosys
+        uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+          submodules: true
+      - name: Install UV
+        run: |
+          curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
+      - name: Runtime environment
+        run: |
+          echo "procs=$(nproc)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "${{ github.workspace }}/.local/bin" >> $GITHUB_PATH
+
+      - name: Build pyosys
+        run: |
+          make config-clang
+          echo "ENABLE_VERIFIC := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "ENABLE_VERIFIC_EDIF := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "ENABLE_VERIFIC_LIBERTY := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "ENABLE_VERIFIC_YOSYSHQ_EXTENSIONS := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "ENABLE_CCACHE := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "ENABLE_PYOSYS := 1" >> Makefile.conf
+          echo "PYTHON_DESTDIR := /usr/lib/python3/site-packages" >> Makefile.conf
+          make -j$procs
+
+      - name: Install pyosys
+        run: |
+          make install DESTDIR=${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/.local PREFIX=
+
+      - name: Run pyosys tests
+        run: |
+          export PYTHONPATH=${GITHUB_WORKSPACE}/.local/usr/lib/python3/site-packages:$PYTHONPATH
+          python3 tests/pyosys/run_tests.py

.github/workflows/update-flake-lock.yml

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   lockfile:
+    if: github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository

.github/workflows/version.yml

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ on:
 
 jobs:
   bump-version:
+    if: github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys'
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
@@ -18,11 +19,8 @@ jobs:
       - name: Take last commit
         id: log
         run: echo "message=$(git log --no-merges -1 --oneline)" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-      - name: Take repository
-        id: repo
-        run: echo "message=$GITHUB_REPOSITORY" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
       - name: Bump version
-        if: "!contains(steps.log.outputs.message, 'Bump version') && contains(steps.repo.outputs.message, 'YosysHQ/yosys')"
+        if: ${{ !contains(steps.log.outputs.message, 'Bump version') }}
         run: |
           make bumpversion
           git config --local user.email "41898282+github-actions[bot]@users.noreply.github.com"
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
           git add Makefile
           git commit -m "Bump version"
       - name: Push changes # push the output folder to your repo
-        if: "!contains(steps.log.outputs.message, 'Bump version') && contains(steps.repo.outputs.message, 'YosysHQ/yosys')"
+        if: ${{ !contains(steps.log.outputs.message, 'Bump version') }}
         uses: ad-m/github-push-action@master
         with:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}

.github/workflows/wheels.yml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ name: Build Wheels for PyPI
 on:
   workflow_dispatch:
   schedule:
-    - cron: '0 10 * * 0'
+    - cron: "0 10 * * 0"
 
 jobs:
   build_wheels:
@@ -25,15 +25,15 @@ jobs:
               archs: "aarch64",
             },
             {
-              name: "macOS 13",
+              name: "macOS 15 x64",
               family: "macos",
-              runner: "macos-13",
+              runner: "macos-15-intel",
               archs: "x86_64",
             },
             {
-              name: "macOS 14",
+              name: "macOS 15 arm64",
               family: "macos",
-              runner: "macos-14",
+              runner: "macos-15",
               archs: "arm64",
             },
             ## Windows is disabled because of an issue with compiling FFI as
@@ -54,28 +54,25 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
           submodules: true
           persist-credentials: false
-      - if: ${{ matrix.os.family == 'linux' }}
-        name: "[Linux] Set up QEMU"
-        uses: docker/setup-qemu-action@v3
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
-      - name: Get Boost Source
-        shell: bash
-        run: |
-          mkdir -p boost
-          curl -L https://github.com/boostorg/boost/releases/download/boost-1.86.0/boost-1.86.0-b2-nodocs.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC boost
       - name: Get FFI
         shell: bash
         run: |
           mkdir -p ffi
-          curl -L https://github.com/libffi/libffi/releases/download/v3.4.6/libffi-3.4.6.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC ffi
+          curl -L https://github.com/libffi/libffi/releases/download/v3.4.8/libffi-3.4.8.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC ffi
+      - if: ${{ matrix.os.family == 'linux' }}
+        name: "[Linux] Bison 3.8.2"
+        shell: bash
+        run: |
+          mkdir -p bison
+          curl -L https://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gnu/bison/bison-3.8.2.tar.gz | tar --strip-components=1 -xzC bison
       ## Software installed by default in GitHub Action Runner VMs:
       ##  https://github.com/actions/runner-images
       - if: ${{ matrix.os.family == 'macos' }}
         name: "[macOS] Flex/Bison"
         run: |
           brew install flex bison
-          echo "PATH=$(brew --prefix flex)/bin:$PATH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "PATH=$(brew --prefix bison)/bin:$PATH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "PATH=$(brew --prefix flex)/bin:$(brew --prefix bison)/bin:$PATH" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - if: ${{ matrix.os.family == 'windows' }}
         name: "[Windows] Flex/Bison"
         run: |
@@ -100,25 +97,30 @@ jobs:
           CIBW_MANYLINUX_AARCH64_IMAGE: manylinux_2_28
           CIBW_BEFORE_ALL: bash ./.github/workflows/wheels/cibw_before_all.sh
           CIBW_ENVIRONMENT: >
-            CXXFLAGS=-I./boost/pfx/include
-            LINKFLAGS=-L./boost/pfx/lib
+            OPTFLAGS=-O3
             PKG_CONFIG_PATH=./ffi/pfx/lib/pkgconfig
-            makeFlags='BOOST_PYTHON_LIB=./boost/pfx/lib/libboost_python*.a'
+            PATH="$PWD/bison/src:$PATH"
           CIBW_ENVIRONMENT_MACOS: >
-            CXXFLAGS=-I./boost/pfx/include
-            LINKFLAGS=-L./boost/pfx/lib
+            OPTFLAGS=-O3
             PKG_CONFIG_PATH=./ffi/pfx/lib/pkgconfig
             MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET=11
-            makeFlags='BOOST_PYTHON_LIB=./boost/pfx/lib/libboost_python*.a CONFIG=clang'
+            makeFlags='CONFIG=clang'
+            PATH="$PWD/bison/src:$PATH"
           CIBW_BEFORE_BUILD: bash ./.github/workflows/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh
-          CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: python3 {project}/tests/arch/ecp5/add_sub.py
+          CIBW_TEST_COMMAND: python3 {project}/tests/pyosys/run_tests.py
       - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: python-wheels-${{ matrix.os.runner }}
           path: ./wheelhouse/*.whl
   upload_wheels:
     name: Upload Wheels
+    if: (github.repository == 'YosysHQ/Yosys') && (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch')
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    # Specifying a GitHub environment is optional, but strongly encouraged
+    environment: pypi
+    permissions:
+      # IMPORTANT: this permission is mandatory for Trusted Publishing
+      id-token: write
     needs: build_wheels
     steps:
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
@@ -132,6 +134,3 @@ jobs:
           mv *.whl ./dist
       - name: Publish
         uses: pypa/gh-action-pypi-publish@release/v1
-        with:
-          password: ${{ secrets.PYPI_TOKEN }}
-          repository-url: ${{ vars.PYPI_INDEX || 'https://upload.pypi.org/legacy/' }}

.github/workflows/wheels/_run_cibw_linux.py

@@ -20,11 +20,19 @@ import os
 import yaml
 import platform
 import subprocess
+from pathlib import Path
 
-__dir__ = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))
+__yosys_root__ = Path(__file__).absolute().parents[3]
 
+for source in ["ffi", "bison"]:
+    if not (__yosys_root__ / source).is_dir():
+        print(
+            "You need to download ffi and bison in a similar manner to wheels.yml first."
+        )
+        exit(-1)
 
-workflow = yaml.safe_load(open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__dir__), "wheels.yml")))
+with open(__yosys_root__ / ".github" / "workflows" / "wheels.yml") as f:
+    workflow = yaml.safe_load(f)
 
 env = os.environ.copy()
 
@@ -40,5 +48,5 @@ for key, value in cibw_step["env"].items():
         continue
     env[key] = value
 
-env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = os.getenv("CIBW_ARCHS") or platform.machine()
+env["CIBW_ARCHS"] = os.getenv("CIBW_ARCHS", platform.machine())
 subprocess.check_call(["cibuildwheel"], env=env)

.github/workflows/wheels/cibw_before_all.sh

@@ -1,23 +1,37 @@
-set -e
-set -x
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e -x
 
 # Build-time dependencies
 ## Linux Docker Images
 if command -v yum &> /dev/null; then
-    yum install -y flex bison
+    yum install -y flex # manylinux's bison versions are hopelessly out of date
 fi
 
 if command -v apk &> /dev/null; then
     apk add flex bison
 fi
 
+if ! printf '%s\n' '%require "3.8"' '%%' 'start: ;' | bison -o /dev/null /dev/stdin ; then
+	(
+		set -e -x
+		cd bison
+		./configure
+		make clean
+		make install -j$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null || sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
+	)
+fi
+
 ## macOS/Windows -- installed in GitHub Action itself, not container
 
-# Build Static FFI (platform-dependent but not Python version dependent)
+# Runtime Dependencies
+## Build Static FFI (platform-dependent but not Python version dependent)
+(
+	set -e -x
 	cd ffi
 	## Ultimate libyosys.so will be shared, so we need fPIC for the static libraries
 	CFLAGS=-fPIC CXXFLAGS=-fPIC ./configure --prefix=$PWD/pfx
-## Without this, SHELL has a space in its path which breaks the makefile
+	make clean
 	make install -j$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null || sysctl -n hw.ncpu)
 	## Forces static library to be used in all situations
 	sed -i.bak 's@-L${toolexeclibdir} -lffi@${toolexeclibdir}/libffi.a@' ./pfx/lib/pkgconfig/libffi.pc
+)

.github/workflows/wheels/cibw_before_build.sh

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 set -e
 set -x
 
-# Don't use objects from previous compiles on Windows/macOS
-make clean
+# Don't use Python objects from previous compiles
+make clean-py
 
 # DEBUG: show python3 and python3-config outputs
 if [ "$(uname)" != "Linux" ]; then
@@ -11,24 +11,3 @@ if [ "$(uname)" != "Linux" ]; then
 fi
 python3 --version
 python3-config --includes
-
-# Build boost
-cd ./boost
-## Delete the artefacts from previous builds (if any)
-rm -rf ./pfx
-## Bootstrap bjam
-./bootstrap.sh --prefix=./pfx
-## Build Boost against current version of Python, only for
-## static linkage (Boost is statically linked because system boost packages
-## wildly vary in versions, including the libboost_python3 version)
-./b2\
-    -j$(getconf _NPROCESSORS_ONLN 2>/dev/null || sysctl -n hw.ncpu)\
-    --prefix=./pfx\
-    --with-filesystem\
-    --with-system\
-    --with-python\
-    cxxflags="$(python3-config --includes) -std=c++17 -fPIC"\
-    cflags="$(python3-config --includes) -fPIC"\
-    link=static\
-    variant=release\
-    install

.gitignore

@@ -1,26 +1,29 @@
+## user config
+/Makefile.conf
+
+## homebrew
+/Brewfile.lock.json
+
+## build artifacts
+/.git-abc-submodule-hash
+# compiler intermediate files
 *.o
 *.d
 *.dwo
-.*.swp
 *.gch
 *.gcda
 *.gcno
-*~
-__pycache__
-/.cache
-/.cproject
-/.project
-/.settings
-/qtcreator.files
-/qtcreator.includes
-/qtcreator.config
-/qtcreator.creator
-/qtcreator.creator.user
-/compile_commands.json
-/coverage.info
-/coverage_html
-/Makefile.conf
-/viz.js
+*.so.dSYM/
+
+## test artifacts
+**/run-test.mk
+*.err
+*.log
+*.tmp
+
+# compiler output files
+/kernel/version_*.cc
+/share
 /yosys
 /yosys.exe
 /yosys.js
@@ -36,22 +39,50 @@ __pycache__
 /yosys-witness-script.py
 /yosys-filterlib
 /yosys-filterlib.exe
-/kernel/*.pyh
-/kernel/python_wrappers.cc
-/kernel/version_*.cc
-/share
 /yosys-win32-mxebin-*
 /yosys-win32-vcxsrc-*
 /yosysjs-*
 /libyosys.so
+
+# build directories
 /tests/unit/bintest/
 /tests/unit/objtest/
 /tests/ystests
+/build
 /result
 /dist
-/*.egg-info
-/build
-/venv
-/boost
+
+# pyosys
+/kernel/*.pyh
+/kernel/python_wrappers.cc
 /ffi
+/bison
+/venv
 /*.whl
+/*.egg-info
+
+# yosysjs dependency
+/viz.js
+
+# other
+/coverage.info
+/coverage_html
+
+
+# these really belong in global gitignore since they're not specific to this project but rather to user tool choice
+# but too many people don't have a global gitignore configured:
+# https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/git-basics/ignoring-files#configuring-ignored-files-for-all-repositories-on-your-computer
+__pycache__
+*~
+.*.swp
+/.cache
+/.vscode
+/.cproject
+/.project
+/.settings
+/qtcreator.files
+/qtcreator.includes
+/qtcreator.config
+/qtcreator.creator
+/qtcreator.creator.user
+/compile_commands.json

Brewfile

@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ brew "git"
 brew "graphviz"
 brew "pkg-config"
 brew "python3"
-brew "tcl-tk"
+brew "uv"
 brew "xdot"
 brew "bash"
-brew "boost-python3"
-brew "llvm"
+brew "llvm@20"
 brew "lld"
+brew "googletest"

CHANGELOG

@@ -2,9 +2,101 @@
 List of major changes and improvements between releases
 =======================================================
 
-Yosys 0.53 .. Yosys 0.54-dev
+Yosys 0.59 .. Yosys 0.60-dev
 --------------------------
 
+Yosys 0.58 .. Yosys 0.59
+--------------------------
+ * Various
+    - Pyosys is rewritten using pybind11.
+    - alumacc: merge independent of sign.
+    - write_btor: Include $assert and $assume cells in -ywmap output.
+    - RTLIL parser rewritten for efficiency.
+    - Wildcards enabled for Liberty file consuming.
+    - timeest: Add top ports launching/sampling.
+
+ * New commands and options
+    - Added "-apply_derived_type" option to "box_derive" pass.
+    - Added "-publish_icells" option to "chtype" pass.
+    - Added "-width" option to "sim" pass.
+    - Added "sort" pass for sorting the design objects.
+    - Merged "synth_ecp5" and "synth_nexus" into "synth_lattice" pass.
+    - Added "-strict-gw5a-dffs" and "-setundef" options to "synth_gowin" pass.
+
+Yosys 0.57 .. Yosys 0.58
+--------------------------
+ * Various
+    - Run ABC passes in parallel.
+    - Extending support for buffer normalization.
+    - Overhaul of logging APIs.
+    - read_blif: Represent sequential elements with gate cells.
+    - Support multiple lib files in abc9_exe.
+
+ * New commands and options
+    - Added "-wireshape" option to "show" command to allow
+      control the shape of wire nodes.
+    - Added "-relativeshare" option to "read_verilog", "synth"
+      and "techmap" pass for synthesis reproducibility testing.
+    - "write_rtlil" pass no longer sorts design, added "-sort"
+      option to match old behavior
+    - Added "-sva-continue-on-err" to "verific" pass to allow
+      processing designs that includes unsupported SVA.
+
+Yosys 0.56 .. Yosys 0.57
+--------------------------
+ * New commands and options
+    - Added "-initstates" option to "abstract" pass.
+    - Added "-set-assumes" option to "equiv_induct"
+      and "equiv_simple" passes.
+    - Added "-always" option to "raise_error" pass.
+    - Added "-hierarchy" option to "stat" pass.
+    - Added "-noflatten" option to "synth_quicklogic" pass.
+
+ * Various
+    - smtbmc: Support skipping steps in cover mode.
+    - write_btor: support $buf.
+    - read_verilog: support package import.
+
+Yosys 0.55 .. Yosys 0.56
+--------------------------
+ * New commands and options
+    - Added "-unescape" option to "rename" pass.
+    - Added "-assert2cover" option to "chformal" pass.
+    - Added "linecoverage" pass to generate lcov report from selection.
+    - Added "opt_hier" pass to enable hierarchical optimization.
+    - Added "-hieropt" option to "synth" pass.
+    - Added "-expect-return", "-err-grep" and "-suffix" options
+      to "bugpoint" pass.
+    - Added "raise_error" dev pass.
+
+ * Various
+    - Added groups to command reference documentation.
+    - Added bugpoint guide to documentation.
+    - verific: correctly reset Verific flags after import.
+
+Yosys 0.54 .. Yosys 0.55
+--------------------------
+ * Various
+    - read_verilog: Implemented SystemVerilog unique/priority if.
+    - "attrmap" pass is able to alter memory attributes.
+    - verific: Support SVA followed-by operator in cover mode.
+
+Yosys 0.53 .. Yosys 0.54
+--------------------------
+ * New commands and options
+    - Added "-genlib" option to "abc_new" and "abc9_exe" passes.
+    - Added "-verbose" and "-quiet" options to "libcache" pass.
+    - Added "-no-sort" option to "write_aiger" pass.
+
+ * Various
+    - Added "muldiv_c" peepopt.
+    - Accept (and ignore) SystemVerilog unique/priority if.
+    - "read_verilog" copy inout ports in and out of functions/tasks.
+    - Enable single-bit vector wires in RTLIL.
+
+ * Xilinx support
+    - Single-port URAM mapping to support memories 2048 x 144b 
+
 Yosys 0.52 .. Yosys 0.53
 --------------------------
  * New commands and options

CODEOWNERS

@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ passes/opt/opt_lut.cc          @whitequark
 passes/techmap/abc9*.cc        @eddiehung @Ravenslofty
 backends/aiger/xaiger.cc       @eddiehung
 docs/                          @KrystalDelusion
+docs/source/using_yosys/synthesis/abc.rst @KrystalDelusion @Ravenslofty
 .github/workflows/*.yml        @mmicko
 
 ## External Contributors
@@ -29,15 +30,16 @@ docs/                          @KrystalDelusion
 # These still override previous lines, so be careful not to
 # accidentally disable any of the above rules.
 
-frontends/verilog/             @zachjs
-frontends/ast/                 @zachjs
+frontends/verilog/             @widlarizer
+frontends/ast/                 @widlarizer
 
 techlibs/intel_alm/            @Ravenslofty
 techlibs/gowin/                @pepijndevos
 techlibs/gatemate/             @pu-cc
 
 # pyosys
-misc/*.py                      @btut
+pyosys/*                       @donn
+setup.py                       @donn
 
 backends/firrtl                @ucbjrl @azidar
 

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ much easier for someone to respond and help.
 
 ### Bug reports
 
-Before you submit an issue, please have a search of the existing issues in case
-one already exists.  Making sure that you have a minimal, complete and
-verifiable example (MVCE) is a great way to quickly check an existing issue
-against a new one.  Stack overflow has a guide on [how to create an
-MVCE](https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example).  The
-[`bugpoint`
-command](https://yosyshq.readthedocs.io/projects/yosys/en/latest/cmd/bugpoint.html)
-in Yosys can be helpful for this process.
+Before you submit an issue, please check out the [how-to guide for
+`bugpoint`](https://yosys.readthedocs.io/en/latest/using_yosys/bugpoint.html).
+This guide will take you through the process of using the [`bugpoint`
+command](https://yosys.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cmd/bugpoint.html) in Yosys to
+produce a [minimal, complete and verifiable
+example](https://stackoverflow.com/help/minimal-reproducible-example) (MVCE).
+Providing an MVCE with your bug report drastically increases the likelihood that
+someone will be able to help resolve your issue.
 
 
 # Using pull requests
@@ -60,14 +60,11 @@ merge; please do not use these labels if you are not a maintainer.
 
 # Asking questions
 
-If you have a question about how to use Yosys, please ask on our [discussions
-page](https://github.com/YosysHQ/yosys/discussions) or in our [community
-slack](https://join.slack.com/t/yosyshq/shared_invite/zt-1aopkns2q-EiQ97BeQDt_pwvE41sGSuA).
-The slack is also a great place to ask questions about developing or
+If you have a question about how to use Yosys, please ask on our [Discourse forum](https://yosyshq.discourse.group/) or in our [discussions
+page](https://github.com/YosysHQ/yosys/discussions).
+The Discourse is also a great place to ask questions about developing or
 contributing to Yosys.
 
-We have open dev 'jour fixe' (JF) meetings where developers from YosysHQ and the
+We have open [dev 'jour fixe' (JF) meetings](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SapA6QAsJcsgwsdKJDgnGR2mr97pJjV4eeXg_TVJhRU/edit?usp=sharing) where developers from YosysHQ and the
 community come together to discuss open issues and PRs.  This is also a good
-place to talk to us about how to implement larger PRs.  Please join the
-community slack if you would like to join the next meeting, the link is
-available in the description of the #devel-discuss channel.
+place to talk to us about how to implement larger PRs.

Makefile

@@ -23,10 +23,13 @@ ENABLE_VERIFIC_EDIF := 0
 ENABLE_VERIFIC_LIBERTY := 0
 ENABLE_COVER := 1
 ENABLE_LIBYOSYS := 0
+ENABLE_LIBYOSYS_STATIC := 0
 ENABLE_ZLIB := 1
+ENABLE_HELP_SOURCE := 0
 
 # python wrappers
 ENABLE_PYOSYS := 0
+PYOSYS_USE_UV := 1
 
 # other configuration flags
 ENABLE_GCOV := 0
@@ -43,7 +46,12 @@ LINK_ABC := 0
 # Needed for environments that can't run executables (i.e. emscripten, wasm)
 DISABLE_SPAWN := 0
 # Needed for environments that don't have proper thread support (i.e. emscripten, wasm--for now)
+ENABLE_THREADS := 1
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_THREADS),1)
 DISABLE_ABC_THREADS := 0
+else
+DISABLE_ABC_THREADS := 1
+endif
 
 # clang sanitizers
 SANITIZER =
@@ -88,15 +96,15 @@ TARGETS = $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys$(EXE) $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-config
 PRETTY = 1
 SMALL = 0
 
-# Unit test
-UNITESTPATH := tests/unit
-
 all: top-all
 
 YOSYS_SRC := $(dir $(firstword $(MAKEFILE_LIST)))
 VPATH := $(YOSYS_SRC)
 
-CXXSTD ?= c++17
+# Unit test
+UNITESTPATH := $(YOSYS_SRC)/tests/unit
+
+export CXXSTD ?= c++17
 CXXFLAGS := $(CXXFLAGS) -Wall -Wextra -ggdb -I. -I"$(YOSYS_SRC)" -MD -MP -D_YOSYS_ -fPIC -I$(PREFIX)/include
 LIBS := $(LIBS) -lstdc++ -lm
 PLUGIN_LINKFLAGS :=
@@ -109,18 +117,16 @@ PLUGIN_LINKFLAGS += -L"$(LIBDIR)"
 PLUGIN_LIBS := -lyosys_exe
 endif
 
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_HELP_SOURCE),1)
+CXXFLAGS += -DYOSYS_ENABLE_HELP_SOURCE
+endif
+
 PKG_CONFIG ?= pkg-config
 SED ?= sed
 BISON ?= bison
 STRIP ?= strip
 AWK ?= awk
 
-ifneq ($(shell :; command -v rsync),)
-RSYNC_CP ?= rsync -rc
-else
-RSYNC_CP ?= cp -ru
-endif
-
 ifeq ($(OS), Darwin)
 PLUGIN_LINKFLAGS += -undefined dynamic_lookup
 LINKFLAGS += -rdynamic
@@ -129,12 +135,8 @@ LINKFLAGS += -rdynamic
 ifneq ($(shell :; command -v brew),)
 BREW_PREFIX := $(shell brew --prefix)/opt
 $(info $$BREW_PREFIX is [${BREW_PREFIX}])
-ifeq ($(ENABLE_PYOSYS),1)
-CXXFLAGS += -I$(BREW_PREFIX)/boost/include
-LINKFLAGS += -L$(BREW_PREFIX)/boost/lib -L$(BREW_PREFIX)/boost-python3/lib
-endif
-CXXFLAGS += -I$(BREW_PREFIX)/readline/include
-LINKFLAGS += -L$(BREW_PREFIX)/readline/lib
+CXXFLAGS += -I$(BREW_PREFIX)/readline/include -I$(BREW_PREFIX)/flex/include
+LINKFLAGS += -L$(BREW_PREFIX)/readline/lib -L$(BREW_PREFIX)/flex/lib
 PKG_CONFIG_PATH := $(BREW_PREFIX)/libffi/lib/pkgconfig:$(PKG_CONFIG_PATH)
 PKG_CONFIG_PATH := $(BREW_PREFIX)/tcl-tk/lib/pkgconfig:$(PKG_CONFIG_PATH)
 export PATH := $(BREW_PREFIX)/bison/bin:$(BREW_PREFIX)/gettext/bin:$(BREW_PREFIX)/flex/bin:$(PATH)
@@ -160,7 +162,7 @@ ifeq ($(OS), Haiku)
 CXXFLAGS += -D_DEFAULT_SOURCE
 endif
 
-YOSYS_VER := 0.53+39
+YOSYS_VER := 0.59+134
 YOSYS_MAJOR := $(shell echo $(YOSYS_VER) | cut -d'.' -f1)
 YOSYS_MINOR := $(shell echo $(YOSYS_VER) | cut -d'.' -f2 | cut -d'+' -f1)
 YOSYS_COMMIT := $(shell echo $(YOSYS_VER) | cut -d'+' -f2)
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ endif
 OBJS = kernel/version_$(GIT_REV).o
 
 bumpversion:
-	sed -i "/^YOSYS_VER := / s/+[0-9][0-9]*$$/+`git log --oneline 53c22ab.. | wc -l`/;" Makefile
+	sed -i "/^YOSYS_VER := / s/+[0-9][0-9]*$$/+`git log --oneline 03eb220.. | wc -l`/;" Makefile
 
 ABCMKARGS = CC="$(CXX)" CXX="$(CXX)" ABC_USE_LIBSTDCXX=1 ABC_USE_NAMESPACE=abc VERBOSE=$(Q)
 
@@ -282,12 +284,11 @@ ifeq ($(WASI_SDK),)
 CXX = clang++
 AR = llvm-ar
 RANLIB = llvm-ranlib
-WASIFLAGS := -target wasm32-wasi --sysroot $(WASI_SYSROOT) $(WASIFLAGS)
+WASIFLAGS := -target wasm32-wasi $(WASIFLAGS)
 else
 CXX = $(WASI_SDK)/bin/clang++
 AR = $(WASI_SDK)/bin/ar
 RANLIB = $(WASI_SDK)/bin/ranlib
-WASIFLAGS := --sysroot $(WASI_SDK)/share/wasi-sysroot $(WASIFLAGS)
 endif
 CXXFLAGS := $(WASIFLAGS) -std=$(CXXSTD) $(OPT_LEVEL) -D_WASI_EMULATED_PROCESS_CLOCKS $(filter-out -fPIC,$(CXXFLAGS))
 LINKFLAGS := $(WASIFLAGS) -Wl,-z,stack-size=1048576 $(filter-out -rdynamic,$(LINKFLAGS))
@@ -301,6 +302,7 @@ DISABLE_SPAWN := 1
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_ABC),1)
 LINK_ABC := 1
+ENABLE_THREADS := 0
 DISABLE_ABC_THREADS := 1
 endif
 
@@ -341,33 +343,35 @@ endif
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_LIBYOSYS),1)
 TARGETS += libyosys.so
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_LIBYOSYS_STATIC),1)
+TARGETS += libyosys.a
 endif
+endif
+
+PY_WRAPPER_FILE = pyosys/wrappers
+
+# running make clean on just those and then recompiling saves a lot of
+# time when running cibuildwheel
+PYTHON_OBJECTS = pyosys/wrappers.o kernel/drivers.o kernel/yosys.o passes/cmds/plugin.o
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_PYOSYS),1)
 # python-config --ldflags includes -l and -L, but LINKFLAGS is only -L
+
+UV_ENV :=
+ifeq ($(PYOSYS_USE_UV),1)
+UV_ENV := uv run  --no-project --with 'pybind11>3,<4' --with 'cxxheaderparser'
+endif
+
 LINKFLAGS += $(filter-out -l%,$(shell $(PYTHON_CONFIG) --ldflags))
 LIBS += $(shell $(PYTHON_CONFIG) --libs)
 EXE_LIBS += $(filter-out $(LIBS),$(shell $(PYTHON_CONFIG_FOR_EXE) --libs))
-CXXFLAGS += $(shell $(PYTHON_CONFIG) --includes) -DWITH_PYTHON
+PYBIND11_INCLUDE ?= $(shell $(UV_ENV) $(PYTHON_EXECUTABLE) -m pybind11 --includes)
+CXXFLAGS += -I$(PYBIND11_INCLUDE) -DYOSYS_ENABLE_PYTHON
+CXXFLAGS += $(shell $(PYTHON_CONFIG) --includes) -DYOSYS_ENABLE_PYTHON
 
-# Detect name of boost_python library. Some distros use boost_python-py<version>, other boost_python<version>, some only use the major version number, some a concatenation of major and minor version numbers
-CHECK_BOOST_PYTHON = (echo "int main(int argc, char ** argv) {return 0;}" | $(CXX) -xc -o /dev/null $(LINKFLAGS) $(EXE_LIBS) $(LIBS) -l$(1) - > /dev/null 2>&1 && echo "-l$(1)")
-BOOST_PYTHON_LIB ?= $(shell \
-	$(call CHECK_BOOST_PYTHON,boost_python-py$(subst .,,$(PYTHON_VERSION))) || \
-	$(call CHECK_BOOST_PYTHON,boost_python-py$(PYTHON_MAJOR_VERSION)) || \
-	$(call CHECK_BOOST_PYTHON,boost_python$(subst .,,$(PYTHON_VERSION))) || \
-	$(call CHECK_BOOST_PYTHON,boost_python$(PYTHON_MAJOR_VERSION)) \
-)
-
-ifeq ($(BOOST_PYTHON_LIB),)
-$(error BOOST_PYTHON_LIB could not be detected. Please define manually)
-endif
-
-LIBS += $(BOOST_PYTHON_LIB) -lboost_system -lboost_filesystem
-PY_WRAPPER_FILE = kernel/python_wrappers
 OBJS += $(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).o
-PY_GEN_SCRIPT= py_wrap_generator
-PY_WRAP_INCLUDES := $(shell $(PYTHON_EXECUTABLE) -c "from misc import $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT); $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT).print_includes()")
+PY_GEN_SCRIPT = $(YOSYS_SRC)/pyosys/generator.py
+PY_WRAP_INCLUDES := $(shell $(UV_ENV) $(PYTHON_EXECUTABLE) $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT) --print-includes)
 endif # ENABLE_PYOSYS
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_READLINE),1)
@@ -455,6 +459,12 @@ endif
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_DEBUG),1)
 CXXFLAGS := -Og -DDEBUG $(filter-out $(OPT_LEVEL),$(CXXFLAGS))
+STRIP :=
+endif
+
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_THREADS),1)
+CXXFLAGS += -DYOSYS_ENABLE_THREADS
+LIBS += -lpthread
 endif
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_ABC),1)
@@ -468,6 +478,9 @@ else
 ifeq ($(ABCEXTERNAL),)
 TARGETS := $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-abc$(EXE) $(TARGETS)
 endif
+ifeq ($(DISABLE_SPAWN),1)
+$(error ENABLE_ABC=1 requires either LINK_ABC=1 or DISABLE_SPAWN=0)
+endif
 endif
 endif
 
@@ -519,8 +532,12 @@ ifeq ($(ENABLE_VERIFIC_YOSYSHQ_EXTENSIONS),1)
 VERIFIC_COMPONENTS += extensions
 CXXFLAGS += -DYOSYSHQ_VERIFIC_EXTENSIONS
 else
+# YosysHQ flavor of Verific always needs extensions linked
+# if disabled it will just not be invoked but parts
+# are required for it to initialize properly
 ifneq ($(wildcard $(VERIFIC_DIR)/extensions),)
 VERIFIC_COMPONENTS += extensions
+OBJS += kernel/log_compat.o
 endif
 endif
 CXXFLAGS += $(patsubst %,-I$(VERIFIC_DIR)/%,$(VERIFIC_COMPONENTS)) -DYOSYS_ENABLE_VERIFIC
@@ -531,7 +548,6 @@ LIBS_VERIFIC += -Wl,--whole-archive $(patsubst %,$(VERIFIC_DIR)/%/*-linux.a,$(VE
 endif
 endif
 
-
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_COVER),1)
 CXXFLAGS += -DYOSYS_ENABLE_COVER
 endif
@@ -551,6 +567,13 @@ $(subst //,/,$(1)/$(notdir $(2))): $(2)
 	$$(Q) cp "$(YOSYS_SRC)"/$(2) $(subst //,/,$(1)/$(notdir $(2)))
 endef
 
+define add_share_file_and_rename
+EXTRA_TARGETS += $(subst //,/,$(1)/$(3))
+$(subst //,/,$(1)/$(3)): $(2)
+	$$(P) mkdir -p $(1)
+	$$(Q) cp "$(YOSYS_SRC)"/$(2) $(subst //,/,$(1)/$(3))
+endef
+
 define add_gen_share_file
 EXTRA_TARGETS += $(subst //,/,$(1)/$(notdir $(2)))
 $(subst //,/,$(1)/$(notdir $(2))): $(2)
@@ -613,6 +636,7 @@ $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/satgen.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/scopeinfo.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/sexpr.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/sigtools.h))
+$(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/threading.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/timinginfo.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/utils.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,kernel/yosys.h))
@@ -626,15 +650,21 @@ endif
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,libs/sha1/sha1.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,libs/json11/json11.hpp))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,passes/fsm/fsmdata.h))
+$(eval $(call add_include_file,passes/techmap/libparse.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,frontends/ast/ast.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,frontends/ast/ast_binding.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,frontends/blif/blifparse.h))
 $(eval $(call add_include_file,backends/rtlil/rtlil_backend.h))
 
 OBJS += kernel/driver.o kernel/register.o kernel/rtlil.o kernel/log.o kernel/calc.o kernel/yosys.o kernel/io.o kernel/gzip.o
+OBJS += kernel/rtlil_bufnorm.o
+OBJS += kernel/log_help.o
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_VERIFIC_YOSYSHQ_EXTENSIONS),1)
+OBJS += kernel/log_compat.o
+endif
 OBJS += kernel/binding.o kernel/tclapi.o
 OBJS += kernel/cellaigs.o kernel/celledges.o kernel/cost.o kernel/satgen.o kernel/scopeinfo.o kernel/qcsat.o kernel/mem.o kernel/ffmerge.o kernel/ff.o kernel/yw.o kernel/json.o kernel/fmt.o kernel/sexpr.o
-OBJS += kernel/drivertools.o kernel/functional.o
+OBJS += kernel/drivertools.o kernel/functional.o kernel/threading.o
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_ZLIB),1)
 OBJS += kernel/fstdata.o
 endif
@@ -744,11 +774,14 @@ $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys$(EXE): $(OBJS)
 
 libyosys.so: $(filter-out kernel/driver.o,$(OBJS))
 ifeq ($(OS), Darwin)
-	$(P) $(CXX) -o libyosys.so -shared -undefined dynamic_lookup -Wl,-install_name,$(LIBDIR)/libyosys.so $(LINKFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) $(LIBS_VERIFIC)
+	$(P) $(CXX) -o libyosys.so -shared -undefined dynamic_lookup -Wl,-install_name,libyosys.so $(LINKFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) $(LIBS_VERIFIC)
 else
-	$(P) $(CXX) -o libyosys.so -shared -Wl,-soname,$(LIBDIR)/libyosys.so $(LINKFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) $(LIBS_VERIFIC)
+	$(P) $(CXX) -o libyosys.so -shared -Wl,-soname,libyosys.so $(LINKFLAGS) $^ $(LIBS) $(LIBS_VERIFIC)
 endif
 
+libyosys.a: $(filter-out kernel/driver.o,$(OBJS))
+	$(P) $(AR) rcs $@ $^
+
 %.o: %.cc
 	$(Q) mkdir -p $(dir $@)
 	$(P) $(CXX) -o $@ -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) $<
@@ -758,9 +791,9 @@ endif
 	$(P) cat $< | grep -E -v "#[ ]*(include|error)" | $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -x c++ -o $@ -E -P -
 
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_PYOSYS),1)
-$(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).cc: misc/$(PY_GEN_SCRIPT).py $(PY_WRAP_INCLUDES)
+$(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).cc: $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT) pyosys/wrappers_tpl.cc $(PY_WRAP_INCLUDES) pyosys/hashlib.h
 	$(Q) mkdir -p $(dir $@)
-	$(P) $(PYTHON_EXECUTABLE) -c "from misc import $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT); $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT).gen_wrappers(\"$(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).cc\")"
+	$(P) $(UV_ENV) $(PYTHON_EXECUTABLE) $(PY_GEN_SCRIPT) $(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).cc
 endif
 
 %.o: %.cpp
@@ -828,7 +861,17 @@ check-git-abc:
 		exit 1; \
 	fi
 
-abc/abc$(EXE) abc/libabc.a: | check-git-abc
+.git-abc-submodule-hash: FORCE
+	@new=$$(cd abc 2>/dev/null && git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null || echo none); \
+	old=$$(cat .git-abc-submodule-hash 2>/dev/null || echo none); \
+	if [ "$$new" != "$$old" ]; then \
+		echo "$$new" > .git-abc-submodule-hash; \
+	fi
+
+abc/abc$(EXE) abc/libabc.a: .git-abc-submodule-hash | check-git-abc
+	@if [ "$$(cd abc 2>/dev/null && git rev-parse HEAD 2>/dev/null)" != "$$(cat ../.git-abc-submodule-hash 2>/dev/null || echo none)" ]; then \
+		rm -f abc/abc$(EXE); \
+	fi
 	$(P)
 	$(Q) mkdir -p abc && $(MAKE) -C $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)abc -f "$(realpath $(YOSYS_SRC)/abc/Makefile)" ABCSRC="$(realpath $(YOSYS_SRC)/abc/)" $(S) $(ABCMKARGS) $(if $(filter %.a,$@),PROG="abc",PROG="abc$(EXE)") MSG_PREFIX="$(eval P_OFFSET = 5)$(call P_SHOW)$(eval P_OFFSET = 10) ABC: " $(if $(filter %.a,$@),libabc.a)
 
@@ -866,12 +909,15 @@ MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/arch/nexus
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/arch/quicklogic/pp3
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/arch/quicklogic/qlf_k6n10f
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/arch/xilinx
+MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/bugpoint
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/opt
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/sat
+MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/sdc
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/sim
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/svtypes
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/techmap
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/various
+MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/rtlil
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_VERIFIC),1)
 ifneq ($(YOSYS_NOVERIFIC),1)
 MK_TEST_DIRS += tests/verific
@@ -979,32 +1025,41 @@ unit-test: libyosys.so
 clean-unit-test:
 	@$(MAKE) -C $(UNITESTPATH) clean
 
+install-dev: $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-config share
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-config $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(DATDIR)
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp -r share/. $(DESTDIR)$(DATDIR)/.
+
 install: $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)
-	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp $(filter-out libyosys.so,$(TARGETS)) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp $(filter-out libyosys.so libyosys.a,$(TARGETS)) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)
 ifneq ($(filter $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys,$(TARGETS)),)
-	$(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) -S $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys
+	if [ -n "$(STRIP)" ]; then $(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) -S $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys; fi
 endif
 ifneq ($(filter $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-abc,$(TARGETS)),)
-	$(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-abc
+	if [ -n "$(STRIP)" ]; then $(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-abc; fi
 endif
 ifneq ($(filter $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-filterlib,$(TARGETS)),)
-	$(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-filterlib
+	if [ -n "$(STRIP)" ]; then $(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) $(DESTDIR)$(BINDIR)/$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-filterlib; fi
 endif
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(DATDIR)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp -r share/. $(DESTDIR)$(DATDIR)/.
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_LIBYOSYS),1)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp libyosys.so $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/
-	$(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) -S $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libyosys.so
+	if [ -n "$(STRIP)" ]; then $(INSTALL_SUDO) $(STRIP) -S $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libyosys.so; fi
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_LIBYOSYS_STATIC),1)
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp libyosys.a $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/
+endif
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_PYOSYS),1)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) mkdir -p $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp $(YOSYS_SRC)/pyosys/__init__.py $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys/__init__.py
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp libyosys.so $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys/libyosys.so
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp -r share $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_ABC),1)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp yosys-abc $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys/yosys-abc
 endif
-	$(INSTALL_SUDO) cp misc/__init__.py $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys/
 endif
 endif
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_PLUGINS),1)
@@ -1019,6 +1074,9 @@ uninstall:
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) rm -rvf $(DESTDIR)$(DATDIR)
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_LIBYOSYS),1)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) rm -vf $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libyosys.so
+ifeq ($(ENABLE_LIBYOSYS_STATIC),1)
+	$(INSTALL_SUDO) rm -vf $(DESTDIR)$(LIBDIR)/libyosys.a
+endif
 ifeq ($(ENABLE_PYOSYS),1)
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) rm -vf $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys/libyosys.so
 	$(INSTALL_SUDO) rm -vf $(DESTDIR)$(PYTHON_DESTDIR)/$(subst -,_,$(PROGRAM_PREFIX))pyosys/__init__.py
@@ -1026,19 +1084,8 @@ ifeq ($(ENABLE_PYOSYS),1)
 endif
 endif
 
-# also others, but so long as it doesn't fail this is enough to know we tried
-docs/source/cmd/abc.rst: $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS)
-	$(Q) mkdir -p docs/source/cmd
-	$(Q) mkdir -p temp/docs/source/cmd
-	$(Q) cd temp && ./../$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys -p 'help -write-rst-command-reference-manual'
-	$(Q) $(RSYNC_CP) temp/docs/source/cmd docs/source
-	$(Q) rm -rf temp
-docs/source/cell/word_add.rst: $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS)
-	$(Q) mkdir -p docs/source/cell
-	$(Q) mkdir -p temp/docs/source/cell
-	$(Q) cd temp && ./../$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys -p 'help -write-rst-cells-manual'
-	$(Q) $(RSYNC_CP) temp/docs/source/cell docs/source
-	$(Q) rm -rf temp
+docs/source/generated/cmds.json: docs/source/generated $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS)
+	$(Q) ./$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys -p 'help -dump-cmds-json $@'
 
 docs/source/generated/cells.json: docs/source/generated $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS)
 	$(Q) ./$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys -p 'help -dump-cells-json $@'
@@ -1055,6 +1102,15 @@ docs/source/generated/functional/rosette.diff: backends/functional/smtlib.cc bac
 PHONY: docs/gen/functional_ir
 docs/gen/functional_ir: docs/source/generated/functional/smtlib.cc docs/source/generated/functional/rosette.diff
 
+docs/source/generated/%.log: docs/source/generated $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS)
+	$(Q) ./$(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys -qQT -h '$*' -l $@
+
+docs/source/generated/chformal.cc: passes/cmds/chformal.cc docs/source/generated
+	$(Q) cp $< $@
+
+PHONY: docs/gen/chformal
+docs/gen/chformal: docs/source/generated/chformal.log docs/source/generated/chformal.cc
+
 PHONY: docs/gen docs/usage docs/reqs
 docs/gen: $(TARGETS)
 	$(Q) $(MAKE) -C docs gen
@@ -1090,18 +1146,16 @@ docs/reqs:
 	$(Q) $(MAKE) -C docs reqs
 
 .PHONY: docs/prep
-docs/prep: docs/source/cmd/abc.rst docs/source/generated/cells.json docs/gen docs/usage docs/gen/functional_ir
+docs/prep: docs/source/generated/cells.json docs/source/generated/cmds.json docs/gen docs/usage docs/gen/functional_ir docs/gen/chformal
 
 DOC_TARGET ?= html
 docs: docs/prep
 	$(Q) $(MAKE) -C docs $(DOC_TARGET)
 
-clean:
+clean: clean-py clean-unit-test
 	rm -rf share
-	rm -rf kernel/*.pyh
-	rm -f $(OBJS) $(GENFILES) $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS) $(EXTRA_OBJS) $(PY_WRAP_INCLUDES) $(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).cc
+	rm -f $(OBJS) $(GENFILES) $(TARGETS) $(EXTRA_TARGETS) $(EXTRA_OBJS)
 	rm -f kernel/version_*.o kernel/version_*.cc
-	rm -f kernel/python_wrappers.o
 	rm -f libs/*/*.d frontends/*/*.d passes/*/*.d backends/*/*.d kernel/*.d techlibs/*/*.d
 	rm -rf tests/asicworld/*.out tests/asicworld/*.log
 	rm -rf tests/hana/*.out tests/hana/*.log
@@ -1113,14 +1167,20 @@ clean:
 	rm -f tests/svinterfaces/*.log_stdout tests/svinterfaces/*.log_stderr tests/svinterfaces/dut_result.txt tests/svinterfaces/reference_result.txt tests/svinterfaces/a.out tests/svinterfaces/*_syn.v tests/svinterfaces/*.diff
 	rm -f  tests/tools/cmp_tbdata
 	rm -f $(addsuffix /run-test.mk,$(MK_TEST_DIRS))
-	-$(MAKE) -C docs clean
-	rm -rf docs/source/cmd docs/util/__pycache__
-	rm -f *.whl
+	-$(MAKE) -C $(YOSYS_SRC)/docs clean
+	rm -rf docs/util/__pycache__
 	rm -f libyosys.so
 
+clean-py:
+	rm -f $(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).inc.cc $(PY_WRAPPER_FILE).cc
+	rm -f $(PYTHON_OBJECTS)
+	rm -f *.whl
+	rm -f libyosys.so libyosys.a
+	rm -rf kernel/*.pyh
+
 clean-abc:
-	$(MAKE) -C abc DEP= clean
-	rm -f $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-abc$(EXE) $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-libabc.a abc/abc-[0-9a-f]* abc/libabc-[0-9a-f]*.a
+	$(MAKE) -C $(YOSYS_SRC)/abc DEP= clean
+	rm -f $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-abc$(EXE) $(PROGRAM_PREFIX)yosys-libabc.a abc/abc-[0-9a-f]* abc/libabc-[0-9a-f]*.a .git-abc-submodule-hash
 
 mrproper: clean
 	git clean -xdf
@@ -1221,5 +1281,5 @@ echo-cxx:
 
 FORCE:
 
-.PHONY: all top-all abc test install install-abc docs clean mrproper qtcreator coverage vcxsrc
+.PHONY: all top-all abc test install-dev install install-abc docs clean mrproper qtcreator coverage vcxsrc
 .PHONY: config-clean config-clang config-gcc config-gcc-static config-gprof config-sudo

README.md

@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@ Web Site and Other Resources
 More information and documentation can be found on the Yosys web site:
 - https://yosyshq.net/yosys/
 
+If you have any Yosys-related questions, please post them on the Discourse group:
+- https://yosyshq.discourse.group
+
 Documentation from this repository is automatically built and available on Read
 the Docs:
 - https://yosyshq.readthedocs.io/projects/yosys
@@ -34,6 +37,9 @@ verification front-end for Yosys, SBY:
 - https://yosyshq.readthedocs.io/projects/sby/
 - https://github.com/YosysHQ/sby
 
+The Yosys blog has news and articles from users:
+- https://blog.yosyshq.com
+
 
 Installation
 ============
@@ -74,13 +80,13 @@ recommended) and some standard tools such as GNU Flex, GNU Bison, and GNU Make.
 TCL, readline and libffi are optional (see ``ENABLE_*`` settings in Makefile).
 Xdot (graphviz) is used by the ``show`` command in yosys to display schematics.
 
-For example on Ubuntu Linux 16.04 LTS the following commands will install all
+For example on Ubuntu Linux 22.04 LTS the following commands will install all
 prerequisites for building yosys:
 
-	$ sudo apt-get install build-essential clang lld bison flex \
-		libreadline-dev gawk tcl-dev libffi-dev git \
-		graphviz xdot pkg-config python3 libboost-system-dev \
-		libboost-python-dev libboost-filesystem-dev zlib1g-dev
+	$ sudo apt-get install gawk git make python3 lld bison clang flex \
+		libffi-dev libfl-dev libreadline-dev pkg-config tcl-dev zlib1g-dev \
+		graphviz xdot
+	$ curl -LsSf https://astral.sh/uv/install.sh | sh
 
 The environment variable `CXX` can be used to control the C++ compiler used, or
 run one of the following to override it:
@@ -270,3 +276,11 @@ From the root of the repository, run `make docs`.  This will build/rebuild yosys
 as necessary before generating the website documentation from the yosys help
 commands.  To build for pdf instead of html, call
 `make docs DOC_TARGET=latexpdf`.
+
+It is recommended to use the `ENABLE_HELP_SOURCE` make option for Yosys builds
+that will be used to build the documentation.  This option enables source
+location tracking for passes and improves the command reference through grouping
+related commands and allowing for the documentation to link to the corresponding
+source files.  Without this, a warning will be raised during the Sphinx build
+about `Found commands assigned to group unknown` and `make docs` is configured
+to fail on warnings by default.

abc

@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit e55d316cc9a7f72a84a76eda555aa6ec083c9d0d
+Subproject commit 1c5ed1ce378cc04beac30bb31abc4c37c8467042

backends/aiger/aiger.cc

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ struct AigerWriter
 		return a;
 	}
 
-	AigerWriter(Module *module, bool zinit_mode, bool imode, bool omode, bool bmode, bool lmode) : module(module), zinit_mode(zinit_mode), sigmap(module)
+	AigerWriter(Module *module, bool no_sort, bool zinit_mode, bool imode, bool omode, bool bmode, bool lmode) : module(module), zinit_mode(zinit_mode), sigmap(module)
 	{
 		pool<SigBit> undriven_bits;
 		pool<SigBit> unused_bits;
@@ -152,6 +152,37 @@ struct AigerWriter
 			if (wire->port_input)
 				sigmap.add(wire);
 
+		// handle ports
+		// provided the input_bits and output_bits don't get sorted they
+		// will be returned in reverse order, so add them in reverse to
+		// match
+		for (auto riter = module->ports.rbegin(); riter != module->ports.rend(); ++riter) {
+			auto *wire = module->wire(*riter);
+			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(wire); i++)
+			{
+				SigBit wirebit(wire, i);
+				SigBit bit = sigmap(wirebit);
+
+				if (bit.wire == nullptr) {
+					if (wire->port_output) {
+						aig_map[wirebit] = (bit == State::S1) ? 1 : 0;
+						output_bits.insert(wirebit);
+					}
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				if (wire->port_input)
+					input_bits.insert(bit);
+
+				if (wire->port_output) {
+					if (bit != wirebit)
+						alias_map[wirebit] = bit;
+					output_bits.insert(wirebit);
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// handle wires
 		for (auto wire : module->wires())
 		{
 			if (wire->attributes.count(ID::init)) {
@@ -167,25 +198,13 @@ struct AigerWriter
 				SigBit wirebit(wire, i);
 				SigBit bit = sigmap(wirebit);
 
-				if (bit.wire == nullptr) {
-					if (wire->port_output) {
-						aig_map[wirebit] = (bit == State::S1) ? 1 : 0;
-						output_bits.insert(wirebit);
-					}
+				if (bit.wire == nullptr)
+					continue;
+				if (wire->port_input || wire->port_output)
 					continue;
-				}
 
 				undriven_bits.insert(bit);
 				unused_bits.insert(bit);
-
-				if (wire->port_input)
-					input_bits.insert(bit);
-
-				if (wire->port_output) {
-					if (bit != wirebit)
-						alias_map[wirebit] = bit;
-					output_bits.insert(wirebit);
-				}
 			}
 
 			if (wire->width == 1) {
@@ -200,12 +219,6 @@ struct AigerWriter
 			}
 		}
 
-		for (auto bit : input_bits)
-			undriven_bits.erase(bit);
-
-		for (auto bit : output_bits)
-			unused_bits.erase(bit);
-
 		for (auto cell : module->cells())
 		{
 			if (cell->type == ID($_NOT_))
@@ -343,8 +356,11 @@ struct AigerWriter
 		}
 
 		init_map.sort();
+		// we are relying here on unsorted pools iterating last-in-first-out
+		if (!no_sort) {
 			input_bits.sort();
 			output_bits.sort();
+		}
 		not_map.sort();
 		ff_map.sort();
 		and_map.sort();
@@ -697,7 +713,7 @@ struct AigerWriter
 				}
 
 				if (wire->port_output) {
-					int o = ordered_outputs.at(sig[i]);
+					int o = ordered_outputs.at(SigSpec(wire, i));
 					output_lines[o] += stringf("output %d %d %s\n", o, index, log_id(wire));
 				}
 
@@ -901,6 +917,9 @@ struct AigerBackend : public Backend {
 		log("    -symbols\n");
 		log("        include a symbol table in the generated AIGER file\n");
 		log("\n");
+		log("    -no-sort\n");
+		log("        don't sort input/output ports\n");
+		log("\n");
 		log("    -map <filename>\n");
 		log("        write an extra file with port and latch symbols\n");
 		log("\n");
@@ -925,6 +944,7 @@ struct AigerBackend : public Backend {
 		bool zinit_mode = false;
 		bool miter_mode = false;
 		bool symbols_mode = false;
+		bool no_sort = false;
 		bool verbose_map = false;
 		bool imode = false;
 		bool omode = false;
@@ -955,6 +975,10 @@ struct AigerBackend : public Backend {
 				symbols_mode = true;
 				continue;
 			}
+			if (args[argidx] == "-no-sort") {
+				no_sort = true;
+				continue;
+			}
 			if (map_filename.empty() && args[argidx] == "-map" && argidx+1 < args.size()) {
 				map_filename = args[++argidx];
 				continue;
@@ -1008,7 +1032,7 @@ struct AigerBackend : public Backend {
 		if (!top_module->memories.empty())
 			log_error("Found unmapped memories in module %s: unmapped memories are not supported in AIGER backend!\n", log_id(top_module));
 
-		AigerWriter writer(top_module, zinit_mode, imode, omode, bmode, lmode);
+		AigerWriter writer(top_module, no_sort, zinit_mode, imode, omode, bmode, lmode);
 		writer.write_aiger(*f, ascii_mode, miter_mode, symbols_mode);
 
 		if (!map_filename.empty()) {
@@ -1016,7 +1040,7 @@ struct AigerBackend : public Backend {
 			std::ofstream mapf;
 			mapf.open(map_filename.c_str(), std::ofstream::trunc);
 			if (mapf.fail())
-				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", map_filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", map_filename, strerror(errno));
 			writer.write_map(mapf, verbose_map, no_startoffset);
 		}
 
@@ -1027,7 +1051,7 @@ struct AigerBackend : public Backend {
 			PrettyJson json;
 
 			if (!json.write_to_file(yw_map_filename))
-				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", yw_map_filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", yw_map_filename, strerror(errno));
 			writer.write_ywmap(json);
 		}
 	}

backends/aiger/xaiger.cc

@@ -788,7 +788,7 @@ struct XAigerBackend : public Backend {
 			std::ofstream mapf;
 			mapf.open(map_filename.c_str(), std::ofstream::trunc);
 			if (mapf.fail())
-				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", map_filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", map_filename, strerror(errno));
 			writer.write_map(mapf);
 		}
 	}

backends/aiger2/aiger.cc

@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ struct Index {
 		int pos = index_wires(info, m);
 
 		for (auto cell : m->cells()) {
-			if (cell->type.in(KNOWN_OPS) || cell->type.in(ID($scopeinfo), ID($specify2), ID($specify3)))
+			if (cell->type.in(KNOWN_OPS) || cell->type.in(ID($scopeinfo), ID($specify2), ID($specify3), ID($input_port)))
 				continue;
 
 			Module *submodule = m->design->module(cell->type);
@@ -105,6 +105,13 @@ struct Index {
 				if (allow_blackboxes) {
 					info.found_blackboxes.insert(cell);	
 				} else {
+					// Even if we don't allow blackboxes these might still be
+					// present outside of any traversed input cones, so we
+					// can't bail at this point. If they are hit by a traversal
+					// (which can only really happen with $tribuf not
+					// $connect), we can still detect this as an error later.
+					if (cell->type == ID($connect) || (cell->type == ID($tribuf) && cell->has_attribute(ID(aiger2_zbuf))))
+						continue;
 					if (!submodule || submodule->get_blackbox_attribute())
 						log_error("Unsupported cell type: %s (%s in %s)\n",
 								  log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(m));
@@ -483,7 +490,8 @@ struct Index {
 		{
 			Design *design = index.design;
 			auto &minfo = leaf_minfo(index);
-			log_assert(minfo.suboffsets.count(cell));
+			if (!minfo.suboffsets.count(cell))
+				log_error("Reached unsupport cell %s (%s in %s)\n", log_id(cell->type), log_id(cell), log_id(cell->module));
 			Module *def = design->module(cell->type);
 			log_assert(def);
 			levels.push_back(Level(index.modules.at(def), cell));
@@ -566,7 +574,7 @@ struct Index {
 		}
 
 		Lit ret;
-		if (!bit.wire->port_input) {
+		if (!bit.wire->port_input || bit.wire->port_output) {
 			// an output of a cell
 			Cell *driver = bit.wire->driverCell();
 
@@ -618,7 +626,7 @@ struct Index {
 
 		if (!cursor) {
 			log_assert(bit.wire->module == top);
-			log_assert(bit.wire->port_input);
+			log_assert(bit.wire->port_input && !bit.wire->port_output);
 			return lits[top_minfo->windices[bit.wire] + bit.offset];
 		} else {
 			log_assert(bit.wire->module == cursor->leaf_module(*this));
@@ -723,7 +731,7 @@ struct AigerWriter : Index<AigerWriter, unsigned int, 0, 1> {
 		for (auto id : top->ports) {
 		Wire *w = top->wire(id);
 		log_assert(w);
-		if (w->port_input)
+		if (w->port_input && !w->port_output)
 		for (int i = 0; i < w->width; i++) {
 			pi_literal(SigBit(w, i)) = lit_counter;
 			inputs.push_back(SigBit(w, i));
@@ -828,7 +836,7 @@ struct XAigerAnalysis : Index<XAigerAnalysis, int, 0, 0> {
 	{
 		log_assert(cursor.is_top()); // TOOD: fix analyzer to work with hierarchy
 
-		if (bit.wire->port_input)
+		if (bit.wire->port_input && !bit.wire->port_output)
 			return false;
 
 		Cell *driver = bit.wire->driverCell();
@@ -838,7 +846,7 @@ struct XAigerAnalysis : Index<XAigerAnalysis, int, 0, 0> {
 
 		int max = 1;
 		for (auto wire : mod->wires())
-		if (wire->port_input)
+		if (wire->port_input && !wire->port_output)
 		for (int i = 0; i < wire->width; i++) {
 			int ilevel = visit(cursor, driver->getPort(wire->name)[i]);
 			max = std::max(max, ilevel + 1);
@@ -858,7 +866,7 @@ struct XAigerAnalysis : Index<XAigerAnalysis, int, 0, 0> {
 		for (auto id : top->ports) {
 			Wire *w = top->wire(id);
 			log_assert(w);
-			if (w->port_input)
+			if (w->port_input && !w->port_output)
 			for (int i = 0; i < w->width; i++)
 				pi_literal(SigBit(w, i)) = 0;
 		}
@@ -868,7 +876,7 @@ struct XAigerAnalysis : Index<XAigerAnalysis, int, 0, 0> {
 			Module *def = design->module(box->type);
 			if (!(def && def->has_attribute(ID::abc9_box_id)))
 			for (auto &conn : box->connections_)
-			if (box->output(conn.first))
+			if (box->port_dir(conn.first) != RTLIL::PD_INPUT)
 			for (auto bit : conn.second)
 				pi_literal(bit, &cursor) = 0;
 		}
@@ -883,7 +891,7 @@ struct XAigerAnalysis : Index<XAigerAnalysis, int, 0, 0> {
 			Module *def = design->module(box->type);
 			if (!(def && def->has_attribute(ID::abc9_box_id)))
 			for (auto &conn : box->connections_)
-			if (box->input(conn.first))
+			if (box->port_dir(conn.first) == RTLIL::PD_INPUT)
 			for (auto bit : conn.second)
 				(void) eval_po(bit);
 		}
@@ -903,6 +911,16 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 	typedef std::pair<SigBit, HierCursor> HierBit;
 	std::vector<HierBit> pos;
 	std::vector<HierBit> pis;
+
+    // * The aiger output port sequence is COs (inputs to modeled boxes),
+    //   inputs to opaque boxes, then module outputs. COs going first is
+    //   required by abc.
+    // * proper_pos_counter counts ports which follow after COs
+    // * The mapping file `pseudopo` and `po` statements use indexing relative
+    //   to the first port following COs.
+    // * If a module output is directly driven by an opaque box, the emission
+    //   of the po statement in the mapping file is skipped. This is done to
+    //   aid re-integration of the mapped result.
 	int proper_pos_counter = 0;
 
 	pool<SigBit> driven_by_opaque_box;
@@ -937,15 +955,10 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 		lit_counter += 2;
 	}
 
-	void append_box_ports(Cell *box, HierCursor &cursor, bool inputs)
+	void append_opaque_box_ports(Cell *box, HierCursor &cursor, bool inputs)
 	{
 		for (auto &conn : box->connections_) {
-			bool is_input = box->input(conn.first);
-			bool is_output = box->output(conn.first);
-
-			if (!(is_input || is_output) || (is_input && is_output))
-				log_error("Ambiguous port direction on %s/%s\n",
-						  log_id(box->type), log_id(conn.first));
+			bool is_input = box->port_dir(conn.first) == RTLIL::PD_INPUT;
 
 			if (is_input && inputs) {
 				int bitp = 0;
@@ -955,13 +968,14 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 						continue;
 					}
 
+					// Inputs to opaque boxes are proper POs as far as abc is concerned
 					if (map_file.is_open()) {
 						log_assert(cursor.is_top());
-						map_file << "pseudopo " << proper_pos_counter++ << " " << bitp
+						map_file << "pseudopo " << proper_pos_counter << " " << bitp
 							<< " " << box->name.c_str()
 							<< " " << conn.first.c_str() << "\n";
 					}
-
+					proper_pos_counter++;
 					pos.push_back(std::make_pair(bit, cursor));
 
 					if (mapping_prep)
@@ -969,10 +983,10 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 
 					bitp++;
 				}
-			} else if (is_output && !inputs) { 
+			} else if (!is_input && !inputs) {
 				for (auto &bit : conn.second) {
-					if (!bit.wire || bit.wire->port_input)
-						log_error("Bad connection");
+					if (!bit.wire || (bit.wire->port_input && !bit.wire->port_output))
+						log_error("Bad connection %s/%s ~ %s\n", log_id(box), log_id(conn.first), log_signal(conn.second));
 
 
 					ensure_pi(bit, cursor);
@@ -1011,8 +1025,8 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 			auto &minfo = cursor.leaf_minfo(*this);
 
 			for (auto box : minfo.found_blackboxes) {
-				log_debug(" - %s.%s (type %s): ", cursor.path().c_str(),
-						  RTLIL::unescape_id(box->name).c_str(),
+				log_debug(" - %s.%s (type %s): ", cursor.path(),
+						  RTLIL::unescape_id(box->name),
 						  log_id(box->type));
 
 				Module *box_module = design->module(box->type), *box_derived;
@@ -1038,7 +1052,7 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 		});
 
 		for (auto [cursor, box, def] : opaque_boxes)
-			append_box_ports(box, cursor, false);
+			append_opaque_box_ports(box, cursor, false);
 
 		holes_module = design->addModule(NEW_ID);
 		std::vector<RTLIL::Wire *> holes_pis;
@@ -1086,6 +1100,8 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 							bit = RTLIL::Sx;
 						}
 
+						// Nonopaque box inputs come first and are not part of
+						// the PO numbering used by the mapping file.
 						pos.push_back(std::make_pair(bit, cursor));
 					}
 					boxes_co_num += port->width;
@@ -1106,7 +1122,7 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 						holes_pi_idx++;
 					}
 					holes_wb->setPort(port_id, in_conn);
-				} else if (port->port_output && !port->port_input) {
+				} else if (port->port_output) {
 					// primary
 					for (int i = 0; i < port->width; i++) {
 						SigBit bit;
@@ -1138,7 +1154,7 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 		}
 
 		for (auto [cursor, box, def] : opaque_boxes)
-			append_box_ports(box, cursor, true);
+			append_opaque_box_ports(box, cursor, true);
 
 		write_be32(h_buffer, 1);
 		write_be32(h_buffer, pis.size());
@@ -1159,7 +1175,7 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 				log_assert(port);
 				if (port->port_input && !port->port_output) {
 					box_co_num += port->width;
-				} else if (port->port_output && !port->port_input) {
+				} else if (port->port_output) {
 					box_ci_num += port->width;
 				} else {
 					log_abort();
@@ -1182,7 +1198,7 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 		reset_counters();
 
 		for (auto w : top->wires())
-		if (w->port_input)
+		if (w->port_input && !w->port_output)
 		for (int i = 0; i < w->width; i++)
 			ensure_pi(SigBit(w, i));
 
@@ -1195,10 +1211,14 @@ struct XAigerWriter : AigerWriter {
 		for (auto w : top->wires())
 		if (w->port_output)
 		for (int i = 0; i < w->width; i++) {
+			// When a module output is directly driven by an opaque box, we
+			// don't emit it to the mapping file to aid re-integration, but we
+			// do emit a proper PO.
 			if (map_file.is_open() && !driven_by_opaque_box.count(SigBit(w, i))) {
-				map_file << "po " << proper_pos_counter++ << " " << i
+				map_file << "po " << proper_pos_counter << " " << i
 							<< " " << w->name.c_str() << "\n";
 			}
+			proper_pos_counter++;
 			pos.push_back(std::make_pair(SigBit(w, i), HierCursor{}));
 		}
 
@@ -1446,7 +1466,7 @@ struct XAiger2Backend : Backend {
 		if (!map_filename.empty()) {
 			writer.map_file.open(map_filename);
 			if (!writer.map_file)
-				log_cmd_error("Failed to open '%s' for writing\n", map_filename.c_str());
+				log_cmd_error("Failed to open '%s' for writing\n", map_filename);
 		}
 
 		design->bufNormalize(true);

backends/blif/blif.cc

@@ -157,14 +157,14 @@ struct BlifDumper
 						f << stringf("%c", ch);
 				f << stringf("\"\n");
 			} else
-				f << stringf("%s\n", param.second.as_string().c_str());
+				f << stringf("%s\n", param.second.as_string());
 		}
 	}
 
 	void dump()
 	{
 		f << stringf("\n");
-		f << stringf(".model %s\n", str(module->name).c_str());
+		f << stringf(".model %s\n", str(module->name));
 
 		std::map<int, RTLIL::Wire*> inputs, outputs;
 
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 		for (auto &it : inputs) {
 			RTLIL::Wire *wire = it.second;
 			for (int i = 0; i < wire->width; i++)
-				f << stringf(" %s", str(RTLIL::SigSpec(wire, i)).c_str());
+				f << stringf(" %s", str(RTLIL::SigSpec(wire, i)));
 		}
 		f << stringf("\n");
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 		for (auto &it : outputs) {
 			RTLIL::Wire *wire = it.second;
 			for (int i = 0; i < wire->width; i++)
-				f << stringf(" %s", str(RTLIL::SigSpec(wire, i)).c_str());
+				f << stringf(" %s", str(RTLIL::SigSpec(wire, i)));
 		}
 		f << stringf("\n");
 
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 		if (!config->impltf_mode) {
 			if (!config->false_type.empty()) {
 				if (config->false_type == "+")
-					f << stringf(".names %s\n", config->false_out.c_str());
+					f << stringf(".names %s\n", config->false_out);
 				else if (config->false_type != "-")
 					f << stringf(".%s %s %s=$false\n", subckt_or_gate(config->false_type),
 							config->false_type.c_str(), config->false_out.c_str());
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 				f << stringf(".names $false\n");
 			if (!config->true_type.empty()) {
 				if (config->true_type == "+")
-					f << stringf(".names %s\n1\n", config->true_out.c_str());
+					f << stringf(".names %s\n1\n", config->true_out);
 				else if (config->true_type != "-")
 					f << stringf(".%s %s %s=$true\n", subckt_or_gate(config->true_type),
 							config->true_type.c_str(), config->true_out.c_str());
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 				f << stringf(".names $true\n1\n");
 			if (!config->undef_type.empty()) {
 				if (config->undef_type == "+")
-					f << stringf(".names %s\n", config->undef_out.c_str());
+					f << stringf(".names %s\n", config->undef_out);
 				else if (config->undef_type != "-")
 					f << stringf(".%s %s %s=$undef\n", subckt_or_gate(config->undef_type),
 							config->undef_type.c_str(), config->undef_out.c_str());
@@ -331,31 +331,31 @@ struct BlifDumper
 			}
 
 			if (!config->icells_mode && cell->type == ID($_FF_)) {
-				f << stringf(".latch %s %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)).c_str(), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(),
+				f << stringf(".latch %s %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)),
 						str_init(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str());
 				goto internal_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (!config->icells_mode && cell->type == ID($_DFF_N_)) {
-				f << stringf(".latch %s %s fe %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)).c_str(), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(),
+				f << stringf(".latch %s %s fe %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)),
 						str(cell->getPort(ID::C)).c_str(), str_init(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str());
 				goto internal_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (!config->icells_mode && cell->type == ID($_DFF_P_)) {
-				f << stringf(".latch %s %s re %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)).c_str(), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(),
+				f << stringf(".latch %s %s re %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)),
 						str(cell->getPort(ID::C)).c_str(), str_init(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str());
 				goto internal_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (!config->icells_mode && cell->type == ID($_DLATCH_N_)) {
-				f << stringf(".latch %s %s al %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)).c_str(), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(),
+				f << stringf(".latch %s %s al %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)),
 						str(cell->getPort(ID::E)).c_str(), str_init(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str());
 				goto internal_cell;
 			}
 
 			if (!config->icells_mode && cell->type == ID($_DLATCH_P_)) {
-				f << stringf(".latch %s %s ah %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)).c_str(), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(),
+				f << stringf(".latch %s %s ah %s%s\n", str(cell->getPort(ID::D)), str(cell->getPort(ID::Q)),
 						str(cell->getPort(ID::E)).c_str(), str_init(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str());
 				goto internal_cell;
 			}
@@ -366,10 +366,10 @@ struct BlifDumper
 				auto width = cell->parameters.at(ID::WIDTH).as_int();
 				log_assert(inputs.size() == width);
 				for (int i = width-1; i >= 0; i--)
-					f << stringf(" %s", str(inputs.extract(i, 1)).c_str());
+					f << stringf(" %s", str(inputs.extract(i, 1)));
 				auto &output = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 				log_assert(output.size() == 1);
-				f << stringf(" %s", str(output).c_str());
+				f << stringf(" %s", str(output));
 				f << stringf("\n");
 				RTLIL::SigSpec mask = cell->parameters.at(ID::LUT);
 				for (int i = 0; i < (1 << width); i++)
@@ -392,10 +392,10 @@ struct BlifDumper
 					table.push_back(State::S0);
 				log_assert(inputs.size() == width);
 				for (int i = 0; i < width; i++)
-					f << stringf(" %s", str(inputs.extract(i, 1)).c_str());
+					f << stringf(" %s", str(inputs.extract(i, 1)));
 				auto &output = cell->getPort(ID::Y);
 				log_assert(output.size() == 1);
-				f << stringf(" %s", str(output).c_str());
+				f << stringf(" %s", str(output));
 				f << stringf("\n");
 				for (int i = 0; i < depth; i++) {
 					for (int j = 0; j < width; j++) {
@@ -410,11 +410,11 @@ struct BlifDumper
 				goto internal_cell;
 			}
 
-			f << stringf(".%s %s", subckt_or_gate(cell->type.str()), str(cell->type).c_str());
+			f << stringf(".%s %s", subckt_or_gate(cell->type.str()), str(cell->type));
 			for (auto &conn : cell->connections())
 			{
 				if (conn.second.size() == 1) {
-					f << stringf(" %s=%s", str(conn.first).c_str(), str(conn.second[0]).c_str());
+					f << stringf(" %s=%s", str(conn.first), str(conn.second[0]));
 					continue;
 				}
 
@@ -423,11 +423,11 @@ struct BlifDumper
 
 				if (w == nullptr) {
 					for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(conn.second); i++)
-						f << stringf(" %s[%d]=%s", str(conn.first).c_str(), i, str(conn.second[i]).c_str());
+						f << stringf(" %s[%d]=%s", str(conn.first), i, str(conn.second[i]));
 				} else {
 					for (int i = 0; i < std::min(GetSize(conn.second), GetSize(w)); i++) {
 						SigBit sig(w, i);
-						f << stringf(" %s[%d]=%s", str(conn.first).c_str(), sig.wire->upto ?
+						f << stringf(" %s[%d]=%s", str(conn.first), sig.wire->upto ?
 								sig.wire->start_offset+sig.wire->width-sig.offset-1 :
 								sig.wire->start_offset+sig.offset, str(conn.second[i]).c_str());
 					}
@@ -436,7 +436,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 			f << stringf("\n");
 
 			if (config->cname_mode)
-				f << stringf(".cname %s\n", str(cell->name).c_str());
+				f << stringf(".cname %s\n", str(cell->name));
 			if (config->attr_mode)
 				dump_params(".attr", cell->attributes);
 			if (config->param_mode)
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ struct BlifDumper
 			if (0) {
 		internal_cell:
 				if (config->iname_mode)
-					f << stringf(".cname %s\n", str(cell->name).c_str());
+					f << stringf(".cname %s\n", str(cell->name));
 				if (config->iattr_mode)
 					dump_params(".attr", cell->attributes);
 			}
@@ -461,12 +461,12 @@ struct BlifDumper
 				continue;
 
 			if (config->conn_mode)
-				f << stringf(".conn %s %s\n", str(rhs_bit).c_str(), str(lhs_bit).c_str());
+				f << stringf(".conn %s %s\n", str(rhs_bit), str(lhs_bit));
 			else if (!config->buf_type.empty())
-				f << stringf(".%s %s %s=%s %s=%s\n", subckt_or_gate(config->buf_type), config->buf_type.c_str(),
+				f << stringf(".%s %s %s=%s %s=%s\n", subckt_or_gate(config->buf_type), config->buf_type,
 						config->buf_in.c_str(), str(rhs_bit).c_str(), config->buf_out.c_str(), str(lhs_bit).c_str());
 			else
-				f << stringf(".names %s %s\n1 1\n", str(rhs_bit).c_str(), str(lhs_bit).c_str());
+				f << stringf(".names %s %s\n1 1\n", str(rhs_bit), str(lhs_bit));
 		}
 
 		f << stringf(".end\n");
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ struct BlifBackend : public Backend {
 		}
 
 		if (!top_module_name.empty())
-			log_error("Can't find top module `%s'!\n", top_module_name.c_str());
+			log_error("Can't find top module `%s'!\n", top_module_name);
 
 		for (auto module : mod_list)
 			BlifDumper::dump(*f, module, design, config);

backends/btor/btor.cc

@@ -98,24 +98,22 @@ struct BtorWorker
 	vector<ywmap_btor_sig> ywmap_states;
 	dict<SigBit, int> ywmap_clock_bits;
 	dict<SigBit, int> ywmap_clock_inputs;
+	vector<Cell *> ywmap_asserts;
+	vector<Cell *> ywmap_assumes;
 
 
 	PrettyJson ywmap_json;
 
-	void btorf(const char *fmt, ...) YS_ATTRIBUTE(format(printf, 2, 3))
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void btorf(FmtString<TypeIdentity<Args>...> fmt, const Args &... args)
 	{
-		va_list ap;
-		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		f << indent << vstringf(fmt, ap);
-		va_end(ap);
+		f << indent << fmt.format(args...);
 	}
 
-	void infof(const char *fmt, ...) YS_ATTRIBUTE(format(printf, 2, 3))
+	template <typename... Args>
+	void infof(FmtString<TypeIdentity<Args>...> fmt, const Args &... args)
 	{
-		va_list ap;
-		va_start(ap, fmt);
-		info_lines.push_back(vstringf(fmt, ap));
-		va_end(ap);
+		info_lines.push_back(fmt.format(args...));
 	}
 
 	template<typename T>
@@ -129,7 +127,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				std::replace(src.begin(), src.end(), ' ', '_');
 				if (srcsymbols.count(src) || module->count_id("\\" + src)) {
 					for (int i = 1;; i++) {
-						string s = stringf("%s-%d", src.c_str(), i);
+						string s = stringf("%s-%d", src, i);
 						if (!srcsymbols.count(s) && !module->count_id("\\" + s)) {
 							src = s;
 							break;
@@ -192,7 +190,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 	void btorf_push(const string &id)
 	{
 		if (verbose) {
-			f << indent << stringf("  ; begin %s\n", id.c_str());
+			f << indent << stringf("  ; begin %s\n", id);
 			indent += "    ";
 		}
 	}
@@ -201,7 +199,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 	{
 		if (verbose) {
 			indent = indent.substr(4);
-			f << indent << stringf("  ; end %s\n", id.c_str());
+			f << indent << stringf("  ; end %s\n", id);
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -246,7 +244,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			string cell_list;
 			for (auto c : cell_recursion_guard)
 				cell_list += stringf("\n    %s", log_id(c));
-			log_error("Found topological loop while processing cell %s. Active cells:%s\n", log_id(cell), cell_list.c_str());
+			log_error("Found topological loop while processing cell %s. Active cells:%s\n", log_id(cell), cell_list);
 		}
 
 		cell_recursion_guard.insert(cell);
@@ -322,12 +320,12 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				btorf("%d slt %d %d %d\n", nid_b_ltz, sid_bit, nid_b, nid_zero);
 
 				nid = next_nid++;
-				btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d%s\n", nid, sid, nid_b_ltz, nid_l, nid_r, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d%s\n", nid, sid, nid_b_ltz, nid_l, nid_r, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 			else
 			{
 				nid = next_nid++;
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
@@ -368,7 +366,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 
 			int sid = get_bv_sid(width);
 			int nid = next_nid++;
-			btorf("%d %c%s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, a_signed || b_signed ? 's' : 'u', btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+			btorf("%d %c%s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, a_signed || b_signed ? 's' : 'u', btor_op, sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell));
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
@@ -394,12 +392,12 @@ struct BtorWorker
 
 			if (cell->type == ID($_ANDNOT_)) {
 				btorf("%d not %d %d\n", nid1, sid, nid_b);
-				btorf("%d and %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid_a, nid1, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d and %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid_a, nid1, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			if (cell->type == ID($_ORNOT_)) {
 				btorf("%d not %d %d\n", nid1, sid, nid_b);
-				btorf("%d or %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid_a, nid1, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d or %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid_a, nid1, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
@@ -421,13 +419,13 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			if (cell->type == ID($_OAI3_)) {
 				btorf("%d or %d %d %d\n", nid1, sid, nid_a, nid_b);
 				btorf("%d and %d %d %d\n", nid2, sid, nid1, nid_c);
-				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid3, sid, nid2, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid3, sid, nid2, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			if (cell->type == ID($_AOI3_)) {
 				btorf("%d and %d %d %d\n", nid1, sid, nid_a, nid_b);
 				btorf("%d or %d %d %d\n", nid2, sid, nid1, nid_c);
-				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid3, sid, nid2, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid3, sid, nid2, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
@@ -452,14 +450,14 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				btorf("%d or %d %d %d\n", nid1, sid, nid_a, nid_b);
 				btorf("%d or %d %d %d\n", nid2, sid, nid_c, nid_d);
 				btorf("%d and %d %d %d\n", nid3, sid, nid1, nid2);
-				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid4, sid, nid3, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid4, sid, nid3, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			if (cell->type == ID($_AOI4_)) {
 				btorf("%d and %d %d %d\n", nid1, sid, nid_a, nid_b);
 				btorf("%d and %d %d %d\n", nid2, sid, nid_c, nid_d);
 				btorf("%d or %d %d %d\n", nid3, sid, nid1, nid2);
-				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid4, sid, nid3, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid4, sid, nid3, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
@@ -491,9 +489,9 @@ struct BtorWorker
 
 			int nid = next_nid++;
 			if (cell->type.in(ID($lt), ID($le), ID($ge), ID($gt))) {
-				btorf("%d %c%s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, a_signed || b_signed ? 's' : 'u', btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %c%s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, a_signed || b_signed ? 's' : 'u', btor_op, sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell));
 			} else {
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
@@ -509,7 +507,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			goto okay;
 		}
 
-		if (cell->type.in(ID($not), ID($neg), ID($_NOT_), ID($pos)))
+		if (cell->type.in(ID($not), ID($neg), ID($_NOT_), ID($pos), ID($buf), ID($_BUF_)))
 		{
 			string btor_op;
 			if (cell->type.in(ID($not), ID($_NOT_))) btor_op = "not";
@@ -521,14 +519,14 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			int nid_a = get_sig_nid(cell->getPort(ID::A), width, a_signed);
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
-			// the $pos cell just passes through, all other cells need an actual operation applied
+			// the $pos/$buf cells just pass through, all other cells need an actual operation applied
 			int nid = nid_a;
-			if (cell->type != ID($pos))
+			if (!cell->type.in(ID($pos), ID($buf), ID($_BUF_)))
 			{
 				log_assert(!btor_op.empty());
 				int sid = get_bv_sid(width);
 				nid = next_nid++;
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			if (GetSize(sig) < width) {
@@ -568,9 +566,9 @@ struct BtorWorker
 
 			int nid = next_nid++;
 			if (btor_op != "not")
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, nid_b, getinfo(cell));
 			else
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell));
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
@@ -601,11 +599,11 @@ struct BtorWorker
 
 			if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) {
 				int nid2 = next_nid++;
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell));
 				btorf("%d not %d %d\n", nid2, sid, nid);
 				nid = nid2;
 			} else {
-				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op.c_str(), sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d %s %d %d%s\n", nid, btor_op, sid, nid_a, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
@@ -640,9 +638,9 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				int tmp = nid;
 				nid = next_nid++;
 				btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d\n", tmp, sid, nid_s, nid_b, nid_a);
-				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid, sid, tmp, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d not %d %d%s\n", nid, sid, tmp, getinfo(cell));
 			} else {
-				btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d%s\n", nid, sid, nid_s, nid_b, nid_a, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d%s\n", nid, sid, nid_s, nid_b, nid_a, getinfo(cell));
 			}
 
 			add_nid_sig(nid, sig_y);
@@ -665,7 +663,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				int nid_s = get_sig_nid(sig_s.extract(i));
 				int nid2 = next_nid++;
 				if (i == GetSize(sig_s)-1)
-					btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid_s, nid_b, nid, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+					btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid_s, nid_b, nid, getinfo(cell));
 				else
 					btorf("%d ite %d %d %d %d\n", nid2, sid, nid_s, nid_b, nid);
 				nid = nid2;
@@ -709,12 +707,13 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				}
 			}
 
-			Const initval;
+			Const::Builder initval_bits(GetSize(sig_q));
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_q); i++)
 				if (initbits.count(sig_q[i]))
-					initval.bits().push_back(initbits.at(sig_q[i]) ? State::S1 : State::S0);
+					initval_bits.push_back(initbits.at(sig_q[i]) ? State::S1 : State::S0);
 				else
-					initval.bits().push_back(State::Sx);
+					initval_bits.push_back(State::Sx);
+			Const initval = initval_bits.build();
 
 			int nid_init_val = -1;
 
@@ -753,7 +752,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			int sid = get_bv_sid(GetSize(sig_y));
 			int nid = next_nid++;
 
-			btorf("%d state %d%s\n", nid, sid, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+			btorf("%d state %d%s\n", nid, sid, getinfo(cell));
 
 			ywmap_state(sig_y);
 
@@ -776,7 +775,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				int one_nid = get_sig_nid(State::S1);
 				int zero_nid = get_sig_nid(State::S0);
 				initstate_nid = next_nid++;
-				btorf("%d state %d%s\n", initstate_nid, sid, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d state %d%s\n", initstate_nid, sid, getinfo(cell));
 				btorf("%d init %d %d %d\n", next_nid++, sid, initstate_nid, one_nid);
 				btorf("%d next %d %d %d\n", next_nid++, sid, initstate_nid, zero_nid);
 
@@ -1043,15 +1042,16 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				{
 					if (bit.wire == nullptr)
 					{
-						Const c(bit.data);
-
-						while (i+GetSize(c) < GetSize(sig) && sig[i+GetSize(c)].wire == nullptr)
-							c.bits().push_back(sig[i+GetSize(c)].data);
+						Const::Builder c_bits;
+						c_bits.push_back(bit.data);
+						while (i + GetSize(c_bits) < GetSize(sig) && sig[i + GetSize(c_bits)].wire == nullptr)
+							c_bits.push_back(sig[i + GetSize(c_bits)].data);
+						Const c = c_bits.build();
 
 						if (consts.count(c) == 0) {
 							int sid = get_bv_sid(GetSize(c));
 							int nid = next_nid++;
-							btorf("%d const %d %s\n", nid, sid, c.as_string().c_str());
+							btorf("%d const %d %s\n", nid, sid, c.as_string());
 							consts[c] = nid;
 							nid_width[nid] = GetSize(c);
 						}
@@ -1215,7 +1215,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			int sid = get_bv_sid(GetSize(sig));
 			int nid = next_nid++;
 
-			btorf("%d input %d%s\n", nid, sid, getinfo(wire).c_str());
+			btorf("%d input %d%s\n", nid, sid, getinfo(wire));
 			ywmap_input(wire);
 			add_nid_sig(nid, sig);
 
@@ -1260,7 +1260,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			btorf_push(stringf("output %s", log_id(wire)));
 
 			int nid = get_sig_nid(wire);
-			btorf("%d output %d%s\n", next_nid++, nid, getinfo(wire).c_str());
+			btorf("%d output %d%s\n", next_nid++, nid, getinfo(wire));
 
 			btorf_pop(stringf("output %s", log_id(wire)));
 		}
@@ -1282,6 +1282,8 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				btorf("%d or %d %d %d\n", nid_a_or_not_en, sid, nid_a, nid_not_en);
 				btorf("%d constraint %d\n", nid, nid_a_or_not_en);
 
+				if (ywmap_json.active()) ywmap_assumes.emplace_back(cell);
+
 				btorf_pop(log_id(cell));
 			}
 
@@ -1302,10 +1304,12 @@ struct BtorWorker
 					bad_properties.push_back(nid_en_and_not_a);
 				} else {
 					if (cover_mode) {
-						infof("bad %d%s\n", nid_en_and_not_a, getinfo(cell, true).c_str());
+						infof("bad %d%s\n", nid_en_and_not_a, getinfo(cell, true));
 					} else {
 						int nid = next_nid++;
-						btorf("%d bad %d%s\n", nid, nid_en_and_not_a, getinfo(cell, true).c_str());
+						btorf("%d bad %d%s\n", nid, nid_en_and_not_a, getinfo(cell, true));
+
+						if (ywmap_json.active()) ywmap_asserts.emplace_back(cell);
 					}
 				}
 
@@ -1327,7 +1331,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 					bad_properties.push_back(nid_en_and_a);
 				} else {
 					int nid = next_nid++;
-					btorf("%d bad %d%s\n", nid, nid_en_and_a, getinfo(cell, true).c_str());
+					btorf("%d bad %d%s\n", nid, nid_en_and_a, getinfo(cell, true));
 				}
 
 				btorf_pop(log_id(cell));
@@ -1348,7 +1352,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				continue;
 
 			int this_nid = next_nid++;
-			btorf("%d uext %d %d %d%s\n", this_nid, sid, nid, 0, getinfo(wire).c_str());
+			btorf("%d uext %d %d %d%s\n", this_nid, sid, nid, 0, getinfo(wire));
 			if (info_clocks.count(nid))
 				info_clocks[this_nid] |= info_clocks[nid];
 
@@ -1371,7 +1375,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				SigSpec sig = sigmap(cell->getPort(ID::D));
 				int nid_q = get_sig_nid(sig);
 				int sid = get_bv_sid(GetSize(sig));
-				btorf("%d next %d %d %d%s\n", next_nid++, sid, nid, nid_q, getinfo(cell).c_str());
+				btorf("%d next %d %d %d%s\n", next_nid++, sid, nid, nid_q, getinfo(cell));
 
 				btorf_pop(stringf("next %s", log_id(cell)));
 			}
@@ -1430,7 +1434,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				}
 
 				int nid2 = next_nid++;
-				btorf("%d next %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid, nid_head, (mem->cell ? getinfo(mem->cell) : getinfo(mem->mem)).c_str());
+				btorf("%d next %d %d %d%s\n", nid2, sid, nid, nid_head, (mem->cell ? getinfo(mem->cell) : getinfo(mem->mem)));
 
 				btorf_pop(stringf("next %s", log_id(mem->memid)));
 			}
@@ -1463,6 +1467,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				log_assert(cursor == 0);
 				log_assert(GetSize(todo) == 1);
 				btorf("%d bad %d\n", nid, todo[cursor]);
+				// What do we do with ywmap_asserts when using single_bad?
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1489,7 +1494,7 @@ struct BtorWorker
 			std::ofstream f;
 			f.open(info_filename.c_str(), std::ofstream::trunc);
 			if (f.fail())
-				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", info_filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", info_filename, strerror(errno));
 			for (auto &it : info_lines)
 				f << it;
 			f.close();
@@ -1528,6 +1533,18 @@ struct BtorWorker
 				emit_ywmap_btor_sig(entry);
 			ywmap_json.end_array();
 
+			ywmap_json.name("asserts");
+			ywmap_json.begin_array();
+			for (Cell *cell : ywmap_asserts)
+				ywmap_json.value(witness_path(cell));
+			ywmap_json.end_array();
+
+			ywmap_json.name("assumes");
+			ywmap_json.begin_array();
+			for (Cell *cell : ywmap_assumes)
+				ywmap_json.value(witness_path(cell));
+			ywmap_json.end_array();
+
 			ywmap_json.end_object();
 		}
 	}

backends/cxxrtl/cxxrtl_backend.cc

@@ -637,20 +637,6 @@ std::string escape_cxx_string(const std::string &input)
 	return output;
 }
 
-std::string basename(const std::string &filepath)
-{
-#ifdef _WIN32
-	const std::string dir_seps = "\\/";
-#else
-	const std::string dir_seps = "/";
-#endif
-	size_t sep_pos = filepath.find_last_of(dir_seps);
-	if (sep_pos != std::string::npos)
-		return filepath.substr(sep_pos + 1);
-	else
-		return filepath;
-}
-
 template<class T>
 std::string get_hdl_name(T *object)
 {
@@ -1533,7 +1519,7 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 			}
 		// Internal cells
 		} else if (is_internal_cell(cell->type)) {
-			log_cmd_error("Unsupported internal cell `%s'.\n", cell->type.c_str());
+			log_cmd_error("Unsupported internal cell `%s'.\n", cell->type);
 		// User cells
 		} else if (for_debug) {
 			// Outlines are called on demand when computing the value of a debug item. Nothing to do here.
@@ -1668,26 +1654,29 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 						f << signal_temp << " == ";
 						dump_sigspec(compare, /*is_lhs=*/false, for_debug);
 					} else if (compare.is_fully_const()) {
-						RTLIL::Const compare_mask, compare_value;
+						RTLIL::Const::Builder compare_mask_builder(compare.size());
+						RTLIL::Const::Builder compare_value_builder(compare.size());
 						for (auto bit : compare.as_const()) {
 							switch (bit) {
 								case RTLIL::S0:
 								case RTLIL::S1:
-									compare_mask.bits().push_back(RTLIL::S1);
-									compare_value.bits().push_back(bit);
+									compare_mask_builder.push_back(RTLIL::S1);
+									compare_value_builder.push_back(bit);
 									break;
 
 								case RTLIL::Sx:
 								case RTLIL::Sz:
 								case RTLIL::Sa:
-									compare_mask.bits().push_back(RTLIL::S0);
-									compare_value.bits().push_back(RTLIL::S0);
+									compare_mask_builder.push_back(RTLIL::S0);
+									compare_value_builder.push_back(RTLIL::S0);
 									break;
 
 								default:
 									log_assert(false);
 							}
 						}
+						RTLIL::Const compare_mask = compare_mask_builder.build();
+						RTLIL::Const compare_value = compare_value_builder.build();
 						f << "and_uu<" << compare.size() << ">(" << signal_temp << ", ";
 						dump_const(compare_mask);
 						f << ") == ";
@@ -2429,8 +2418,6 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 			inc_indent();
 				for (auto wire : module->wires()) {
 					const auto &debug_wire_type = debug_wire_types[wire];
-					if (!wire->name.isPublic())
-						continue;
 					count_public_wires++;
 					switch (debug_wire_type.type) {
 						case WireType::BUFFERED:
@@ -2438,6 +2425,9 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 							// Member wire
 							std::vector<std::string> flags;
 
+							if (!wire->name.isPublic())
+								flags.push_back("GENERATED");
+
 							if (wire->port_input && wire->port_output)
 								flags.push_back("INOUT");
 							else if (wire->port_output)
@@ -2854,7 +2844,7 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 		}
 
 		if (split_intf)
-			f << "#include \"" << basename(intf_filename) << "\"\n";
+			f << "#include \"" << name_from_file_path(intf_filename) << "\"\n";
 		else
 			f << "#include <cxxrtl/cxxrtl.h>\n";
 		f << "\n";
@@ -3041,7 +3031,7 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 								if (init == RTLIL::Const()) {
 									init = RTLIL::Const(State::Sx, GetSize(bit.wire));
 								}
-								init.bits()[bit.offset] = port.init_value[i];
+								init.set(bit.offset, port.init_value[i]);
 							}
 						}
 					}
@@ -3477,8 +3467,8 @@ struct CxxrtlWorker {
 };
 
 struct CxxrtlBackend : public Backend {
-	static const int DEFAULT_OPT_LEVEL = 6;
-	static const int DEFAULT_DEBUG_LEVEL = 4;
+	static constexpr int DEFAULT_OPT_LEVEL = 6;
+	static constexpr int DEFAULT_DEBUG_LEVEL = 4;
 
 	CxxrtlBackend() : Backend("cxxrtl", "convert design to C++ RTL simulation") { }
 	void help() override
@@ -3799,7 +3789,7 @@ struct CxxrtlBackend : public Backend {
 			if (args[argidx] == "-print-output" && argidx+1 < args.size()) {
 				worker.print_output = args[++argidx];
 				if (!(worker.print_output == "std::cout" || worker.print_output == "std::cerr")) {
-					log_cmd_error("Invalid output stream \"%s\".\n", worker.print_output.c_str());
+					log_cmd_error("Invalid output stream \"%s\".\n", worker.print_output);
 					worker.print_output = "std::cout";
 				}
 				continue;

backends/cxxrtl/runtime/cxxrtl/capi/cxxrtl_capi.h

@@ -200,6 +200,10 @@ enum cxxrtl_flag {
 	// node, such as inputs and dangling wires.
 	CXXRTL_UNDRIVEN = 1 << 4,
 
+	// Generated correspond to netlist nodes that correspond to state with an internal name, that
+	// need to be saved, but wouldn't otherwise have a debug item generated.
+	CXXRTL_GENERATED = 1 << 5,
+
 	// More object flags may be added in the future, but the existing ones will never change.
 };
 

backends/cxxrtl/runtime/cxxrtl/cxxrtl.h

@@ -1294,6 +1294,7 @@ struct debug_item : ::cxxrtl_object {
 		DRIVEN_SYNC = CXXRTL_DRIVEN_SYNC,
 		DRIVEN_COMB = CXXRTL_DRIVEN_COMB,
 		UNDRIVEN    = CXXRTL_UNDRIVEN,
+		GENERATED = CXXRTL_GENERATED,
 	};
 
 	debug_item(const ::cxxrtl_object &object) : cxxrtl_object(object) {}

backends/edif/edif.cc

@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@
 USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
 PRIVATE_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
-#define EDIF_DEF(_id) edif_names(RTLIL::unescape_id(_id), true).c_str()
-#define EDIF_DEFR(_id, _ren, _bl, _br) edif_names(RTLIL::unescape_id(_id), true, _ren, _bl, _br).c_str()
-#define EDIF_REF(_id) edif_names(RTLIL::unescape_id(_id), false).c_str()
+#define EDIF_DEF(_id) edif_names(RTLIL::unescape_id(_id), true)
+#define EDIF_DEFR(_id, _ren, _bl, _br) edif_names(RTLIL::unescape_id(_id), true, _ren, _bl, _br)
+#define EDIF_REF(_id) edif_names(RTLIL::unescape_id(_id), false)
 
 struct EdifNames
 {
@@ -48,8 +48,8 @@ struct EdifNames
 		if (define) {
 			std::string new_id = operator()(id, false);
 			if (port_rename)
-				return stringf("(rename %s \"%s%c%d:%d%c\")", new_id.c_str(), id.c_str(), delim_left, range_left, range_right, delim_right);
-			return new_id != id ? stringf("(rename %s \"%s\")", new_id.c_str(), id.c_str()) : id;
+				return stringf("(rename %s \"%s%c%d:%d%c\")", new_id, id, delim_left, range_left, range_right, delim_right);
+			return new_id != id ? stringf("(rename %s \"%s\")", new_id, id) : id;
 		}
 
 		if (name_map.count(id) > 0)
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ struct EdifBackend : public Backend {
 
 		auto add_prop = [&](IdString name, Const val) {
 			if ((val.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_STRING) != 0)
-				*f << stringf("\n            (property %s (string \"%s\"))", EDIF_DEF(name), val.decode_string().c_str());
+				*f << stringf("\n            (property %s (string \"%s\"))", EDIF_DEF(name), val.decode_string());
 			else if (val.size() <= 32 && RTLIL::SigSpec(val).is_fully_def())
 				*f << stringf("\n            (property %s (integer %u))", EDIF_DEF(name), val.as_int());
 			else {
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ struct EdifBackend : public Backend {
 					char digit_str[2] = { "0123456789abcdef"[digit_value], 0 };
 					hex_string = std::string(digit_str) + hex_string;
 				}
-				*f << stringf("\n            (property %s (string \"%d'h%s\"))", EDIF_DEF(name), GetSize(val), hex_string.c_str());
+				*f << stringf("\n            (property %s (string \"%d'h%s\"))", EDIF_DEF(name), GetSize(val), hex_string);
 			}
 		};
 		for (auto module : sorted_modules)
@@ -513,13 +513,13 @@ struct EdifBackend : public Backend {
 				if (sig.wire == NULL && sig != RTLIL::State::S0 && sig != RTLIL::State::S1) {
 					if (sig == RTLIL::State::Sx) {
 						for (auto &ref : it.second)
-							log_warning("Exporting x-bit on %s as zero bit.\n", ref.first.c_str());
+							log_warning("Exporting x-bit on %s as zero bit.\n", ref.first);
 						sig = RTLIL::State::S0;
 					} else if (sig == RTLIL::State::Sz) {
 						continue;
 					} else {
 						for (auto &ref : it.second)
-							log_error("Don't know how to handle %s on %s.\n", log_signal(sig), ref.first.c_str());
+							log_error("Don't know how to handle %s on %s.\n", log_signal(sig), ref.first);
 						log_abort();
 					}
 				}
@@ -536,7 +536,7 @@ struct EdifBackend : public Backend {
 				}
 				*f << stringf("          (net %s (joined\n", EDIF_DEF(netname));
 				for (auto &ref : it.second)
-					*f << stringf("              %s\n", ref.first.c_str());
+					*f << stringf("              %s\n", ref.first);
 				if (sig.wire == NULL) {
 					if (nogndvcc)
 						log_error("Design contains constant nodes (map with \"hilomap\" first).\n");
@@ -577,7 +577,7 @@ struct EdifBackend : public Backend {
 						auto &refs = net_join_db.at(mapped_sig);
 						for (auto &ref : refs)
 							if (ref.second)
-								*f << stringf("              %s\n", ref.first.c_str());
+								*f << stringf("              %s\n", ref.first);
 						*f << stringf("            )");
 
 						if (attr_properties && raw_sig.wire != NULL)

backends/firrtl/firrtl.cc

@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ void emit_extmodule(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::Module *mod_instance, std::ostream
 	const std::string extmoduleFileinfo = getFileinfo(cell);
 
 	// Emit extmodule header.
-	f << stringf("  extmodule %s: %s\n", exported_name.c_str(), extmoduleFileinfo.c_str());
+	f << stringf("  extmodule %s: %s\n", exported_name, extmoduleFileinfo);
 
 	// Emit extmodule ports.
 	for (auto wire : mod_instance->wires())
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ void emit_extmodule(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::Module *mod_instance, std::ostream
 	// Emit extmodule "defname" field. This is the name of the verilog blackbox
 	// that is used when verilog is emitted, so we use the name of mod_instance
 	// here.
-	f << stringf("%sdefname = %s\n", indent.c_str(), blackbox_name.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%sdefname = %s\n", indent, blackbox_name);
 
 	// Emit extmodule generic parameters.
 	for (const auto &p : cell->parameters)
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@ void emit_extmodule(RTLIL::Cell *cell, RTLIL::Module *mod_instance, std::ostream
 			param_name.end()
 		);
 
-		f << stringf("%sparameter %s = %s\n", indent.c_str(), param_name.c_str(), param_value.c_str());
+		f << stringf("%sparameter %s = %s\n", indent, param_name, param_value);
 	}
 
 	f << "\n";
@@ -347,7 +347,7 @@ void emit_elaborated_extmodules(RTLIL::Design *design, std::ostream &f)
 				auto modInstance = design->module(cell->type);
 				// Ensure that we actually have a module instance
 				if (modInstance == nullptr) {
-					log_error("Unknown cell type %s\n", cell->type.c_str());
+					log_error("Unknown cell type %s\n", cell->type);
 					return;
 				}
 
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			else
 			{
 				string wire_id = make_id(chunk.wire->name);
-				new_expr = stringf("bits(%s, %d, %d)", wire_id.c_str(), chunk.offset + chunk.width - 1, chunk.offset);
+				new_expr = stringf("bits(%s, %d, %d)", wire_id, chunk.offset + chunk.width - 1, chunk.offset);
 			}
 
 			if (expr.empty())
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 		// If there is no instance for this, just return.
 		if (instModule == NULL)
 		{
-			log_warning("No instance for %s.%s\n", cell_type.c_str(), cell_name.c_str());
+			log_warning("No instance for %s.%s\n", cell_type, cell_name);
 			return;
 		}
 
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			instanceOf;
 
 		std::string cellFileinfo = getFileinfo(cell);
-		wire_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s" "inst %s%s of %s %s", indent.c_str(), cell_name.c_str(), cell_name_comment.c_str(), instanceName.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+		wire_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s" "inst %s%s of %s %s", indent, cell_name, cell_name_comment, instanceName, cellFileinfo));
 
 		for (auto it = cell->connections().begin(); it != cell->connections().end(); ++it) {
 			if (it->second.size() > 0) {
@@ -490,7 +490,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				const SigSpec *sinkSig = nullptr;
 				switch (dir) {
 					case FD_INOUT:
-						log_warning("Instance port connection %s.%s is INOUT; treating as OUT\n", cell_type.c_str(), log_signal(it->second));
+						log_warning("Instance port connection %s.%s is INOUT; treating as OUT\n", cell_type, log_signal(it->second));
 						YS_FALLTHROUGH
 					case FD_OUT:
 						sourceExpr = firstName;
@@ -498,27 +498,27 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 						sinkSig = &secondSig;
 						break;
 					case FD_NODIRECTION:
-						log_warning("Instance port connection %s.%s is NODIRECTION; treating as IN\n", cell_type.c_str(), log_signal(it->second));
+						log_warning("Instance port connection %s.%s is NODIRECTION; treating as IN\n", cell_type, log_signal(it->second));
 						YS_FALLTHROUGH
 					case FD_IN:
 						sourceExpr = secondExpr;
 						sinkExpr = firstName;
 						break;
 					default:
-						log_error("Instance port %s.%s unrecognized connection direction 0x%x !\n", cell_type.c_str(), log_signal(it->second), dir);
+						log_error("Instance port %s.%s unrecognized connection direction 0x%x !\n", cell_type, log_signal(it->second), dir);
 						break;
 				}
 				// Check for subfield assignment.
 				std::string bitsString = "bits(";
 				if (sinkExpr.compare(0, bitsString.length(), bitsString) == 0) {
 					if (sinkSig == nullptr)
-						log_error("Unknown subfield %s.%s\n", cell_type.c_str(), sinkExpr.c_str());
+						log_error("Unknown subfield %s.%s\n", cell_type, sinkExpr);
 					// Don't generate the assignment here.
 					// Add the source and sink to the "reverse_wire_map" and we'll output the assignment
 					//  as part of the coalesced subfield assignments for this wire.
 					register_reverse_wire_map(sourceExpr, *sinkSig);
 				} else {
-					wire_exprs.push_back(stringf("\n%s%s <= %s %s", indent.c_str(), sinkExpr.c_str(), sourceExpr.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+					wire_exprs.push_back(stringf("\n%s%s <= %s %s", indent, sinkExpr, sourceExpr, cellFileinfo));
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			int max_shift_width_bits = FIRRTL_MAX_DSH_WIDTH_ERROR - 1;
 			string max_shift_string = stringf("UInt<%d>(%d)", max_shift_width_bits, (1<<max_shift_width_bits) - 1);
 			// Deal with the difference in semantics between FIRRTL and verilog
-			result = stringf("mux(gt(%s, %s), %s, bits(%s, %d, 0))", b_expr.c_str(), max_shift_string.c_str(), max_shift_string.c_str(), b_expr.c_str(), max_shift_width_bits - 1);
+			result = stringf("mux(gt(%s, %s), %s, bits(%s, %d, 0))", b_expr, max_shift_string, max_shift_string, b_expr, max_shift_width_bits - 1);
 		}
 		return result;
 	}
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 	void emit_module()
 	{
 		std::string moduleFileinfo = getFileinfo(module);
-		f << stringf("  module %s: %s\n", make_id(module->name), moduleFileinfo.c_str());
+		f << stringf("  module %s: %s\n", make_id(module->name), moduleFileinfo);
 		vector<string> port_decls, wire_decls, mem_exprs, cell_exprs, wire_exprs;
 
 		std::vector<Mem> memories = Mem::get_all_memories(module);
@@ -565,12 +565,12 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			{
 				if (wire->port_input && wire->port_output)
 					log_error("Module port %s.%s is inout!\n", log_id(module), log_id(wire));
-				port_decls.push_back(stringf("%s%s %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent.c_str(), wire->port_input ? "input" : "output",
+				port_decls.push_back(stringf("%s%s %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent, wire->port_input ? "input" : "output",
 						wireName, wire->width, wireFileinfo.c_str()));
 			}
 			else
 			{
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent.c_str(), wireName, wire->width, wireFileinfo.c_str()));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent, wireName, wire->width, wireFileinfo));
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			if (cell->type.in(ID($not), ID($logic_not), ID($_NOT_), ID($neg), ID($reduce_and), ID($reduce_or), ID($reduce_xor), ID($reduce_bool), ID($reduce_xnor)))
 			{
 				string a_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::A));
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), y_width, cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent, y_id, y_width, cellFileinfo));
 
 				if (a_signed) {
 					a_expr = "asSInt(" + a_expr + ")";
@@ -610,7 +610,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 
 				// Don't use the results of logical operations (a single bit) to control padding
 				if (!(cell->type.in(ID($eq), ID($eqx), ID($gt), ID($ge), ID($lt), ID($le), ID($ne), ID($nex), ID($reduce_bool), ID($logic_not)) && y_width == 1) ) {
-					a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr.c_str(), y_width);
+					a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr, y_width);
 				}
 
 				// Assume the FIRRTL width is a single bit.
@@ -622,27 +622,27 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 					firrtl_width = a_width;
 				} else if (cell->type == ID($logic_not)) {
 					primop = "eq";
-					a_expr = stringf("%s, UInt(0)", a_expr.c_str());
+					a_expr = stringf("%s, UInt(0)", a_expr);
 				}
 				else if (cell->type == ID($reduce_and)) primop = "andr";
 				else if (cell->type == ID($reduce_or)) primop = "orr";
 				else if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xor)) primop = "xorr";
 				else if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor)) {
 					primop = "not";
-					a_expr = stringf("xorr(%s)", a_expr.c_str());
+					a_expr = stringf("xorr(%s)", a_expr);
 				}
 				else if (cell->type == ID($reduce_bool)) {
 					primop = "neq";
 					// Use the sign of the a_expr and its width as the type (UInt/SInt) and width of the comparand.
-					a_expr = stringf("%s, %cInt<%d>(0)", a_expr.c_str(), a_signed ? 'S' : 'U', a_width);
+					a_expr = stringf("%s, %cInt<%d>(0)", a_expr, a_signed ? 'S' : 'U', a_width);
 				}
 
-				string expr = stringf("%s(%s)", primop.c_str(), a_expr.c_str());
+				string expr = stringf("%s(%s)", primop, a_expr);
 
 				if ((firrtl_is_signed && !always_uint))
-					expr = stringf("asUInt(%s)", expr.c_str());
+					expr = stringf("asUInt(%s)", expr);
 
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent, y_id, expr, cellFileinfo));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 				continue;
@@ -654,13 +654,13 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string a_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				string b_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 				std::string cellFileinfo = getFileinfo(cell);
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), y_width, cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent, y_id, y_width, cellFileinfo));
 
 				if (a_signed) {
 					a_expr = "asSInt(" + a_expr + ")";
 					// Expand the "A" operand to the result width
 					if (a_width < y_width) {
-						a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr.c_str(), y_width);
+						a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr, y_width);
 						a_width = y_width;
 					}
 				}
@@ -670,7 +670,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 					b_expr = "asSInt(" + b_expr + ")";
 					// Expand the "B" operand to the result width
 					if (b_width < y_width) {
-						b_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", b_expr.c_str(), y_width);
+						b_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", b_expr, y_width);
 						b_width = y_width;
 					}
 				}
@@ -680,11 +680,11 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				if (cell->type.in(ID($add), ID($sub), ID($mul), ID($div), ID($mod), ID($xor), ID($_XOR_), ID($xnor), ID($and), ID($_AND_), ID($or), ID($_OR_)))
 				{
 					if (a_width < y_width) {
-						a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr.c_str(), y_width);
+						a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr, y_width);
 						a_width = y_width;
 					}
 					if (b_width < y_width) {
-						b_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", b_expr.c_str(), y_width);
+						b_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", b_expr, y_width);
 						b_width = y_width;
 					}
 				}
@@ -856,23 +856,23 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string expr;
 				// Deal with $xnor == ~^ (not xor)
 				if (primop == "xnor") {
-					expr = stringf("not(xor(%s, %s))", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
+					expr = stringf("not(xor(%s, %s))", a_expr, b_expr);
 				} else {
-					expr = stringf("%s(%s, %s)", primop.c_str(), a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
+					expr = stringf("%s(%s, %s)", primop, a_expr, b_expr);
 				}
 
 				// Deal with FIRRTL's "shift widens" semantics, or the need to widen the FIRRTL result.
 				// If the operation is signed, the FIRRTL width will be 1 one bit larger.
 				if (extract_y_bits) {
-					expr = stringf("bits(%s, %d, 0)", expr.c_str(), y_width - 1);
+					expr = stringf("bits(%s, %d, 0)", expr, y_width - 1);
 				} else if (firrtl_is_signed && (firrtl_width + 1) < y_width) {
-					expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", expr.c_str(), y_width);
+					expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", expr, y_width);
 				}
 
 				if ((firrtl_is_signed && !always_uint))
-					expr = stringf("asUInt(%s)", expr.c_str());
+					expr = stringf("asUInt(%s)", expr);
 
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent, y_id, expr, cellFileinfo));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 				continue;
@@ -885,11 +885,11 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string a_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				string b_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 				string s_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::S));
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), width, cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d> %s\n", indent, y_id, width, cellFileinfo));
 
-				string expr = stringf("mux(%s, %s, %s)", s_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str(), a_expr.c_str());
+				string expr = stringf("mux(%s, %s, %s)", s_expr, b_expr, a_expr);
 
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent, y_id, expr, cellFileinfo));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
 				continue;
@@ -911,9 +911,9 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::D));
 				string clk_expr = "asClock(" + make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::CLK)) + ")";
 
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%sreg %s: UInt<%d>, %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), width, clk_expr.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%sreg %s: UInt<%d>, %s %s\n", indent, y_id, width, clk_expr, cellFileinfo));
 
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str(), cellFileinfo.c_str()));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent, y_id, expr, cellFileinfo));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Q));
 
 				continue;
@@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string a_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::A));
 				// Get the initial bit selector
 				string b_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::B));
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), y_width));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent, y_id, y_width));
 
 				if (cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool()) {
 					// Use validif to constrain the selection (test the sign bit)
@@ -934,9 +934,9 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 					int b_sign = cell->parameters.at(ID::B_WIDTH).as_int() - 1;
 					b_expr = stringf("validif(not(bits(%s, %d, %d)), %s)", b_string, b_sign, b_sign, b_string);
 				}
-				string expr = stringf("dshr(%s, %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
+				string expr = stringf("dshr(%s, %s)", a_expr, b_expr);
 
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str()));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent, y_id, expr));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -948,21 +948,21 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string b_expr = make_expr(cell->getPort(ID::B));
 				auto b_string = b_expr.c_str();
 				string expr;
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), y_width));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent, y_id, y_width));
 
 				if (cell->getParam(ID::B_SIGNED).as_bool()) {
 					// We generate a left or right shift based on the sign of b.
-					std::string dshl = stringf("bits(dshl(%s, %s), 0, %d)", a_expr.c_str(), gen_dshl(b_expr, b_width).c_str(), y_width);
-					std::string dshr = stringf("dshr(%s, %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_string);
+					std::string dshl = stringf("bits(dshl(%s, %s), 0, %d)", a_expr, gen_dshl(b_expr, b_width), y_width);
+					std::string dshr = stringf("dshr(%s, %s)", a_expr, b_string);
 					expr = stringf("mux(%s < 0, %s, %s)",
 									 b_string,
 									 dshl.c_str(),
 									 dshr.c_str()
 									 );
 				} else {
-					expr = stringf("dshr(%s, %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_string);
+					expr = stringf("dshr(%s, %s)", a_expr, b_string);
 				}
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str()));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent, y_id, expr));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -973,10 +973,10 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				// Verilog appears to treat the result as signed, so if the result is wider than "A",
 				//  we need to pad.
 				if (a_width < y_width) {
-					a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr.c_str(), y_width);
+					a_expr = stringf("pad(%s, %d)", a_expr, y_width);
 				}
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), y_width));
-				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), a_expr.c_str()));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent, y_id, y_width));
+				cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent, y_id, a_expr));
 				register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(mem.rd_ports); i++)
 			{
 				auto &port = mem.rd_ports[i];
-				string port_name(stringf("%s.r%d", mem_id.c_str(), i));
+				string port_name(stringf("%s.r%d", mem_id, i));
 
 				if (port.clk_enable)
 					log_error("Clocked read port %d on memory %s.%s.\n", i, log_id(module), log_id(mem.memid));
@@ -1010,17 +1010,17 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string ena_expr = make_expr(State::S1);
 				string clk_expr = make_expr(State::S0);
 
-				rpe << stringf("%s%s.addr <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), addr_expr.c_str());
-				rpe << stringf("%s%s.en <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), ena_expr.c_str());
-				rpe << stringf("%s%s.clk <= asClock(%s)\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), clk_expr.c_str());
+				rpe << stringf("%s%s.addr <= %s\n", indent, port_name, addr_expr);
+				rpe << stringf("%s%s.en <= %s\n", indent, port_name, ena_expr);
+				rpe << stringf("%s%s.clk <= asClock(%s)\n", indent, port_name, clk_expr);
 				cell_exprs.push_back(rpe.str());
-				register_reverse_wire_map(stringf("%s.data", port_name.c_str()), port.data);
+				register_reverse_wire_map(stringf("%s.data", port_name), port.data);
 			}
 
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(mem.wr_ports); i++)
 			{
 				auto &port = mem.wr_ports[i];
-				string port_name(stringf("%s.w%d", mem_id.c_str(), i));
+				string port_name(stringf("%s.w%d", mem_id, i));
 
 				if (!port.clk_enable)
 					log_error("Unclocked write port %d on memory %s.%s.\n", i, log_id(module), log_id(mem.memid));
@@ -1037,18 +1037,18 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				string ena_expr = make_expr(port.en[0]);
 				string clk_expr = make_expr(port.clk);
 				string mask_expr = make_expr(State::S1);
-				wpe << stringf("%s%s.data <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), data_expr.c_str());
-				wpe << stringf("%s%s.addr <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), addr_expr.c_str());
-				wpe << stringf("%s%s.en <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), ena_expr.c_str());
-				wpe << stringf("%s%s.clk <= asClock(%s)\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), clk_expr.c_str());
-				wpe << stringf("%s%s.mask <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), port_name.c_str(), mask_expr.c_str());
+				wpe << stringf("%s%s.data <= %s\n", indent, port_name, data_expr);
+				wpe << stringf("%s%s.addr <= %s\n", indent, port_name, addr_expr);
+				wpe << stringf("%s%s.en <= %s\n", indent, port_name, ena_expr);
+				wpe << stringf("%s%s.clk <= asClock(%s)\n", indent, port_name, clk_expr);
+				wpe << stringf("%s%s.mask <= %s\n", indent, port_name, mask_expr);
 
 				cell_exprs.push_back(wpe.str());
 			}
 
 			std::ostringstream me;
 
-			me << stringf("    mem %s:\n", mem_id.c_str());
+			me << stringf("    mem %s:\n", mem_id);
 			me << stringf("      data-type => UInt<%d>\n", mem.width);
 			me << stringf("      depth => %d\n", mem.size);
 			for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(mem.rd_ports); i++)
@@ -1068,8 +1068,8 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 			int y_width =  GetSize(conn.first);
 			string expr = make_expr(conn.second);
 
-			wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), y_width));
-			cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent.c_str(), y_id.c_str(), expr.c_str()));
+			wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<%d>\n", indent, y_id, y_width));
+			cell_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s\n", indent, y_id, expr));
 			register_reverse_wire_map(y_id, conn.first);
 		}
 
@@ -1112,7 +1112,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 						chunk_width++;
 					}
 
-					new_expr = stringf("bits(%s, %d, %d)", start_map.first.c_str(),
+					new_expr = stringf("bits(%s, %d, %d)", start_map.first,
 							start_map.second + chunk_width - 1, start_map.second);
 					is_valid = true;
 				}
@@ -1135,13 +1135,13 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 
 			if (is_valid) {
 				if (make_unconn_id) {
-					wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<1> %s\n", indent.c_str(), unconn_id.c_str(), wireFileinfo.c_str()));
+					wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%swire %s: UInt<1> %s\n", indent, unconn_id, wireFileinfo));
 					// `invalid` is a firrtl construction for simulation so we will not
 					// tag it with a @[fileinfo] tag as it doesn't directly correspond to
 					// a specific line of verilog code.
-					wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%s%s is invalid\n", indent.c_str(), unconn_id.c_str()));
+					wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%s%s is invalid\n", indent, unconn_id));
 				}
-				wire_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), make_id(wire->name), expr.c_str(), wireFileinfo.c_str()));
+				wire_exprs.push_back(stringf("%s%s <= %s %s\n", indent, make_id(wire->name), expr, wireFileinfo));
 			} else {
 				if (make_unconn_id) {
 					unconn_id.clear();
@@ -1149,7 +1149,7 @@ struct FirrtlWorker
 				// `invalid` is a firrtl construction for simulation so we will not
 				// tag it with a @[fileinfo] tag as it doesn't directly correspond to
 				// a specific line of verilog code.
-				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%s%s is invalid\n", indent.c_str(), make_id(wire->name)));
+				wire_decls.push_back(stringf("%s%s is invalid\n", indent, make_id(wire->name)));
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1223,6 +1223,7 @@ struct FirrtlBackend : public Backend {
 		Pass::call(design, "demuxmap");
 		Pass::call(design, "bwmuxmap");
 
+		used_names.clear();
 		namecache.clear();
 		autoid_counter = 0;
 
@@ -1248,7 +1249,7 @@ struct FirrtlBackend : public Backend {
 			log_cmd_error("There is no top module in this design!\n");
 
 		std::string circuitFileinfo = getFileinfo(top);
-		*f << stringf("circuit %s: %s\n", make_id(top->name), circuitFileinfo.c_str());
+		*f << stringf("circuit %s: %s\n", make_id(top->name), circuitFileinfo);
 
 		emit_elaborated_extmodules(design, *f);
 
@@ -1262,6 +1263,7 @@ struct FirrtlBackend : public Backend {
 			}
 		}
 
+		used_names.clear();
 		namecache.clear();
 		autoid_counter = 0;
 	}

backends/functional/cxx.cc

@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ struct FunctionalCxxBackend : public Backend
 		extra_args(f, filename, args, argidx, design);
 
 		for (auto module : design->selected_modules()) {
-            log("Dumping module `%s'.\n", module->name.c_str());
+            log("Dumping module `%s'.\n", module->name);
 			printCxx(*f, filename, module);
 		}
 	}

backends/functional/smtlib.cc

@@ -285,7 +285,7 @@ struct FunctionalSmtBackend : public Backend {
 		extra_args(f, filename, args, argidx, design);
 
 		for (auto module : design->selected_modules()) {
-			log("Processing module `%s`.\n", module->name.c_str());
+			log("Processing module `%s`.\n", module->name);
 			SmtModule smt(module);
 			smt.write(*f);
 		}

backends/functional/smtlib_rosette.cc

@@ -19,8 +19,8 @@
  */
 
 #include "kernel/functional.h"
-#include "kernel/yosys.h"
 #include "kernel/sexpr.h"
+#include "kernel/yosys.h"
 #include <ctype.h>
 
 USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
@@ -30,25 +30,23 @@ using SExprUtil::list;
 
 const char *reserved_keywords[] = {
   // reserved keywords from the racket spec
-	"struct", "lambda", "values", "extract", "concat", "bv", "let", "define", "cons", "list", "read", "write",
-	"stream", "error", "raise", "exit", "for", "begin", "when", "unless", "module", "require", "provide", "apply",
-	"if", "cond", "even", "odd", "any", "and", "or", "match", "command-line", "ffi-lib", "thread", "kill", "sync",
-	"future", "touch", "subprocess", "make-custodian", "custodian-shutdown-all", "current-custodian", "make", "tcp",
-	"connect", "prepare", "malloc", "free", "_fun", "_cprocedure", "build", "path", "file", "peek", "bytes",
-	"flush", "with", "lexer", "parser", "syntax", "interface", "send", "make-object", "new", "instantiate",
-	"define-generics", "set",
+  "struct", "lambda", "values", "extract", "concat", "bv", "let", "define", "cons", "list", "read", "write", "stream", "error", "raise", "exit",
+  "for", "begin", "when", "unless", "module", "require", "provide", "apply", "if", "cond", "even", "odd", "any", "and", "or", "match", "command-line",
+  "ffi-lib", "thread", "kill", "sync", "future", "touch", "subprocess", "make-custodian", "custodian-shutdown-all", "current-custodian", "make",
+  "tcp", "connect", "prepare", "malloc", "free", "_fun", "_cprocedure", "build", "path", "file", "peek", "bytes", "flush", "with", "lexer", "parser",
+  "syntax", "interface", "send", "make-object", "new", "instantiate", "define-generics", "set",
 
   // reserved for our own purposes
-	"inputs", "state", "name",
-	nullptr
-};
+  "inputs", "state", "name", nullptr};
 
 struct SmtrScope : public Functional::Scope<int> {
-	SmtrScope() {
+	SmtrScope()
+	{
 		for (const char **p = reserved_keywords; *p != nullptr; p++)
 			reserve(*p);
 	}
-	bool is_character_legal(char c, int index) override {
+	bool is_character_legal(char c, int index) override
+	{
 		return isascii(c) && (isalpha(c) || (isdigit(c) && index > 0) || strchr("@$%^&_+=.", c));
 	}
 };
@@ -56,7 +54,8 @@ struct SmtrScope : public Functional::Scope<int> {
 struct SmtrSort {
 	Functional::Sort sort;
 	SmtrSort(Functional::Sort sort) : sort(sort) {}
-	SExpr to_sexpr() const {
+	SExpr to_sexpr() const
+	{
 		if (sort.is_memory()) {
 			return list("list", list("bitvector", sort.addr_width()), list("bitvector", sort.data_width()));
 		} else if (sort.is_signal()) {
@@ -67,7 +66,8 @@ struct SmtrSort {
 	}
 };
 
-class SmtrStruct {
+class SmtrStruct
+{
 	struct Field {
 		SmtrSort sort;
 		std::string accessor;
@@ -77,17 +77,20 @@ class SmtrStruct {
 	vector<Field> fields;
 	SmtrScope &global_scope;
 	SmtrScope local_scope;
+
       public:
 	std::string name;
 	SmtrStruct(std::string name, SmtrScope &scope) : global_scope(scope), local_scope(), name(name) {}
-	void insert(IdString field_name, SmtrSort sort) {
+	void insert(IdString field_name, SmtrSort sort)
+	{
 		field_names(field_name);
 		auto base_name = local_scope.unique_name(field_name);
 		auto accessor = name + "-" + base_name;
 		global_scope.reserve(accessor);
 		fields.emplace_back(Field{sort, accessor, base_name});
 	}
-	void write_definition(SExprWriter &w) {
+	void write_definition(SExprWriter &w)
+	{
 		vector<SExpr> field_list;
 		for (const auto &field : fields) {
 			field_list.emplace_back(field.name);
@@ -102,7 +105,8 @@ public:
 		}
 		w.pop();
 	}
-	template<typename Fn> void write_value(SExprWriter &w, Fn fn) {
+	template <typename Fn> void write_value(SExprWriter &w, Fn fn)
+	{
 		w.open(list(name));
 		for (auto field_name : field_names) {
 			w << fn(field_name);
@@ -110,13 +114,15 @@ public:
 		}
 		w.close();
 	}
-	SExpr access(SExpr record, IdString name) {
+	SExpr access(SExpr record, IdString name)
+	{
 		size_t i = field_names.at(name);
 		return list(fields[i].accessor, std::move(record));
 	}
 };
 
-std::string smt_const(RTLIL::Const const &c) {
+std::string smt_const(RTLIL::Const const &c)
+{
 	std::string s = "#b";
 	for (int i = c.size(); i-- > 0;)
 		s += c[i] == State::S1 ? '1' : '0';
@@ -131,15 +137,9 @@ struct SmtrPrintVisitor : public Functional::AbstractVisitor<SExpr> {
 
 	SmtrPrintVisitor(SmtrStruct &input_struct, SmtrStruct &state_struct) : input_struct(input_struct), state_struct(state_struct) {}
 
-	SExpr from_bool(SExpr &&arg) {
-		return list("bool->bitvector", std::move(arg));
-	}
-	SExpr to_bool(SExpr &&arg) {
-		return list("bitvector->bool", std::move(arg));
-	}
-	SExpr to_list(SExpr &&arg) {
-		return list("bitvector->bits", std::move(arg));
-	}
+	SExpr from_bool(SExpr &&arg) { return list("bool->bitvector", std::move(arg)); }
+	SExpr to_bool(SExpr &&arg) { return list("bitvector->bool", std::move(arg)); }
+	SExpr to_list(SExpr &&arg) { return list("bitvector->bits", std::move(arg)); }
 
 	SExpr buf(Node, Node a) override { return n(a); }
 	SExpr slice(Node, Node a, int offset, int out_width) override { return list("extract", offset + out_width - 1, offset, n(a)); }
@@ -166,7 +166,8 @@ struct SmtrPrintVisitor : public Functional::AbstractVisitor<SExpr> {
 	SExpr unsigned_greater_than(Node, Node a, Node b) override { return from_bool(list("bvugt", n(a), n(b))); }
 	SExpr unsigned_greater_equal(Node, Node a, Node b) override { return from_bool(list("bvuge", n(a), n(b))); }
 
-	SExpr extend(SExpr &&a, int in_width, int out_width) {
+	SExpr extend(SExpr &&a, int in_width, int out_width)
+	{
 		if (in_width < out_width)
 			return list("zero-extend", std::move(a), list("bitvector", out_width));
 		else
@@ -180,8 +181,16 @@ struct SmtrPrintVisitor : public Functional::AbstractVisitor<SExpr> {
 	SExpr memory_read(Node, Node mem, Node addr) override { return list("list-ref-bv", n(mem), n(addr)); }
 	SExpr memory_write(Node, Node mem, Node addr, Node data) override { return list("list-set-bv", n(mem), n(addr), n(data)); }
 
-	SExpr input(Node, IdString name, IdString kind) override { log_assert(kind == ID($input)); return input_struct.access("inputs", name); }
-	SExpr state(Node, IdString name, IdString kind) override { log_assert(kind == ID($state)); return state_struct.access("state", name); }
+	SExpr input(Node, IdString name, IdString kind) override
+	{
+		log_assert(kind == ID($input));
+		return input_struct.access("inputs", name);
+	}
+	SExpr state(Node, IdString name, IdString kind) override
+	{
+		log_assert(kind == ID($state));
+		return state_struct.access("state", name);
+	}
 };
 
 struct SmtrModule {
@@ -196,12 +205,10 @@ struct SmtrModule {
 	SmtrStruct state_struct;
 
 	SmtrModule(Module *module, bool assoc_list_helpers)
-		: ir(Functional::IR::from_module(module))
-		, scope()
-		, name(scope.unique_name(module->name))
-		, input_struct(scope.unique_name(module->name.str() + "_Inputs"), scope)
-		, output_struct(scope.unique_name(module->name.str() + "_Outputs"), scope)
-		, state_struct(scope.unique_name(module->name.str() + "_State"), scope)
+	    : ir(Functional::IR::from_module(module)), scope(), name(scope.unique_name(module->name)),
+	      input_struct(scope.unique_name(module->name.str() + "_Inputs"), scope),
+	      output_struct(scope.unique_name(module->name.str() + "_Outputs"), scope),
+	      state_struct(scope.unique_name(module->name.str() + "_State"), scope)
 	{
 		scope.reserve(name + "_initial");
 		if (assoc_list_helpers) {
@@ -222,9 +229,7 @@ struct SmtrModule {
 	{
 		w.push();
 		w.open(list("define", list(name, "inputs", "state")));
-		auto inlined = [&](Functional::Node n) {
-			return n.fn() == Functional::Fn::constant;
-		};
+		auto inlined = [&](Functional::Node n) { return n.fn() == Functional::Fn::constant; };
 		SmtrPrintVisitor visitor(input_struct, state_struct);
 		auto node_to_sexpr = [&](Functional::Node n) -> SExpr {
 			if (inlined(n))
@@ -324,7 +329,8 @@ struct SmtrModule {
 struct FunctionalSmtrBackend : public Backend {
 	FunctionalSmtrBackend() : Backend("functional_rosette", "Generate Rosette compatible Racket from Functional IR") {}
 
-    	void help() override {
+	void help() override
+	{
 		//   |---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|---v---|
 		log("\n");
 		log("    write_functional_rosette [options] [filename]\n");
@@ -347,8 +353,7 @@ struct FunctionalSmtrBackend : public Backend {
 		log_header(design, "Executing Functional Rosette Backend.\n");
 
 		size_t argidx;
-		for (argidx = 1; argidx < args.size(); argidx++)
-		{
+		for (argidx = 1; argidx < args.size(); argidx++) {
 			if (args[argidx] == "-provides")
 				provides = true;
 			else if (args[argidx] == "-assoc-list-helpers")

backends/functional/test_generic.cc

@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ struct MemContentsTest {
 				RTLIL::Const values;
 				for(addr_t addr = low; addr <= high; addr++) {
 					RTLIL::Const word(data_dist(rnd), data_width);
-					values.bits().insert(values.bits().end(), word.begin(), word.end());
+					values.append(word);
 				}
 				insert_concatenated(low, values);
 			}
@@ -116,7 +116,9 @@ struct MemContentsTest {
 
 struct FunctionalTestGeneric : public Pass
 {
-	FunctionalTestGeneric() : Pass("test_generic", "test the generic compute graph") {}
+	FunctionalTestGeneric() : Pass("test_generic", "test the generic compute graph") {
+		internal();
+	}
 
     void help() override
 	{
@@ -141,7 +143,7 @@ struct FunctionalTestGeneric : public Pass
 */
 
 		for (auto module : design->selected_modules()) {
-            log("Dumping module `%s'.\n", module->name.c_str());
+            log("Dumping module `%s'.\n", module->name);
 			auto fir = Functional::IR::from_module(module);
 			for(auto node : fir)
 				std::cout << RTLIL::unescape_id(node.name()) << " = " << node.to_string([](auto n) { return RTLIL::unescape_id(n.name()); }) << "\n";

backends/intersynth/intersynth.cc

@@ -100,13 +100,13 @@ struct IntersynthBackend : public Backend {
 		}
 		extra_args(f, filename, args, argidx);
 
-		log("Output filename: %s\n", filename.c_str());
+		log("Output filename: %s\n", filename);
 
 		for (auto filename : libfiles) {
 			std::ifstream f;
 			f.open(filename.c_str());
 			if (f.fail())
-				log_error("Can't open lib file `%s'.\n", filename.c_str());
+				log_error("Can't open lib file `%s'.\n", filename);
 			RTLIL::Design *lib = new RTLIL::Design;
 			Frontend::frontend_call(lib, &f, filename, (filename.size() > 3 && filename.compare(filename.size()-3, std::string::npos, ".il") == 0 ? "rtlil" : "verilog"));
 			libs.push_back(lib);
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ struct IntersynthBackend : public Backend {
 					if (sig.size() != 0) {
 						conntypes_code.insert(stringf("conntype b%d %d 2 %d\n", sig.size(), sig.size(), sig.size()));
 						celltype_code += stringf(" b%d %s%s", sig.size(), ct.cell_output(cell->type, port.first) ? "*" : "", log_id(port.first));
-						node_code += stringf(" %s %s", log_id(port.first), netname(conntypes_code, celltypes_code, constcells_code, sig).c_str());
+						node_code += stringf(" %s %s", log_id(port.first), netname(conntypes_code, celltypes_code, constcells_code, sig));
 					}
 				}
 				for (auto &param : cell->parameters) {
@@ -199,13 +199,13 @@ struct IntersynthBackend : public Backend {
 		if (!flag_notypes) {
 			*f << stringf("### Connection Types\n");
 			for (auto code : conntypes_code)
-				*f << stringf("%s", code.c_str());
+				*f << stringf("%s", code);
 			*f << stringf("\n### Cell Types\n");
 			for (auto code : celltypes_code)
-				*f << stringf("%s", code.c_str());
+				*f << stringf("%s", code);
 		}
 		*f << stringf("\n### Netlists\n");
-		*f << stringf("%s", netlists_code.c_str());
+		*f << stringf("%s", netlists_code);
 
 		for (auto lib : libs)
 			delete lib;

backends/jny/jny.cc

@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ struct JnyWriter
 
         f << "{\n";
         f << "  \"$schema\": \"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/YosysHQ/yosys/main/misc/jny.schema.json\",\n";
-        f << stringf("  \"generator\": \"%s\",\n", escape_string(yosys_maybe_version()).c_str());
+        f << stringf("  \"generator\": \"%s\",\n", escape_string(yosys_maybe_version()));
         f << "  \"version\": \"0.0.1\",\n";
         f << "  \"invocation\": \"" << escape_string(invk) << "\",\n";
         f << "  \"features\": [";
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ struct JnyWriter
         const auto _indent = gen_indent(indent_level);
 
         f << _indent << "{\n";
-        f << stringf("  %s\"name\": \"%s\",\n", _indent.c_str(), escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(mod->name)).c_str());
+        f << stringf("  %s\"name\": \"%s\",\n", _indent, escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(mod->name)));
         f << _indent << "  \"cell_sorts\": [\n";
 
         bool first_sort{true};
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ struct JnyWriter
                 f << ",\n";
 
             f << _indent << "  {\n";
-            f << stringf("    %s\"name\": \"%s\",\n", _indent.c_str(), escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(con.first)).c_str());
+            f << stringf("    %s\"name\": \"%s\",\n", _indent, escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(con.first)));
             f << _indent << "    \"direction\": \"";
             if (port_cell->input(con.first))
                 f << "i";
@@ -290,7 +290,7 @@ struct JnyWriter
             if (con.second.size() == 1)
                 f << _indent << "    \"range\": [0, 0]\n";
             else
-                f << stringf("    %s\"range\": [%d, %d]\n", _indent.c_str(), con.second.size(), 0);
+                f << stringf("    %s\"range\": [%d, %d]\n", _indent, con.second.size(), 0);
             f << _indent << "  }";
 
             first_port = false;
@@ -304,7 +304,7 @@ struct JnyWriter
         const auto _indent = gen_indent(indent_level);
 
         f << _indent << "{\n";
-        f << stringf("  %s\"type\": \"%s\",\n", _indent.c_str(), sort.first.c_str());
+        f << stringf("  %s\"type\": \"%s\",\n", _indent, sort.first);
         f << _indent << "  \"ports\": [\n";
 
         write_cell_ports(port_cell, indent_level + 2);
@@ -351,10 +351,10 @@ struct JnyWriter
                 f << stringf(",\n");
             const auto param_val = param.second;
             if (!param_val.empty()) {
-                f << stringf("  %s\"%s\": ", _indent.c_str(), escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(param.first)).c_str());
+                f << stringf("  %s\"%s\": ", _indent, escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(param.first)));
                 write_param_val(param_val);
             } else {
-                f << stringf("  %s\"%s\": true", _indent.c_str(), escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(param.first)).c_str());
+                f << stringf("  %s\"%s\": true", _indent, escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(param.first)));
             }
 
             first_param = false;
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ struct JnyWriter
         log_assert(cell != nullptr);
 
         f << _indent << "  {\n";
-        f << stringf("    %s\"name\": \"%s\"", _indent.c_str(), escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(cell->name)).c_str());
+        f << stringf("    %s\"name\": \"%s\"", _indent, escape_string(RTLIL::unescape_id(cell->name)));
 
         if (_include_connections) {
             f << ",\n" << _indent << "    \"connections\": [\n";
@@ -553,7 +553,7 @@ struct JnyPass : public Pass {
             ff->open(filename.c_str(), std::ofstream::trunc);
             if (ff->fail()) {
                 delete ff;
-                log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+                log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
             }
             f = ff;
             invk << filename;
@@ -568,7 +568,7 @@ struct JnyPass : public Pass {
         if (!empty) {
             delete f;
         } else {
-            log("%s", buf.str().c_str());
+            log("%s", buf.str());
         }
     }
 

backends/json/json.cc

@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 		bool first = true;
 		for (auto &param : parameters) {
 			f << stringf("%s\n", first ? "" : ",");
-			f << stringf("        %s%s: ", for_module ? "" : "    ", get_name(param.first).c_str());
+			f << stringf("        %s%s: ", for_module ? "" : "    ", get_name(param.first));
 			write_parameter_value(param.second);
 			first = false;
 		}
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 			log_error("Module %s contains processes, which are not supported by JSON backend (run `proc` first).\n", log_id(module));
 		}
 
-		f << stringf("    %s: {\n", get_name(module->name).c_str());
+		f << stringf("    %s: {\n", get_name(module->name));
 
 		f << stringf("      \"attributes\": {");
 		write_parameters(module->attributes, /*for_module=*/true);
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 			if (use_selection && !module->selected(w))
 				continue;
 			f << stringf("%s\n", first ? "" : ",");
-			f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(n).c_str());
+			f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(n));
 			f << stringf("          \"direction\": \"%s\",\n", w->port_input ? w->port_output ? "inout" : "input" : "output");
 			if (w->start_offset)
 				f << stringf("          \"offset\": %d,\n", w->start_offset);
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 				f << stringf("          \"upto\": 1,\n");
 			if (w->is_signed)
 				f << stringf("          \"signed\": %d,\n", w->is_signed);
-			f << stringf("          \"bits\": %s\n", get_bits(w).c_str());
+			f << stringf("          \"bits\": %s\n", get_bits(w));
 			f << stringf("        }");
 			first = false;
 		}
@@ -196,13 +196,13 @@ struct JsonWriter
 			if (!scopeinfo_mode && c->type == ID($scopeinfo))
 				continue;
 			f << stringf("%s\n", first ? "" : ",");
-			f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(c->name).c_str());
+			f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(c->name));
 			f << stringf("          \"hide_name\": %s,\n", c->name[0] == '$' ? "1" : "0");
-			f << stringf("          \"type\": %s,\n", get_name(c->type).c_str());
+			f << stringf("          \"type\": %s,\n", get_name(c->type));
 			if (aig_mode) {
 				Aig aig(c);
 				if (!aig.name.empty()) {
-					f << stringf("          \"model\": \"%s\",\n", aig.name.c_str());
+					f << stringf("          \"model\": \"%s\",\n", aig.name);
 					aig_models.insert(aig);
 				}
 			}
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 					if (c->input(conn.first))
 						direction = c->output(conn.first) ? "inout" : "input";
 					f << stringf("%s\n", first2 ? "" : ",");
-					f << stringf("            %s: \"%s\"", get_name(conn.first).c_str(), direction.c_str());
+					f << stringf("            %s: \"%s\"", get_name(conn.first), direction);
 					first2 = false;
 				}
 				f << stringf("\n          },\n");
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 			bool first2 = true;
 			for (auto &conn : c->connections()) {
 				f << stringf("%s\n", first2 ? "" : ",");
-				f << stringf("            %s: %s", get_name(conn.first).c_str(), get_bits(conn.second).c_str());
+				f << stringf("            %s: %s", get_name(conn.first), get_bits(conn.second));
 				first2 = false;
 			}
 			f << stringf("\n          }\n");
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 				if (use_selection && !module->selected(it.second))
 					continue;
 				f << stringf("%s\n", first ? "" : ",");
-				f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(it.second->name).c_str());
+				f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(it.second->name));
 				f << stringf("          \"hide_name\": %s,\n", it.second->name[0] == '$' ? "1" : "0");
 				f << stringf("          \"attributes\": {");
 				write_parameters(it.second->attributes);
@@ -265,9 +265,9 @@ struct JsonWriter
 			if (use_selection && !module->selected(w))
 				continue;
 			f << stringf("%s\n", first ? "" : ",");
-			f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(w->name).c_str());
+			f << stringf("        %s: {\n", get_name(w->name));
 			f << stringf("          \"hide_name\": %s,\n", w->name[0] == '$' ? "1" : "0");
-			f << stringf("          \"bits\": %s,\n", get_bits(w).c_str());
+			f << stringf("          \"bits\": %s,\n", get_bits(w));
 			if (w->start_offset)
 				f << stringf("          \"offset\": %d,\n", w->start_offset);
 			if (w->upto)
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 		design->sort();
 
 		f << stringf("{\n");
-		f << stringf("  \"creator\": %s,\n", get_string(yosys_maybe_version()).c_str());
+		f << stringf("  \"creator\": %s,\n", get_string(yosys_maybe_version()));
 		f << stringf("  \"modules\": {\n");
 		vector<Module*> modules = use_selection ? design->selected_modules() : design->modules();
 		bool first_module = true;
@@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ struct JsonWriter
 			for (auto &aig : aig_models) {
 				if (!first_model)
 					f << stringf(",\n");
-				f << stringf("    \"%s\": [\n", aig.name.c_str());
+				f << stringf("    \"%s\": [\n", aig.name);
 				int node_idx = 0;
 				for (auto &node : aig.nodes) {
 					if (node_idx != 0)
@@ -701,7 +701,7 @@ struct JsonPass : public Pass {
 			ff->open(filename.c_str(), std::ofstream::trunc);
 			if (ff->fail()) {
 				delete ff;
-				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
 			}
 			f = ff;
 		} else {
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ struct JsonPass : public Pass {
 		if (!empty) {
 			delete f;
 		} else {
-			log("%s", buf.str().c_str());
+			log("%s", buf.str());
 		}
 	}
 } JsonPass;

backends/rtlil/rtlil_backend.cc

@@ -24,12 +24,23 @@
 
 #include "rtlil_backend.h"
 #include "kernel/yosys.h"
+#include "kernel/utils.h"
 #include <errno.h>
+#include <iterator>
 
 USING_YOSYS_NAMESPACE
 using namespace RTLIL_BACKEND;
 YOSYS_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
+void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_attributes(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::AttrObject *obj)
+{
+	for (const auto& [name, value] : reversed(obj->attributes)) {
+		f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent, name);
+		dump_const(f, value);
+		f << stringf("\n");
+	}
+}
+
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_const(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::Const &data, int width, int offset, bool autoint)
 {
 	if (width < 0)
@@ -50,7 +61,9 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_const(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::Const &data, int wi
 				return;
 			}
 		}
+		if ((data.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_UNSIZED) == 0) {
 			f << stringf("%d'", width);
+		}
 		if (data.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_SIGNED) {
 			f << stringf("s");
 		}
@@ -96,11 +109,11 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_sigchunk(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigChunk &chunk,
 		dump_const(f, chunk.data, chunk.width, chunk.offset, autoint);
 	} else {
 		if (chunk.width == chunk.wire->width && chunk.offset == 0)
-			f << stringf("%s", chunk.wire->name.c_str());
+			f << stringf("%s", chunk.wire->name);
 		else if (chunk.width == 1)
-			f << stringf("%s [%d]", chunk.wire->name.c_str(), chunk.offset);
+			f << stringf("%s [%d]", chunk.wire->name, chunk.offset);
 		else
-			f << stringf("%s [%d:%d]", chunk.wire->name.c_str(), chunk.offset+chunk.width-1, chunk.offset);
+			f << stringf("%s [%d:%d]", chunk.wire->name, chunk.offset+chunk.width-1, chunk.offset);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -110,8 +123,9 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_sigspec(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, boo
 		dump_sigchunk(f, sig.as_chunk(), autoint);
 	} else {
 		f << stringf("{ ");
-		for (auto it = sig.chunks().rbegin(); it != sig.chunks().rend(); ++it) {
-			dump_sigchunk(f, *it, false);
+		auto chunks = sig.chunks();
+		for (const auto& chunk : reversed(chunks)) {
+			dump_sigchunk(f, chunk, false);
 			f << stringf(" ");
 		}
 		f << stringf("}");
@@ -120,16 +134,12 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_sigspec(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, boo
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_wire(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::Wire *wire)
 {
-	for (auto &it : wire->attributes) {
-		f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it.first.c_str());
-		dump_const(f, it.second);
-		f << stringf("\n");
-	}
+	dump_attributes(f, indent, wire);
 	if (wire->driverCell_) {
-		f << stringf("%s" "# driver %s %s\n", indent.c_str(),
-				wire->driverCell()->name.c_str(), wire->driverPort().c_str());
+		f << stringf("%s" "# driver %s %s\n", indent,
+				wire->driverCell()->name, wire->driverPort());
 	}
-	f << stringf("%s" "wire ", indent.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s" "wire ", indent);
 	if (wire->width != 1)
 		f << stringf("width %d ", wire->width);
 	if (wire->upto)
@@ -144,101 +154,85 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_wire(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::
 		f << stringf("inout %d ", wire->port_id);
 	if (wire->is_signed)
 		f << stringf("signed ");
-	f << stringf("%s\n", wire->name.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s\n", wire->name);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_memory(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::Memory *memory)
 {
-	for (auto &it : memory->attributes) {
-		f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it.first.c_str());
-		dump_const(f, it.second);
-		f << stringf("\n");
-	}
-	f << stringf("%s" "memory ", indent.c_str());
+	dump_attributes(f, indent, memory);
+	f << stringf("%s" "memory ", indent);
 	if (memory->width != 1)
 		f << stringf("width %d ", memory->width);
 	if (memory->size != 0)
 		f << stringf("size %d ", memory->size);
 	if (memory->start_offset != 0)
 		f << stringf("offset %d ", memory->start_offset);
-	f << stringf("%s\n", memory->name.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s\n", memory->name);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_cell(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::Cell *cell)
 {
-	for (auto &it : cell->attributes) {
-		f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it.first.c_str());
-		dump_const(f, it.second);
+	dump_attributes(f, indent, cell);
+	f << stringf("%s" "cell %s %s\n", indent, cell->type, cell->name);
+	for (const auto& [name, param] : reversed(cell->parameters)) {
+		f << stringf("%s  parameter%s%s%s %s ", indent,
+				(param.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_SIGNED) != 0 ? " signed" : "",
+				(param.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_REAL) != 0 ? " real" : "",
+				(param.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_UNSIZED) != 0 ? " unsized" : "",
+				name);
+		dump_const(f, param);
 		f << stringf("\n");
 	}
-	f << stringf("%s" "cell %s %s\n", indent.c_str(), cell->type.c_str(), cell->name.c_str());
-	for (auto &it : cell->parameters) {
-		f << stringf("%s  parameter%s%s %s ", indent.c_str(),
-				(it.second.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_SIGNED) != 0 ? " signed" : "",
-				(it.second.flags & RTLIL::CONST_FLAG_REAL) != 0 ? " real" : "",
-				it.first.c_str());
-		dump_const(f, it.second);
+	for (const auto& [port, sig] : reversed(cell->connections_)) {
+		f << stringf("%s  connect %s ", indent, port);
+		dump_sigspec(f, sig);
 		f << stringf("\n");
 	}
-	for (auto &it : cell->connections()) {
-		f << stringf("%s  connect %s ", indent.c_str(), it.first.c_str());
-		dump_sigspec(f, it.second);
-		f << stringf("\n");
-	}
-	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_proc_case_body(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::CaseRule *cs)
 {
-	for (auto it = cs->actions.begin(); it != cs->actions.end(); ++it)
-	{
-		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent.c_str());
-		dump_sigspec(f, it->first);
+	for (const auto& [lhs, rhs] : cs->actions) {
+		f << stringf("%s" "assign ", indent);
+		dump_sigspec(f, lhs);
 		f << stringf(" ");
-		dump_sigspec(f, it->second);
+		dump_sigspec(f, rhs);
 		f << stringf("\n");
 	}
 
-	for (auto it = cs->switches.begin(); it != cs->switches.end(); ++it)
-		dump_proc_switch(f, indent, *it);
+	for (const auto& sw : cs->switches)
+		dump_proc_switch(f, indent, sw);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_proc_switch(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::SwitchRule *sw)
 {
-	for (auto it = sw->attributes.begin(); it != sw->attributes.end(); ++it) {
-		f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it->first.c_str());
-		dump_const(f, it->second);
-		f << stringf("\n");
-	}
+	dump_attributes(f, indent, sw);
 
-	f << stringf("%s" "switch ", indent.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s" "switch ", indent);
 	dump_sigspec(f, sw->signal);
 	f << stringf("\n");
 
-	for (auto it = sw->cases.begin(); it != sw->cases.end(); ++it)
+	for (const auto case_ : sw->cases)
 	{
-		for (auto ait = (*it)->attributes.begin(); ait != (*it)->attributes.end(); ++ait) {
-			f << stringf("%s  attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), ait->first.c_str());
-			dump_const(f, ait->second);
-			f << stringf("\n");
-		}
-		f << stringf("%s  case ", indent.c_str());
-		for (size_t i = 0; i < (*it)->compare.size(); i++) {
+		dump_attributes(f, indent, case_);
+		f << stringf("%s  case ", indent);
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < case_->compare.size(); i++) {
 			if (i > 0)
 				f << stringf(" , ");
-			dump_sigspec(f, (*it)->compare[i]);
+			dump_sigspec(f, case_->compare[i]);
 		}
 		f << stringf("\n");
 
-		dump_proc_case_body(f, indent + "    ", *it);
+		dump_proc_case_body(f, indent + "    ", case_);
 	}
 
-	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_proc_sync(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::SyncRule *sy)
 {
-	f << stringf("%s" "sync ", indent.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s" "sync ", indent);
 	switch (sy->type) {
 	case RTLIL::ST0: f << stringf("low ");
 	if (0) case RTLIL::ST1: f << stringf("high ");
@@ -253,21 +247,17 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_proc_sync(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RT
 	case RTLIL::STi: f << stringf("init\n"); break;
 	}
 
-	for (auto &it: sy->actions) {
-		f << stringf("%s  update ", indent.c_str());
-		dump_sigspec(f, it.first);
+	for (const auto& [lhs, rhs] : sy->actions) {
+		f << stringf("%s  update ", indent);
+		dump_sigspec(f, lhs);
 		f << stringf(" ");
-		dump_sigspec(f, it.second);
+		dump_sigspec(f, rhs);
 		f << stringf("\n");
 	}
 
 	for (auto &it: sy->mem_write_actions) {
-		for (auto it2 = it.attributes.begin(); it2 != it.attributes.end(); ++it2) {
-			f << stringf("%s  attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it2->first.c_str());
-			dump_const(f, it2->second);
-			f << stringf("\n");
-		}
-		f << stringf("%s  memwr %s ", indent.c_str(), it.memid.c_str());
+		dump_attributes(f, indent, &it);
+		f << stringf("%s  memwr %s ", indent, it.memid);
 		dump_sigspec(f, it.address);
 		f << stringf(" ");
 		dump_sigspec(f, it.data);
@@ -281,21 +271,17 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_proc_sync(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RT
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_proc(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::Process *proc)
 {
-	for (auto it = proc->attributes.begin(); it != proc->attributes.end(); ++it) {
-		f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it->first.c_str());
-		dump_const(f, it->second);
-		f << stringf("\n");
-	}
-	f << stringf("%s" "process %s\n", indent.c_str(), proc->name.c_str());
+	dump_attributes(f, indent, proc);
+	f << stringf("%s" "process %s\n", indent, proc->name);
 	dump_proc_case_body(f, indent + "  ", &proc->root_case);
-	for (auto it = proc->syncs.begin(); it != proc->syncs.end(); ++it)
-		dump_proc_sync(f, indent + "  ", *it);
-	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
+	for (auto* sync : proc->syncs)
+		dump_proc_sync(f, indent + "  ", sync);
+	f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_conn(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::SigSpec &left, const RTLIL::SigSpec &right)
 {
-	f << stringf("%s" "connect ", indent.c_str());
+	f << stringf("%s" "connect ", indent);
 	dump_sigspec(f, left);
 	f << stringf(" ");
 	dump_sigspec(f, right);
@@ -309,13 +295,9 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_module(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Modu
 
 	if (print_header)
 	{
-		for (auto it = module->attributes.begin(); it != module->attributes.end(); ++it) {
-			f << stringf("%s" "attribute %s ", indent.c_str(), it->first.c_str());
-			dump_const(f, it->second);
-			f << stringf("\n");
-		}
+		dump_attributes(f, indent, module);
 
-		f << stringf("%s" "module %s\n", indent.c_str(), module->name.c_str());
+		f << stringf("%s" "module %s\n", indent, module->name);
 
 		if (!module->avail_parameters.empty()) {
 			if (only_selected)
@@ -323,9 +305,9 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_module(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Modu
 			for (const auto &p : module->avail_parameters) {
 				const auto &it = module->parameter_default_values.find(p);
 				if (it == module->parameter_default_values.end()) {
-					f << stringf("%s" "  parameter %s\n", indent.c_str(), p.c_str());
+					f << stringf("%s" "  parameter %s\n", indent, p);
 				} else {
-					f << stringf("%s" "  parameter %s ", indent.c_str(), p.c_str());
+					f << stringf("%s" "  parameter %s ", indent, p);
 					dump_const(f, it->second);
 					f << stringf("\n");
 				}
@@ -335,40 +317,40 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_module(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Modu
 
 	if (print_body)
 	{
-		for (auto it : module->wires())
-			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, it)) {
+		for (const auto& [_, wire] : reversed(module->wires_))
+			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, wire)) {
 				if (only_selected)
 					f << stringf("\n");
-				dump_wire(f, indent + "  ", it);
+				dump_wire(f, indent + "  ", wire);
 			}
 
-		for (auto it : module->memories)
-			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, it.second)) {
+		for (const auto& [_, mem] : reversed(module->memories))
+			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, mem)) {
 				if (only_selected)
 					f << stringf("\n");
-				dump_memory(f, indent + "  ", it.second);
+				dump_memory(f, indent + "  ", mem);
 			}
 
-		for (auto it : module->cells())
-			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, it)) {
+		for (const auto& [_, cell] : reversed(module->cells_))
+			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, cell)) {
 				if (only_selected)
 					f << stringf("\n");
-				dump_cell(f, indent + "  ", it);
+				dump_cell(f, indent + "  ", cell);
 			}
 
-		for (auto it : module->processes)
-			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, it.second)) {
+		for (const auto& [_, process] : reversed(module->processes))
+			if (!only_selected || design->selected(module, process)) {
 				if (only_selected)
 					f << stringf("\n");
-				dump_proc(f, indent + "  ", it.second);
+				dump_proc(f, indent + "  ", process);
 			}
 
 		bool first_conn_line = true;
-		for (auto it = module->connections().begin(); it != module->connections().end(); ++it) {
+		for (const auto& [lhs, rhs] : module->connections()) {
 			bool show_conn = !only_selected || design->selected_whole_module(module->name);
 			if (!show_conn) {
-				RTLIL::SigSpec sigs = it->first;
-				sigs.append(it->second);
+				RTLIL::SigSpec sigs = lhs;
+				sigs.append(rhs);
 				for (auto &c : sigs.chunks()) {
 					if (c.wire == NULL || !design->selected(module, c.wire))
 						continue;
@@ -378,14 +360,14 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_module(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, RTLIL::Modu
 			if (show_conn) {
 				if (only_selected && first_conn_line)
 					f << stringf("\n");
-				dump_conn(f, indent + "  ", it->first, it->second);
+				dump_conn(f, indent + "  ", lhs, rhs);
 				first_conn_line = false;
 			}
 		}
 	}
 
 	if (print_header)
-		f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent.c_str());
+		f << stringf("%s" "end\n", indent);
 }
 
 void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_design(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::Design *design, bool only_selected, bool flag_m, bool flag_n)
@@ -394,7 +376,7 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_design(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::Design *design, bool onl
 
 	if (!flag_m) {
 		int count_selected_mods = 0;
-		for (auto module : design->modules()) {
+		for (auto* module : design->modules()) {
 			if (design->selected_whole_module(module->name))
 				flag_m = true;
 			if (design->selected(module))
@@ -410,7 +392,7 @@ void RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_design(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::Design *design, bool onl
 		f << stringf("autoidx %d\n", autoidx);
 	}
 
-	for (auto module : design->modules()) {
+	for (const auto& [_, module] : reversed(design->modules_)) {
 		if (!only_selected || design->selected(module)) {
 			if (only_selected)
 				f << stringf("\n");
@@ -438,10 +420,14 @@ struct RTLILBackend : public Backend {
 		log("    -selected\n");
 		log("        only write selected parts of the design.\n");
 		log("\n");
+		log("    -sort\n");
+		log("        sort design in-place (used to be default).\n");
+		log("\n");
 	}
 	void execute(std::ostream *&f, std::string filename, std::vector<std::string> args, RTLIL::Design *design) override
 	{
 		bool selected = false;
+		bool do_sort = false;
 
 		log_header(design, "Executing RTLIL backend.\n");
 
@@ -452,13 +438,18 @@ struct RTLILBackend : public Backend {
 				selected = true;
 				continue;
 			}
+			if (arg == "-sort") {
+				do_sort = true;
+				continue;
+			}
 			break;
 		}
 		extra_args(f, filename, args, argidx);
 
-		design->sort();
+		log("Output filename: %s\n", filename);
 
-		log("Output filename: %s\n", filename.c_str());
+		if (do_sort)
+			design->sort();
 
 		*f << stringf("# Generated by %s\n", yosys_maybe_version());
 		RTLIL_BACKEND::dump_design(*f, design, selected, true, false);
@@ -528,10 +519,10 @@ struct DumpPass : public Pass {
 		if (!empty) {
 			rewrite_filename(filename);
 			std::ofstream *ff = new std::ofstream;
-			ff->open(filename.c_str(), append ? std::ofstream::app : std::ofstream::trunc);
+			ff->open(filename, append ? std::ofstream::app : std::ofstream::trunc);
 			if (ff->fail()) {
 				delete ff;
-				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", filename.c_str(), strerror(errno));
+				log_error("Can't open file `%s' for writing: %s\n", filename, strerror(errno));
 			}
 			f = ff;
 		} else {
@@ -543,7 +534,7 @@ struct DumpPass : public Pass {
 		if (!empty) {
 			delete f;
 		} else {
-			log("%s", buf.str().c_str());
+			log("%s", buf.str());
 		}
 	}
 } DumpPass;

backends/rtlil/rtlil_backend.h

@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@
 YOSYS_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
 
 namespace RTLIL_BACKEND {
+	void dump_attributes(std::ostream &f, std::string indent, const RTLIL::AttrObject *obj);
 	void dump_const(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::Const &data, int width = -1, int offset = 0, bool autoint = true);
 	void dump_sigchunk(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigChunk &chunk, bool autoint = true);
 	void dump_sigspec(std::ostream &f, const RTLIL::SigSpec &sig, bool autoint = true);

backends/simplec/simplec.cc

@@ -218,8 +218,8 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 				s[i] -= 'a' - 'A';
 
 		util_declarations.push_back("");
-		util_declarations.push_back(stringf("#ifndef %s", s.c_str()));
-		util_declarations.push_back(stringf("#define %s", s.c_str()));
+		util_declarations.push_back(stringf("#ifndef %s", s));
+		util_declarations.push_back(stringf("#define %s", s));
 	}
 
 	string util_get_bit(const string &signame, int n, int idx)
@@ -232,33 +232,33 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 		if (generated_utils.count(util_name) == 0)
 		{
 			util_ifdef_guard(util_name);
-			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("static inline bool %s(const %s *sig)", util_name.c_str(), sigtype(n).c_str()));
+			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("static inline bool %s(const %s *sig)", util_name, sigtype(n)));
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("{"));
 
 			int word_idx = idx / max_uintsize, word_offset = idx % max_uintsize;
 			string value_name = stringf("value_%d_%d", std::min(n-1, (word_idx+1)*max_uintsize-1), word_idx*max_uintsize);
 
-			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("  return (sig->%s >> %d) & 1;", value_name.c_str(), word_offset));
+			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("  return (sig->%s >> %d) & 1;", value_name, word_offset));
 
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("}"));
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("#endif"));
 			generated_utils.insert(util_name);
 		}
 
-		return stringf("%s(&%s)", util_name.c_str(), signame.c_str());
+		return stringf("%s(&%s)", util_name, signame);
 	}
 
 	string util_set_bit(const string &signame, int n, int idx, const string &expr)
 	{
 		if (n == 1 && idx == 0)
-			return stringf("  %s.value_0_0 = %s;", signame.c_str(), expr.c_str());
+			return stringf("  %s.value_0_0 = %s;", signame, expr);
 
 		string util_name = stringf("yosys_simplec_set_bit_%d_of_%d", idx, n);
 
 		if (generated_utils.count(util_name) == 0)
 		{
 			util_ifdef_guard(util_name);
-			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("static inline void %s(%s *sig, bool value)", util_name.c_str(), sigtype(n).c_str()));
+			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("static inline void %s(%s *sig, bool value)", util_name, sigtype(n)));
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("{"));
 
 			int word_idx = idx / max_uintsize, word_offset = idx % max_uintsize;
@@ -266,9 +266,9 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 
 		#if 0
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("  if (value)"));
-			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("    sig->%s |= 1UL << %d;", value_name.c_str(), word_offset));
+			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("    sig->%s |= 1UL << %d;", value_name, word_offset));
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("  else"));
-			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("    sig->%s &= ~(1UL << %d);", value_name.c_str(), word_offset));
+			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("    sig->%s &= ~(1UL << %d);", value_name, word_offset));
 		#else
 			util_declarations.push_back(stringf("    sig->%s = (sig->%s & ~((uint%d_t)1 << %d)) | ((uint%d_t)value << %d);",
 					value_name.c_str(), value_name.c_str(), max_uintsize, word_offset, max_uintsize, word_offset));
@@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 			generated_utils.insert(util_name);
 		}
 
-		return stringf("  %s(&%s, %s);", util_name.c_str(), signame.c_str(), expr.c_str());
+		return stringf("  %s(&%s, %s);", util_name, signame, expr);
 	}
 
 	void create_module_struct(Module *mod)
@@ -339,38 +339,38 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 		for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(topo.sorted); i++)
 			topoidx[mod->cell(topo.sorted[i])] = i;
 
-		string ifdef_name = stringf("yosys_simplec_%s_state_t", cid(mod->name).c_str());
+		string ifdef_name = stringf("yosys_simplec_%s_state_t", cid(mod->name));
 
 		for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(ifdef_name); i++)
 			if ('a' <= ifdef_name[i] && ifdef_name[i] <= 'z')
 				ifdef_name[i] -= 'a' - 'A';
 
 		struct_declarations.push_back("");
-		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("#ifndef %s", ifdef_name.c_str()));
-		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("#define %s", ifdef_name.c_str()));
-		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("struct %s_state_t", cid(mod->name).c_str()));
+		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("#ifndef %s", ifdef_name));
+		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("#define %s", ifdef_name));
+		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("struct %s_state_t", cid(mod->name)));
 		struct_declarations.push_back("{");
 
 		struct_declarations.push_back("  // Input Ports");
 		for (Wire *w : mod->wires())
 			if (w->port_input)
-				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  %s %s; // %s", sigtype(w->width).c_str(), cid(w->name).c_str(), log_id(w)));
+				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  %s %s; // %s", sigtype(w->width), cid(w->name), log_id(w)));
 
 		struct_declarations.push_back("");
 		struct_declarations.push_back("  // Output Ports");
 		for (Wire *w : mod->wires())
 			if (!w->port_input && w->port_output)
-				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  %s %s; // %s", sigtype(w->width).c_str(), cid(w->name).c_str(), log_id(w)));
+				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  %s %s; // %s", sigtype(w->width), cid(w->name), log_id(w)));
 
 		struct_declarations.push_back("");
 		struct_declarations.push_back("  // Internal Wires");
 		for (Wire *w : mod->wires())
 			if (!w->port_input && !w->port_output)
-				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  %s %s; // %s", sigtype(w->width).c_str(), cid(w->name).c_str(), log_id(w)));
+				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  %s %s; // %s", sigtype(w->width), cid(w->name), log_id(w)));
 
 		for (Cell *c : mod->cells())
 			if (design->module(c->type))
-				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  struct %s_state_t %s; // %s", cid(c->type).c_str(), cid(c->name).c_str(), log_id(c)));
+				struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  struct %s_state_t %s; // %s", cid(c->type), cid(c->name), log_id(c)));
 
 		struct_declarations.push_back(stringf("};"));
 		struct_declarations.push_back("#endif");
@@ -407,14 +407,14 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 			string b_expr = b.wire ? util_get_bit(work->prefix + cid(b.wire->name), b.wire->width, b.offset) : b.data ? "1" : "0";
 			string expr;
 
-			if (cell->type == ID($_AND_))    expr = stringf("%s & %s",    a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_NAND_))   expr = stringf("!(%s & %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_OR_))     expr = stringf("%s | %s",    a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_NOR_))    expr = stringf("!(%s | %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_XOR_))    expr = stringf("%s ^ %s",    a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_XNOR_))   expr = stringf("!(%s ^ %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_ANDNOT_)) expr = stringf("%s & (!%s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_ORNOT_))  expr = stringf("%s | (!%s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str());
+			if (cell->type == ID($_AND_))    expr = stringf("%s & %s",    a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_NAND_))   expr = stringf("!(%s & %s)", a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_OR_))     expr = stringf("%s | %s",    a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_NOR_))    expr = stringf("!(%s | %s)", a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_XOR_))    expr = stringf("%s ^ %s",    a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_XNOR_))   expr = stringf("!(%s ^ %s)", a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_ANDNOT_)) expr = stringf("%s & (!%s)", a_expr, b_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_ORNOT_))  expr = stringf("%s | (!%s)", a_expr, b_expr);
 
 			log_assert(y.wire);
 			funct_declarations.push_back(util_set_bit(work->prefix + cid(y.wire->name), y.wire->width, y.offset, expr) +
@@ -436,8 +436,8 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 			string c_expr = c.wire ? util_get_bit(work->prefix + cid(c.wire->name), c.wire->width, c.offset) : c.data ? "1" : "0";
 			string expr;
 
-			if (cell->type == ID($_AOI3_)) expr = stringf("!((%s & %s) | %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str(), c_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_OAI3_)) expr = stringf("!((%s | %s) & %s)", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str(), c_expr.c_str());
+			if (cell->type == ID($_AOI3_)) expr = stringf("!((%s & %s) | %s)", a_expr, b_expr, c_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_OAI3_)) expr = stringf("!((%s | %s) & %s)", a_expr, b_expr, c_expr);
 
 			log_assert(y.wire);
 			funct_declarations.push_back(util_set_bit(work->prefix + cid(y.wire->name), y.wire->width, y.offset, expr) +
@@ -461,8 +461,8 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 			string d_expr = d.wire ? util_get_bit(work->prefix + cid(d.wire->name), d.wire->width, d.offset) : d.data ? "1" : "0";
 			string expr;
 
-			if (cell->type == ID($_AOI4_)) expr = stringf("!((%s & %s) | (%s & %s))", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str(), c_expr.c_str(), d_expr.c_str());
-			if (cell->type == ID($_OAI4_)) expr = stringf("!((%s | %s) & (%s | %s))", a_expr.c_str(), b_expr.c_str(), c_expr.c_str(), d_expr.c_str());
+			if (cell->type == ID($_AOI4_)) expr = stringf("!((%s & %s) | (%s & %s))", a_expr, b_expr, c_expr, d_expr);
+			if (cell->type == ID($_OAI4_)) expr = stringf("!((%s | %s) & (%s | %s))", a_expr, b_expr, c_expr, d_expr);
 
 			log_assert(y.wire);
 			funct_declarations.push_back(util_set_bit(work->prefix + cid(y.wire->name), y.wire->width, y.offset, expr) +
@@ -484,9 +484,9 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 			string s_expr = s.wire ? util_get_bit(work->prefix + cid(s.wire->name), s.wire->width, s.offset) : s.data ? "1" : "0";
 
 			// casts to bool are a workaround for CBMC bug (https://github.com/diffblue/cbmc/issues/933)
-			string expr = stringf("%s ? %s(bool)%s : %s(bool)%s", s_expr.c_str(),
-					cell->type == ID($_NMUX_) ? "!" : "", b_expr.c_str(),
-					cell->type == ID($_NMUX_) ? "!" : "", a_expr.c_str());
+			string expr = stringf("%s ? %s(bool)%s : %s(bool)%s", s_expr,
+					cell->type == ID($_NMUX_) ? "!" : "", b_expr,
+					cell->type == ID($_NMUX_) ? "!" : "", a_expr);
 
 			log_assert(y.wire);
 			funct_declarations.push_back(util_set_bit(work->prefix + cid(y.wire->name), y.wire->width, y.offset, expr) +
@@ -504,7 +504,7 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 		while (work->dirty)
 		{
 			if (verbose && (!work->dirty_bits.empty() || !work->dirty_cells.empty()))
-				log("  In %s:\n", work->log_prefix.c_str());
+				log("  In %s:\n", work->log_prefix);
 
 			while (!work->dirty_bits.empty() || !work->dirty_cells.empty())
 			{
@@ -517,8 +517,8 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 						if (chunk.wire == nullptr)
 							continue;
 						if (verbose)
-							log("    Propagating %s.%s[%d:%d].\n", work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(chunk.wire), chunk.offset+chunk.width-1, chunk.offset);
-						funct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  // Updated signal in %s: %s", work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_signal(chunk)));
+							log("    Propagating %s.%s[%d:%d].\n", work->log_prefix, log_id(chunk.wire), chunk.offset+chunk.width-1, chunk.offset);
+						funct_declarations.push_back(stringf("  // Updated signal in %s: %s", work->log_prefix, log_signal(chunk)));
 					}
 
 					for (SigBit bit : dirtysig)
@@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 								work->parent->set_dirty(parent_bit);
 
 								if (verbose)
-									log("      Propagating %s.%s[%d] -> %s.%s[%d].\n", work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(bit.wire), bit.offset,
+									log("      Propagating %s.%s[%d] -> %s.%s[%d].\n", work->log_prefix, log_id(bit.wire), bit.offset,
 											work->parent->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(parent_bit.wire), parent_bit.offset);
 							}
 
@@ -556,11 +556,11 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 								child->set_dirty(child_bit);
 
 								if (verbose)
-									log("      Propagating %s.%s[%d] -> %s.%s.%s[%d].\n", work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(bit.wire), bit.offset,
+									log("      Propagating %s.%s[%d] -> %s.%s.%s[%d].\n", work->log_prefix, log_id(bit.wire), bit.offset,
 											work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(std::get<0>(port)), log_id(child_bit.wire), child_bit.offset);
 							} else {
 								if (verbose)
-									log("      Marking cell %s.%s (via %s.%s[%d]).\n", work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(std::get<0>(port)),
+									log("      Marking cell %s.%s (via %s.%s[%d]).\n", work->log_prefix, log_id(std::get<0>(port)),
 											work->log_prefix.c_str(), log_id(bit.wire), bit.offset);
 								work->set_dirty(std::get<0>(port));
 							}
@@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 					string hiername = work->log_prefix + "." + log_id(cell);
 
 					if (verbose)
-						log("    Evaluating %s (%s, best of %d).\n", hiername.c_str(), log_id(cell->type), GetSize(work->dirty_cells));
+						log("    Evaluating %s (%s, best of %d).\n", hiername, log_id(cell->type), GetSize(work->dirty_cells));
 
 					if (activated_cells.count(hiername))
 						reactivated_cells.insert(hiername);
@@ -630,13 +630,13 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 
 	void make_func(HierDirtyFlags *work, const string &func_name, const vector<string> &preamble)
 	{
-		log("Generating function %s():\n", func_name.c_str());
+		log("Generating function %s():\n", func_name);
 
 		activated_cells.clear();
 		reactivated_cells.clear();
 
 		funct_declarations.push_back("");
-		funct_declarations.push_back(stringf("static void %s(struct %s_state_t *state)", func_name.c_str(), cid(work->module->name).c_str()));
+		funct_declarations.push_back(stringf("static void %s(struct %s_state_t *state)", func_name, cid(work->module->name)));
 		funct_declarations.push_back("{");
 		for (auto &line : preamble)
 			funct_declarations.push_back(line);
@@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ struct SimplecWorker
 			{
 				SigSpec sig = sigmaps.at(module)(w);
 				Const val = w->attributes.at(ID::init);
-				val.bits().resize(GetSize(sig), State::Sx);
+				val.resize(GetSize(sig), State::Sx);
 
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig); i++)
 					if (val[i] == State::S0 || val[i] == State::S1) {

backends/smt2/smt2.cc

@@ -82,27 +82,27 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 		if (statebv)
 		{
 			if (width == 0) {
-				decl_str = stringf("(define-fun |%s| ((state |%s_s|)) Bool (= ((_ extract %d %d) state) #b1))", name.c_str(), get_id(module), statebv_width, statebv_width);
+				decl_str = stringf("(define-fun |%s| ((state |%s_s|)) Bool (= ((_ extract %d %d) state) #b1))", name, get_id(module), statebv_width, statebv_width);
 				statebv_width += 1;
 			} else {
-				decl_str = stringf("(define-fun |%s| ((state |%s_s|)) (_ BitVec %d) ((_ extract %d %d) state))", name.c_str(), get_id(module), width, statebv_width+width-1, statebv_width);
+				decl_str = stringf("(define-fun |%s| ((state |%s_s|)) (_ BitVec %d) ((_ extract %d %d) state))", name, get_id(module), width, statebv_width+width-1, statebv_width);
 				statebv_width += width;
 			}
 		}
 		else if (statedt)
 		{
 			if (width == 0) {
-				decl_str = stringf("  (|%s| Bool)", name.c_str());
+				decl_str = stringf("  (|%s| Bool)", name);
 			} else {
-				decl_str = stringf("  (|%s| (_ BitVec %d))", name.c_str(), width);
+				decl_str = stringf("  (|%s| (_ BitVec %d))", name, width);
 			}
 		}
 		else
 		{
 			if (width == 0) {
-				decl_str = stringf("(declare-fun |%s| (|%s_s|) Bool)", name.c_str(), get_id(module));
+				decl_str = stringf("(declare-fun |%s| (|%s_s|) Bool)", name, get_id(module));
 			} else {
-				decl_str = stringf("(declare-fun |%s| (|%s_s|) (_ BitVec %d))", name.c_str(), get_id(module), width);
+				decl_str = stringf("(declare-fun |%s| (|%s_s|) (_ BitVec %d))", name, get_id(module), width);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 		for (auto &mem : memories)
 		{
 			if (is_smtlib2_module)
-				log_error("Memory %s.%s not allowed in module with smtlib2_module attribute", get_id(module), mem.memid.c_str());
+				log_error("Memory %s.%s not allowed in module with smtlib2_module attribute", get_id(module), mem.memid);
 
 			mem.narrow();
 			mem_dict[mem.memid] = &mem;
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 			}
 
 			if (fcache.count(sig[i]) && fcache.at(sig[i]).second == -1) {
-				subexpr.push_back(stringf("(ite %s #b1 #b0)", get_bool(sig[i], state_name).c_str()));
+				subexpr.push_back(stringf("(ite %s #b1 #b0)", get_bool(sig[i], state_name)));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 		}
 
 		if (width != GetSize(sig_y) && type != 'b')
-			processed_expr = stringf("((_ extract %d 0) %s)", GetSize(sig_y)-1, processed_expr.c_str());
+			processed_expr = stringf("((_ extract %d 0) %s)", GetSize(sig_y)-1, processed_expr);
 
 		if (verbose)
 			log("%*s-> import cell: %s\n", 2+2*GetSize(recursive_cells), "", log_id(cell));
@@ -617,14 +617,14 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				string infostr = cell->attributes.count(ID::src) ? cell->attributes.at(ID::src).decode_string().c_str() : get_id(cell);
 				if (cell->attributes.count(ID::reg))
 					infostr += " " + cell->attributes.at(ID::reg).decode_string();
-				decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-%s %s#%d %d %s\n", cell->type.c_str() + 1, get_id(module), idcounter, GetSize(cell->getPort(QY)), infostr.c_str()));
+				decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-%s %s#%d %d %s\n", cell->type.c_str() + 1, get_id(module), idcounter, GetSize(cell->getPort(QY)), infostr));
 				if (cell->getPort(QY).is_wire() && cell->getPort(QY).as_wire()->get_bool_attribute(ID::maximize)){
 					decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-maximize %s#%d\n", get_id(module), idcounter));
-					log("Wire %s is maximized\n", cell->getPort(QY).as_wire()->name.str().c_str());
+					log("Wire %s is maximized\n", cell->getPort(QY).as_wire()->name.str());
 				}
 				else if (cell->getPort(QY).is_wire() && cell->getPort(QY).as_wire()->get_bool_attribute(ID::minimize)){
 					decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-minimize %s#%d\n", get_id(module), idcounter));
-					log("Wire %s is minimized\n", cell->getPort(QY).as_wire()->name.str().c_str());
+					log("Wire %s is minimized\n", cell->getPort(QY).as_wire()->name.str());
 				}
 
 				bool init_only = cell->type.in(ID($anyconst), ID($anyinit), ID($allconst));
@@ -722,7 +722,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 					2*GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A).chunks()) < GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A))) {
 				bool is_and = cell->type == ID($reduce_and);
 				string bits(GetSize(cell->getPort(ID::A)), is_and ? '1' : '0');
-				return export_bvop(cell, stringf("(%s A #b%s)", is_and ? "=" : "distinct", bits.c_str()), 'b');
+				return export_bvop(cell, stringf("(%s A #b%s)", is_and ? "=" : "distinct", bits), 'b');
 			}
 
 			if (cell->type == ID($reduce_and)) return export_reduce(cell, "(and A)", true);
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				get_bv(sig_s);
 
 				for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig_s); i++)
-					processed_expr = stringf("(ite %s %s %s)", get_bool(sig_s[i]).c_str(),
+					processed_expr = stringf("(ite %s %s %s)", get_bool(sig_s[i]),
 							get_bv(sig_b.extract(i*width, width)).c_str(), processed_expr.c_str());
 
 				if (verbose)
@@ -1079,24 +1079,24 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 
 				RTLIL::SigSpec sig = sigmap(wire);
 				Const val = wire->attributes.at(ID::init);
-				val.bits().resize(GetSize(sig), State::Sx);
+				val.resize(GetSize(sig), State::Sx);
 				if (bvmode && GetSize(sig) > 1) {
 					Const mask(State::S1, GetSize(sig));
 					bool use_mask = false;
 					for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig); i++)
 						if (val[i] != State::S0 && val[i] != State::S1) {
-							val.bits()[i] = State::S0;
-							mask.bits()[i] = State::S0;
+							val.set(i, State::S0);
+							mask.set(i, State::S0);
 							use_mask = true;
 						}
 					if (use_mask)
-						init_list.push_back(stringf("(= (bvand %s #b%s) #b%s) ; %s", get_bv(sig).c_str(), mask.as_string().c_str(), val.as_string().c_str(), get_id(wire)));
+						init_list.push_back(stringf("(= (bvand %s #b%s) #b%s) ; %s", get_bv(sig), mask.as_string(), val.as_string(), get_id(wire)));
 					else
-						init_list.push_back(stringf("(= %s #b%s) ; %s", get_bv(sig).c_str(), val.as_string().c_str(), get_id(wire)));
+						init_list.push_back(stringf("(= %s #b%s) ; %s", get_bv(sig), val.as_string(), get_id(wire)));
 				} else {
 					for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(sig); i++)
 						if (val[i] == State::S0 || val[i] == State::S1)
-							init_list.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s) ; %s", get_bool(sig[i]).c_str(), val[i] == State::S1 ? "true" : "false", get_id(wire)));
+							init_list.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s) ; %s", get_bool(sig[i]), val[i] == State::S1 ? "true" : "false", get_id(wire)));
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				}
 
 				if (private_name && cell->attributes.count(ID::src))
-					decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-%s %d %s %s\n", cell->type.c_str() + 1, id, get_id(cell), cell->attributes.at(ID::src).decode_string().c_str()));
+					decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-%s %d %s %s\n", cell->type.c_str() + 1, id, get_id(cell), cell->attributes.at(ID::src).decode_string()));
 				else
 					decls.push_back(stringf("; yosys-smt2-%s %d %s\n", cell->type.c_str() + 1, id, get_id(cell)));
 
@@ -1180,11 +1180,11 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 					SigSpec sig = sigmap(conn.second);
 
 					if (bvmode || GetSize(w) == 1) {
-						hier.push_back(stringf("  (= %s (|%s_n %s| %s)) ; %s.%s\n", (GetSize(w) > 1 ? get_bv(sig) : get_bool(sig)).c_str(),
+						hier.push_back(stringf("  (= %s (|%s_n %s| %s)) ; %s.%s\n", (GetSize(w) > 1 ? get_bv(sig) : get_bool(sig)),
 								get_id(cell->type), get_id(w), cell_state.c_str(), get_id(cell->type), get_id(w)));
 					} else {
 						for (int i = 0; i < GetSize(w); i++)
-							hier.push_back(stringf("  (= %s (|%s_n %s %d| %s)) ; %s.%s[%d]\n", get_bool(sig[i]).c_str(),
+							hier.push_back(stringf("  (= %s (|%s_n %s %d| %s)) ; %s.%s[%d]\n", get_bool(sig[i]),
 									get_id(cell->type), get_id(w), i, cell_state.c_str(), get_id(cell->type), get_id(w), i));
 					}
 				}
@@ -1204,25 +1204,25 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				{
 					std::string expr_d = get_bool(cell->getPort(ID::D));
 					std::string expr_q = get_bool(cell->getPort(ID::Q), "next_state");
-					trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s %s\n", expr_d.c_str(), expr_q.c_str(), get_id(cell), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Q))));
-					ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s)", get_bool(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(), get_bool(cell->getPort(ID::Q), "other_state").c_str()));
+					trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s %s\n", expr_d, expr_q, get_id(cell), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Q))));
+					ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s)", get_bool(cell->getPort(ID::Q)), get_bool(cell->getPort(ID::Q), "other_state")));
 				}
 
 				if (cell->type.in(ID($ff), ID($dff), ID($anyinit)))
 				{
 					std::string expr_d = get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::D));
 					std::string expr_q = get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Q), "next_state");
-					trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s %s\n", expr_d.c_str(), expr_q.c_str(), get_id(cell), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Q))));
-					ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s)", get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Q)).c_str(), get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Q), "other_state").c_str()));
+					trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s %s\n", expr_d, expr_q, get_id(cell), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Q))));
+					ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s)", get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Q)), get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Q), "other_state")));
 				}
 
 				if (cell->type.in(ID($anyconst), ID($allconst)))
 				{
 					std::string expr_d = get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 					std::string expr_q = get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Y), "next_state");
-					trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s %s\n", expr_d.c_str(), expr_q.c_str(), get_id(cell), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Y))));
+					trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s %s\n", expr_d, expr_q, get_id(cell), log_signal(cell->getPort(ID::Y))));
 					if (cell->type == ID($anyconst))
-						ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s)", get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Y)).c_str(), get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Y), "other_state").c_str()));
+						ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= %s %s)", get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), get_bv(cell->getPort(ID::Y), "other_state")));
 				}
 			}
 
@@ -1341,11 +1341,11 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 
 				std::string expr_d = stringf("(|%s#%d#%d| state)", get_id(module), arrayid, GetSize(mem->wr_ports));
 				std::string expr_q = stringf("(|%s#%d#0| next_state)", get_id(module), arrayid);
-				trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s\n", expr_d.c_str(), expr_q.c_str(), get_id(mem->memid)));
+				trans.push_back(stringf("  (= %s %s) ; %s\n", expr_d, expr_q, get_id(mem->memid)));
 				ex_state_eq.push_back(stringf("(= (|%s#%d#0| state) (|%s#%d#0| other_state))", get_id(module), arrayid, get_id(module), arrayid));
 
 				if (has_async_wr)
-					hier.push_back(stringf("  (= %s (|%s| state)) ; %s\n", expr_d.c_str(), final_memstate.c_str(), get_id(mem->memid)));
+					hier.push_back(stringf("  (= %s (|%s| state)) ; %s\n", expr_d, final_memstate, get_id(mem->memid)));
 
 				Const init_data = mem->get_init_data();
 
@@ -1361,10 +1361,10 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 					for (int k = 0; k < GetSize(initword); k++) {
 						if (initword[k] == State::S0 || initword[k] == State::S1) {
 							gen_init_constr = true;
-							initmask.bits()[k] = State::S1;
+							initmask.set(k, State::S1);
 						} else {
-							initmask.bits()[k] = State::S0;
-							initword.bits()[k] = State::S0;
+							initmask.set(k, State::S0);
+							initword.set(k, State::S0);
 						}
 					}
 
@@ -1402,7 +1402,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 					expr = "\n  " + ex_state_eq.front() + "\n";
 				} else {
 					for (auto &str : ex_state_eq)
-						expr += stringf("\n  %s", str.c_str());
+						expr += stringf("\n  %s", str);
 					expr += "\n)";
 				}
 			}
@@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 					expr = "\n  " + ex_input_eq.front() + "\n";
 				} else {
 					for (auto &str : ex_input_eq)
-						expr += stringf("\n  %s", str.c_str());
+						expr += stringf("\n  %s", str);
 					expr += "\n)";
 				}
 			}
@@ -1429,7 +1429,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				assert_expr = "\n  " + assert_list.front() + "\n";
 			} else {
 				for (auto &str : assert_list)
-					assert_expr += stringf("\n  %s", str.c_str());
+					assert_expr += stringf("\n  %s", str);
 				assert_expr += "\n)";
 			}
 		}
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				assume_expr = "\n  " + assume_list.front() + "\n";
 			} else {
 				for (auto &str : assume_list)
-					assume_expr += stringf("\n  %s", str.c_str());
+					assume_expr += stringf("\n  %s", str);
 				assume_expr += "\n)";
 			}
 		}
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ struct Smt2Worker
 				init_expr = "\n  " + init_list.front() + "\n";
 			} else {
 				for (auto &str : init_list)
-					init_expr += stringf("\n  %s", str.c_str());
+					init_expr += stringf("\n  %s", str);
 				init_expr += "\n)";
 			}
 		}
@@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ struct Smt2Backend : public Backend {
 			if (args[argidx] == "-tpl" && argidx+1 < args.size()) {
 				template_f.open(args[++argidx]);
 				if (template_f.fail())
-					log_error("Can't open template file `%s'.\n", args[argidx].c_str());
+					log_error("Can't open template file `%s'.\n", args[argidx]);
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (args[argidx] == "-bv" || args[argidx] == "-mem") {
@@ -1846,7 +1846,7 @@ struct Smt2Backend : public Backend {
 			*f << stringf("; yosys-smt2-stdt\n");
 
 		for (auto &it : solver_options)
-			*f << stringf("; yosys-smt2-solver-option %s %s\n", it.first.c_str(), it.second.c_str());
+			*f << stringf("; yosys-smt2-solver-option %s %s\n", it.first, it.second);
 
 		std::vector<RTLIL::Module*> sorted_modules;
 
@@ -1913,7 +1913,7 @@ struct Smt2Backend : public Backend {
 		}
 
 		if (topmod)
-			*f << stringf("; yosys-smt2-topmod %s\n", topmod_id.c_str());
+			*f << stringf("; yosys-smt2-topmod %s\n", topmod_id);
 
 		*f << stringf("; end of yosys output\n");
 

backends/smt2/smtbmc.py

@@ -1875,6 +1875,11 @@ elif covermode:
             smt_assert_antecedent("(|%s_t| s%d s%d)" % (topmod, step-1, step))
             smt_assert_antecedent("(not (|%s_is| s%d))" % (topmod, step))
 
+        if step < skip_steps:
+            print_msg("Skipping step %d.." % (step))
+            step += 1
+            continue
+
         while "1" in cover_mask:
             print_msg("Checking cover reachability in step %d.." % (step))
             smt_push()

backends/smv/smv.cc

@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 	{
 		if (!idcache.count(id))
 		{
-			string name = stringf("_%s", id.c_str());
+			string name = stringf("_%s", id);
 
 			if (name.compare(0, 2, "_\\") == 0)
 				name = "_" + name.substr(2);
@@ -163,15 +163,15 @@ struct SmvWorker
 		if (width >= 0) {
 			if (is_signed) {
 				if (GetSize(sig) > width)
-					s = stringf("signed(resize(%s, %d))", s.c_str(), width);
+					s = stringf("signed(resize(%s, %d))", s, width);
 				else
-					s = stringf("resize(signed(%s), %d)", s.c_str(), width);
+					s = stringf("resize(signed(%s), %d)", s, width);
 			} else
-				s = stringf("resize(%s, %d)", s.c_str(), width);
+				s = stringf("resize(%s, %d)", s, width);
 		} else if (is_signed)
-			s = stringf("signed(%s)", s.c_str());
+			s = stringf("signed(%s)", s);
 		else if (count_chunks > 1)
-			s = stringf("(%s)", s.c_str());
+			s = stringf("(%s)", s);
 
 		strbuf.push_back(s);
 		return strbuf.back().c_str();
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 				if (cell->type == ID($sshr) && signed_a)
 				{
 					expr_a = rvalue_s(sig_a, width);
-					expr = stringf("resize(unsigned(%s %s %s), %d)", expr_a.c_str(), op.c_str(), rvalue(sig_b.extract(0, shift_b_width)), width_y);
+					expr = stringf("resize(unsigned(%s %s %s), %d)", expr_a, op, rvalue(sig_b.extract(0, shift_b_width)), width_y);
 					if (shift_b_width < GetSize(sig_b))
 						expr = stringf("%s != 0ud%d_0 ? (bool(%s) ? !0ud%d_0 : 0ud%d_0) : %s",
 								rvalue(sig_b.extract(shift_b_width, GetSize(sig_b) - shift_b_width)), GetSize(sig_b) - shift_b_width,
@@ -278,8 +278,8 @@ struct SmvWorker
 //					f << stringf("    %s : unsigned word[%d]; -- neg(%s)\n", b_shl, GetSize(sig_b), log_signal(sig_b));
 					definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := unsigned(-%s);", b_shl, rvalue_s(sig_b)));
 
-					string expr_shl = stringf("resize(%s << %s[%d:0], %d)", expr_a.c_str(), b_shl, shift_b_width-1, width_y);
-					string expr_shr = stringf("resize(%s >> %s[%d:0], %d)", expr_a.c_str(), b_shr, shift_b_width-1, width_y);
+					string expr_shl = stringf("resize(%s << %s[%d:0], %d)", expr_a, b_shl, shift_b_width-1, width_y);
+					string expr_shr = stringf("resize(%s >> %s[%d:0], %d)", expr_a, b_shr, shift_b_width-1, width_y);
 
 					if (shift_b_width < GetSize(sig_b)) {
 						expr_shl = stringf("%s[%d:%d] != 0ud%d_0 ? 0ud%d_0 : %s", b_shl, GetSize(sig_b)-1, shift_b_width,
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 								GetSize(sig_b)-shift_b_width, width_y, expr_shr.c_str());
 					}
 
-					expr = stringf("bool(%s) ? %s : %s", rvalue(sig_b[GetSize(sig_b)-1]), expr_shl.c_str(), expr_shr.c_str());
+					expr = stringf("bool(%s) ? %s : %s", rvalue(sig_b[GetSize(sig_b)-1]), expr_shl, expr_shr);
 				}
 				else
 				{
@@ -297,13 +297,13 @@ struct SmvWorker
 					else
 						expr_a = stringf("resize(unsigned(%s), %d)", rvalue_s(sig_a, width_ay), width);
 
-					expr = stringf("resize(%s %s %s[%d:0], %d)", expr_a.c_str(), op.c_str(), rvalue_u(sig_b), shift_b_width-1, width_y);
+					expr = stringf("resize(%s %s %s[%d:0], %d)", expr_a, op, rvalue_u(sig_b), shift_b_width-1, width_y);
 					if (shift_b_width < GetSize(sig_b))
 						expr = stringf("%s[%d:%d] != 0ud%d_0 ? 0ud%d_0 : %s", rvalue_u(sig_b), GetSize(sig_b)-1, shift_b_width,
 								GetSize(sig_b)-shift_b_width, width_y, expr.c_str());
 				}
 
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s;", lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), expr.c_str()));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s;", lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), expr));
 
 				continue;
 			}
@@ -426,7 +426,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 				if (cell->type == ID($reduce_or))   expr = stringf("%s != 0ub%d_0", expr_a, width_a);
 				if (cell->type == ID($reduce_bool)) expr = stringf("%s != 0ub%d_0", expr_a, width_a);
 
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(word1(%s), %d);", expr_y, expr.c_str(), width_y));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(word1(%s), %d);", expr_y, expr, width_y));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -445,7 +445,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 				if (cell->type == ID($reduce_xnor))
 					expr = "!(" + expr + ")";
 
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(%s, %d);", expr_y, expr.c_str(), width_y));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(%s, %d);", expr_y, expr, width_y));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 				if (cell->type == ID($logic_and)) expr = expr_a + " & " + expr_b;
 				if (cell->type == ID($logic_or))  expr = expr_a + " | " + expr_b;
 
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(word1(%s), %d);", expr_y, expr.c_str(), width_y));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(word1(%s), %d);", expr_y, expr, width_y));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 				string expr_a = stringf("(%s = 0ub%d_0)", rvalue(cell->getPort(ID::A)), width_a);
 				const char *expr_y = lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y));
 
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(word1(%s), %d);", expr_y, expr_a.c_str(), width_y));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := resize(word1(%s), %d);", expr_y, expr_a, width_y));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -491,7 +491,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 					expr += stringf("bool(%s) ? %s : ", rvalue(sig_s[i]), rvalue(sig_b.extract(i*width, width)));
 				expr += rvalue(sig_a);
 
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s;", lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), expr.c_str()));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s;", lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), expr));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -505,7 +505,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 			if (cell->type.in(ID($_BUF_), ID($_NOT_)))
 			{
 				string op = cell->type == ID($_NOT_) ? "!" : "";
-				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s%s;", lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), op.c_str(), rvalue(cell->getPort(ID::A))));
+				definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s%s;", lvalue(cell->getPort(ID::Y)), op, rvalue(cell->getPort(ID::A))));
 				continue;
 			}
 
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ struct SmvWorker
 					for (int k = GetSize(sig)-1; k >= 0; k--)
 						bits += sig[k] == State::S1 ? '1' : '0';
 
-					expr = stringf("0ub%d_%s", GetSize(bits), bits.c_str()) + expr;
+					expr = stringf("0ub%d_%s", GetSize(bits), bits) + expr;
 				}
 				else if (sigmap(SigBit(wire, i)) == SigBit(wire, i))
 				{
@@ -683,36 +683,36 @@ struct SmvWorker
 				}
 			}
 
-			definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s;", cid(wire->name), expr.c_str()));
+			definitions.push_back(stringf("%s := %s;", cid(wire->name), expr));
 		}
 
 		if (!inputvars.empty()) {
 			f << stringf("  IVAR\n");
 			for (const string &line : inputvars)
-				f << stringf("    %s\n", line.c_str());
+				f << stringf("    %s\n", line);
 		}
 
 		if (!vars.empty()) {
 			f << stringf("  VAR\n");
 			for (const string &line : vars)
-				f << stringf("    %s\n", line.c_str());
+				f << stringf("    %s\n", line);
 		}
 
 		if (!definitions.empty()) {
 			f << stringf("  DEFINE\n");
 			for (const string &line : definitions)
-				f << stringf("    %s\n", line.c_str());
+				f << stringf("    %s\n", line);
 		}
 
 		if (!assignments.empty()) {
 			f << stringf("  ASSIGN\n");
 			for (const string &line : assignments)
-				f << stringf("    %s\n", line.c_str());
+				f << stringf("    %s\n", line);
 		}
 
 		if (!invarspecs.empty()) {
 			for (const string &line : invarspecs)
-				f << stringf("  INVARSPEC %s\n", line.c_str());
+				f << stringf("  INVARSPEC %s\n", line);
 		}
 	}
 };
@@ -756,7 +756,7 @@ struct SmvBackend : public Backend {
 			if (args[argidx] == "-tpl" && argidx+1 < args.size()) {
 				template_f.open(args[++argidx]);
 				if (template_f.fail())
-					log_error("Can't open template file `%s'.\n", args[argidx].c_str());
+					log_error("Can't open template file `%s'.\n", args[argidx]);
 				continue;
 			}
 			if (args[argidx] == "-verbose") {
@@ -795,7 +795,7 @@ struct SmvBackend : public Backend {
 						modules.erase(module);
 
 						if (module == nullptr)
-							log_error("Module '%s' not found.\n", stmt[1].c_str());
+							log_error("Module '%s' not found.\n", stmt[1]);
 
 						*f << stringf("-- SMV description generated by %s\n", yosys_maybe_version());
 

backends/spice/spice.cc

@@ -51,16 +51,16 @@ static void print_spice_net(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::SigBit s, std::string &neg,
 		if (s.wire->port_id)
 			use_inames = true;
 		if (s.wire->width > 1)
-			f << stringf(" %s.%d", spice_id2str(s.wire->name, use_inames, inums).c_str(), s.offset);
+			f << stringf(" %s.%d", spice_id2str(s.wire->name, use_inames, inums), s.offset);
 		else
-			f << stringf(" %s", spice_id2str(s.wire->name, use_inames, inums).c_str());
+			f << stringf(" %s", spice_id2str(s.wire->name, use_inames, inums));
 	} else {
 		if (s == RTLIL::State::S0)
-			f << stringf(" %s", neg.c_str());
+			f << stringf(" %s", neg);
 		else if (s == RTLIL::State::S1)
-			f << stringf(" %s", pos.c_str());
+			f << stringf(" %s", pos);
 		else
-			f << stringf(" %s%d", ncpf.c_str(), nc_counter++);
+			f << stringf(" %s%d", ncpf, nc_counter++);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ static void print_spice_module(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::De
 			}
 		}
 
-		f << stringf(" %s\n", spice_id2str(cell->type).c_str());
+		f << stringf(" %s\n", spice_id2str(cell->type));
 	}
 
 	for (auto &conn : module->connections())
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static void print_spice_module(std::ostream &f, RTLIL::Module *module, RTLIL::De
 		f << (buf == "DC" ? stringf("V%d", conn_counter++) : stringf("X%d", cell_counter++));
 		print_spice_net(f, conn.second.extract(i, 1), neg, pos, ncpf, nc_counter, use_inames, inums);
 		print_spice_net(f, conn.first.extract(i, 1), neg, pos, ncpf, nc_counter, use_inames, inums);
-		f << (buf == "DC" ? " DC 0\n" : stringf(" %s\n", buf.c_str()));
+		f << (buf == "DC" ? " DC 0\n" : stringf(" %s\n", buf));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -242,23 +242,23 @@ struct SpiceBackend : public Backend {
 				ports.at(wire->port_id-1) = wire;
 			}
 
-			*f << stringf(".SUBCKT %s", spice_id2str(module->name).c_str());
+			*f << stringf(".SUBCKT %s", spice_id2str(module->name));
 			for (RTLIL::Wire *wire : ports) {
 				log_assert(wire != NULL);
 				if (wire->width > 1) {
 					for (int i = 0; i < wire->width; i++)
-						*f << stringf(" %s.%d", spice_id2str(wire->name).c_str(), big_endian ? wire->width - 1 - i : i);
+						*f << stringf(" %s.%d", spice_id2str(wire->name), big_endian ? wire->width - 1 - i : i);
 				} else
-					*f << stringf(" %s", spice_id2str(wire->name).c_str());
+					*f << stringf(" %s", spice_id2str(wire->name));
 			}
 			*f << stringf("\n");
 			print_spice_module(*f, module, design, neg, pos, buf, ncpf, big_endian, use_inames);
-			*f << stringf(".ENDS %s\n\n", spice_id2str(module->name).c_str());
+			*f << stringf(".ENDS %s\n\n", spice_id2str(module->name));
 		}
 
 		if (!top_module_name.empty()) {
 			if (top_module == NULL)
-				log_error("Can't find top module `%s'!\n", top_module_name.c_str());
+				log_error("Can't find top module `%s'!\n", top_module_name);
 			print_spice_module(*f, top_module, design, neg, pos, buf, ncpf, big_endian, use_inames);
 			*f << stringf("\n");
 		}

backends/verilog/verilog_backend.h

@@ -17,36 +17,23 @@
  *
  *  ---
  *
- *  A very simple and straightforward frontend for the RTLIL text
- *  representation.
+ *  A simple and straightforward Verilog backend.
  *
  */
 
-#ifndef RTLIL_FRONTEND_H
-#define RTLIL_FRONTEND_H
+#ifndef VERILOG_BACKEND_H
+#define VERILOG_BACKEND_H
 
-#include "kernel/yosys.h"
+#include <string>
 
 YOSYS_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+namespace VERILOG_BACKEND {
 
-namespace RTLIL_FRONTEND {
-	extern std::istream *lexin;
-	extern RTLIL::Design *current_design;
-	extern bool flag_nooverwrite;
-	extern bool flag_overwrite;
-	extern bool flag_lib;
-}
+    const pool<string> verilog_keywords();
+    bool char_is_verilog_escaped(char c);
+    bool id_is_verilog_escaped(const std::string &str);
 
+}; /* namespace VERILOG_BACKEND */
 YOSYS_NAMESPACE_END
 
-extern int rtlil_frontend_yydebug;
-int rtlil_frontend_yylex(void);
-void rtlil_frontend_yyerror(char const *s);
-void rtlil_frontend_yywarning(char const *s);
-void rtlil_frontend_yyrestart(FILE *f);
-int rtlil_frontend_yyparse(void);
-int rtlil_frontend_yylex_destroy(void);
-int rtlil_frontend_yyget_lineno(void);
-
-#endif
-
+#endif /* VERILOG_BACKEND_H */

docs/.gitignore

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 /build/
-/source/cmd
 /source/generated
 /source/_images/**/*.log
 /source/_images/**/*.aux
@@ -7,3 +6,4 @@
 /source/_images/**/*.svg
 /source/_images/**/*.dot
 /source/_images/code_examples
+/venv

docs/Makefile

@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ help:
 .PHONY: clean
 clean: clean-examples
 	rm -rf $(BUILDDIR)/*
-	rm -rf source/cmd util/__pycache__
+	rm -rf util/__pycache__
 	rm -rf source/generated
 	$(MAKE) -C source/_images clean
 

docs/source/_static/custom.css

@@ -18,3 +18,8 @@
 .literal-block-wrapper .code-block-caption .caption-number {
     padding-right: 0.5em
 }
+
+/* Don't double shrink text in a literal in an optionlist */
+kbd .option>.literal {
+    font-size: revert;
+}

docs/source/appendix/auxlibs.rst

@@ -29,8 +29,7 @@ ezSAT
 
 The files in ``libs/ezsat`` provide a library for simplifying generating CNF
 formulas for SAT solvers. It also contains bindings of MiniSAT. The ezSAT
-library is written by C. Wolf. It is used by the `sat` pass (see
-:doc:`/cmd/sat`).
+library is written by C. Wolf. It is used by the `sat` pass.
 
 fst
 ---
@@ -78,4 +77,4 @@ SubCircuit
 The files in ``libs/subcircuit`` provide a library for solving the subcircuit
 isomorphism problem. It is written by C. Wolf and based on the Ullmann Subgraph
 Isomorphism Algorithm :cite:p:`UllmannSubgraphIsomorphism`. It is used by the
-extract pass (see :doc:`../cmd/extract`).
+`extract` pass.

docs/source/appendix/primer.rst

@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ design description as input and generates an RTL, logical gate or physical gate
 level description of the design as output. Yosys' main strengths are behavioural
 and RTL synthesis. A wide range of commands (synthesis passes) exist within
 Yosys that can be used to perform a wide range of synthesis tasks within the
-domain of behavioural, rtl and logic synthesis. Yosys is designed to be
+domain of behavioural, RTL and logic synthesis. Yosys is designed to be
 extensible and therefore is a good basis for implementing custom synthesis tools
 for specialised tasks.
 

docs/source/appendix/rtlil_text.rst

@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ significant bit first. Bits may be any of:
 -  ``m``: A marked bit (internal use only)
 -  ``-``: A don't care value
 
+When the bit representation has fewer bits than the width, it is padded to the width with
+the most significant explicit bit, or ``0`` if the most significant explicit bit is ``1``,
+or ``x`` if there are no explicit bits.
+
 An *integer* is simply a signed integer value in decimal format. **Warning:**
 Integer constants are limited to 32 bits. That is, they may only be in the range
 :math:`[-2147483648, 2147483648)`. Integers outside this range will result in an
@@ -133,6 +137,7 @@ wires, memories, cells, processes, and connections.
     <module>            ::= <attr-stmt>* <module-stmt> <module-body> <module-end-stmt>
     <module-stmt>       ::= module <id> <eol>
     <module-body>       ::= (<param-stmt> 
+                         |   <conn-stmt>
                          |   <wire> 
                          |   <memory> 
                          |   <cell> 
@@ -170,6 +175,11 @@ See :ref:`sec:rtlil_sigspec` for an overview of signal specifications.
                |  <sigspec> [ <integer> (:<integer>)? ] 
                |  { <sigspec>* }
 
+When a ``<wire-id>`` is specified, the wire must have been previously declared.
+
+When a signal slice is specified, the left-hand integer must be greather than or
+equal to the right-hand integer.
+
 Connections
 ^^^^^^^^^^^
 
@@ -268,7 +278,7 @@ may have zero or more attributes.
 .. code:: BNF
 
     <switch>            ::= <switch-stmt> <case>* <switch-end-stmt>
-    <switch-stmt>        := <attr-stmt>* switch <sigspec> <eol>
+    <switch-stmt>       ::= <attr-stmt>* switch <sigspec> <eol>
     <case>              ::= <attr-stmt>* <case-stmt> <case-body>
     <case-stmt>         ::= case <compare>? <eol>
     <compare>           ::= <sigspec> (, <sigspec>)*
@@ -295,3 +305,4 @@ be:
                      |  sync always <eol>
     <sync-type>     ::= low | high | posedge | negedge | edge
     <update-stmt>   ::= update <dest-sigspec> <src-sigspec> <eol>
+                     |  <attr-stmt>* memwr <id> <sigspec> <sigspec> <sigspec> <constant> <eol>

docs/source/cell/word_mux.rst

@@ -24,8 +24,8 @@ are zero, the value from ``A`` input is sent to the output. If the :math:`n`\
 'th bit from ``S`` is set, the value :math:`n`\ 'th ``WIDTH`` bits wide slice of
 the ``B`` input is sent to the output. When more than one bit from ``S`` is set
 the output is undefined. Cells of this type are used to model "parallel cases"
-(defined by using the ``parallel_case`` attribute or detected by an
-optimization).
+(defined by using the ``parallel_case`` attribute, the ``unique`` or ``unique0``
+SystemVerilog keywords, or detected by an optimization).
 
 The `$tribuf` cell is used to implement tristate logic. Cells of this type have
 a ``WIDTH`` parameter and inputs ``A`` and ``EN`` and an output ``Y``. The ``A``

docs/source/cmd/index_backends.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Writing output files
+--------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: backends
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_formal.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Formal verification
+-------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: formal
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_frontends.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Reading input files
+-------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: frontends
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_internal.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+Internal commands for developers
+--------------------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: internal
+   :members:
+
+Writing command help
+--------------------
+
+- use `chformal` as an example
+- generated help content below
+
+.. _chformal autocmd:
+
+.. autocmd:: chformal
+   :noindex:
+
+The ``formatted_help()`` method
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- ``PrettyHelp::get_current()``
+- ``PrettyHelp::set_group()``
+
+  + used with ``.. autocmdgroup:: <group>``
+  + can assign group and return false
+  + if no group is set, will try to use ``source_location`` and assign group
+    from path to source file
+
+- return value
+
+  + true means help content added to current ``PrettyHelp``
+  + false to use ``Pass::help()``
+
+- adding content
+
+  + help content is a list of ``ContentListing`` nodes, each one having a type,
+    body, and its own list of children ``ContentListing``\ s
+  + ``PrettyHelp::get_root()`` returns the root ``ContentListing`` (``type="root"``)
+  + ``ContentListing::{usage, option, codeblock, paragraph}`` each add a
+    ``ContentListing`` to the current node, with type the same as the method
+
+    * the first argument is the body of the new node
+    * ``usage`` shows how to call the command (i.e. its "signature")
+    * ``paragraph`` content is formatted as a paragraph of text with line breaks
+      added automatically
+    * ``codeblock`` content is displayed verbatim, use line breaks as desired;
+      takes an optional ``language`` argument for assigning the language in RST
+      output for code syntax highlighting (use ``yoscrypt`` for yosys script
+      syntax highlighting)
+    * ``option`` lists a single option for the command, usually starting with a
+      dash (``-``); takes an optional second argument which adds a paragraph
+      node as a means of description
+
+  + ``ContentListing::open_usage`` creates and returns a new usage node, can be
+    used to e.g. add text/options specific to a given usage of the command
+  + ``ContentListing::open_option`` creates and returns a new option node, can
+    be used to e.g. add multiple paragraphs to an option's description
+  + paragraphs are treated as raw RST, allowing for inline formatting and
+    references as if it were written in the RST file itself
+
+.. literalinclude:: /generated/chformal.cc
+   :language: c++
+   :start-at: bool formatted_help()
+   :end-before: void execute
+   :caption: ``ChformalPass::formatted_help()`` from :file:`passes/cmds/chformal.cc`
+
+Dumping command help to json
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- `help -dump-cmds-json cmds.json`
+
+  + generates a ``ContentListing`` for each command registered in Yosys
+  + tries to parse unformatted ``Pass::help()`` output if
+    ``Pass::formatted_help()`` is unimplemented or returns false
+
+    * if a line starts with four spaces followed by the name of the command then
+      a space, it is parsed as a signature (usage node)
+    * if a line is indented and starts with a dash (``-``), it is parsed as an
+      option
+    * anything else is parsed as a codeblock and added to either the root node
+      or the current option depending on the indentation
+
+  + dictionary of command name to ``ContentListing``
+
+    * uses ``ContentListing::to_json()`` recursively for each node in root
+    * root node used for source location of class definition
+    * includes flags set during pass constructor (e.g. ``experimental_flag`` set
+      by ``Pass::experimental()``)
+    * also title (``short_help`` argument in ``Pass::Pass``), group, and class
+      name
+   
+  + dictionary of group name to list of commands in that group
+
+- used by sphinx autodoc to generate help content
+
+.. literalinclude:: /generated/cmds.json
+   :language: json
+   :start-at: "chformal": {
+   :end-before: "chparam": {
+   :caption: `chformal` in generated :file:`cmds.json`
+
+.. note:: Synthesis command scripts are special cased
+
+   If the final block of help output starts with the string `"The following
+   commands are executed by this synthesis command:\n"`, then the rest of the
+   code block is formatted as ``yoscrypt`` (e.g. `synth_ice40`).  The caveat
+   here is that if the ``script()`` calls ``run()`` on any commands *prior* to
+   the first ``check_label`` then the auto detection will break and revert to
+   unformatted code (e.g. `synth_fabulous`). 
+
+Command line rendering
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- if ``Pass::formatted_help()`` returns true, will call
+  ``PrettyHelp::log_help()``
+
+  + traverse over the children of the root node and render as plain text 
+  + effectively the reverse of converting unformatted ``Pass::help()`` text
+  + lines are broken at 80 characters while maintaining indentation (controlled
+    by ``MAX_LINE_LEN`` in :file:`kernel/log_help.cc`)
+  + each line is broken into words separated by spaces, if a given word starts
+    and ends with backticks they will be stripped
+
+- if it returns false it will call ``Pass::help()`` which should call ``log()``
+  directly to print and format help text
+
+  + if ``Pass::help()`` is not overridden then a default message about missing
+    help will be displayed
+
+.. literalinclude:: /generated/chformal.log
+   :lines: 2-
+
+RST generated from autocmd
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+
+- below is the raw RST output from ``autocmd`` (``YosysCmdDocumenter`` class in
+  :file:`docs/util/cmd_documenter.py`) for `chformal` command
+- heading will be rendered as a subheading of the most recent heading (see
+  `chformal autocmd`_ above rendered under `Writing command help`_)
+- ``.. cmd:def:: <cmd>`` line is indexed for cross references with ``:cmd:ref:``
+  directive (`chformal autocmd`_ above uses ``:noindex:`` option so that
+  `chformal` still links to the correct location)
+
+  + ``:title:`` option controls text that appears when hovering over the
+    `chformal` link
+
+- commands with warning flags (experimental or internal) add a ``.. warning``
+  block before any of the help content
+- if a command has no ``source_location`` the ``.. note`` at the bottom will
+  instead link to :doc:`/cmd/index_other`
+
+.. autocmd_rst:: chformal

docs/source/cmd/index_kernel.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Yosys kernel commands
+---------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: kernel
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_other.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+:orphan:
+
+Other commands
+==============
+
+Unknown source location
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: unknown
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+Passes
+------
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+   :glob:
+
+   /cmd/index_passes_hierarchy
+   /cmd/index_passes_proc
+   /cmd/index_passes_fsm
+   /cmd/index_passes_memory
+   /cmd/index_passes_opt
+   /cmd/index_passes_techmap
+   /cmd/index_passes_*

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_cmds.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Design modification
+-------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/cmds
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_equiv.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Equivalence checking
+--------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/equiv
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_fsm.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+FSM handling
+------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/fsm
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_hierarchy.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Working with hierarchy
+----------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/hierarchy
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_memory.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Memory handling
+---------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/memory
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_opt.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Optimization passes
+-------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/opt
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_proc.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Converting process blocks
+-------------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/proc
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_sat.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Simulating circuits
+-------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/sat
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_status.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Design status
+-------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/status
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_passes_techmap.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+Technology mapping
+------------------
+
+.. seealso:: :doc:`/cmd/index_techlibs`
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: passes/techmap
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+Technology libraries
+====================
+
+Listed in alphabetical order.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+   :glob:
+
+   /cmd/index_techlibs_common
+   /cmd/index_techlibs_*

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_achronix.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Achronix
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/achronix
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_anlogic.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Anlogic
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/anlogic
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_common.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Generic
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/common
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_coolrunner2.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+CoolRunner-II
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/coolrunner2
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_easic.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+eASIC
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/easic
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_fabulous.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+FABulous
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/fabulous
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_gatemate.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Gatemate
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/gatemate
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_gowin.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Gowin
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/gowin
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_greenpak4.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+GreenPAK4
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/greenpak4
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_ice40.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+iCE40
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/ice40
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_intel.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Intel (MAX10, Cyclone IV)
+-------------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/intel
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_intel_alm.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Intel ALM (Cyclone V, Arria V, Cyclone 10 GX)
+---------------------------------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/intel_alm
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_lattice.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Lattice
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/lattice
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_microchip.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Microchip
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/microchip
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_microchip_sf2.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Microchip - SmartFusion2/IGLOO2
+-----------------------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/sf2
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_nanoxplore.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+NanoXplore
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/nanoxplore
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_quicklogic.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+QuickLogic
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/quicklogic
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd/index_techlibs_xilinx.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Xilinx
+------------------
+
+.. autocmdgroup:: techlibs/xilinx
+   :members:

docs/source/cmd_ref.rst

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-.. _cmd_ref:
-
 ================================================================================
 Command line reference
 ================================================================================
@@ -7,10 +5,31 @@ Command line reference
 .. literalinclude:: /generated/yosys
     :start-at: Usage
 
+.. _cmd_ref:
+
+Command reference
+-----------------
+
+.. todo:: Can we warn on command groups that aren't included anywhere?
+
+:ref:`List of all commands<cmd-cmd>`
+
 .. toctree::
-	:caption: Command reference
-	:maxdepth: 1
-	:glob:
+   :maxdepth: 2
 
    /appendix/env_vars
-	/cmd/*
+   /cmd/index_frontends
+   /cmd/index_backends
+   /cmd/index_kernel
+   /cmd/index_formal
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 3
+
+   /cmd/index_passes
+   /cmd/index_techlibs
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 2
+
+   /cmd/index_internal

docs/source/code_examples/extensions/my_cmd.cc

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ struct MyPass : public Pass {
     {
         log("Arguments to my_cmd:\n");
         for (auto &arg : args)
-            log("  %s\n", arg.c_str());
+            log("  %s\n", arg);
 
         log("Modules in current design:\n");
         for (auto mod : design->modules())